GEMET GEMET version 4.1.2 thesaurus for GeoNetwork opensource. EEA https://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/about?langcode=en https://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/about?langcode=en 2018-08-16 2018-08-16 GEMET themes GEMET themes GEMET themes GEMET themes GEMET themes administration administration amministrazione overheid Verwaltung, Organisation, Institutionen, Planung, Politik und -vollzug, immaterielle Massnahmen energy énergie energia energie Energie environmental policy politique environnementale politica ambientale milieubeleid Umweltpolitik fishery pêche pesca visserij Fischerei food, drinking water alimentation, eau potable alimenti, acqua potabile voeding, voedingsmiddel, voedsel, drinkwater Nahrungsmittel, Trinkwasser forestry sylviculture forestazione bosbouw Forstwirtschaft general généralités generale algemeen Allgemeine Angelegenheiten geography géographie geografia aardrijkskunde, geografie Geographie human health santé humaine salute umana menselijke gezondheid Gesundheit, Hygiene, Ernährung animal husbandry élevage allevamento veeteelt Tierzucht industry industrie industria nijverheid, industrie Industrie, Aktivitäten und Prozesse agriculture agriculture agricoltura landbouw Landwirtschaft information information informazione informatie Information, Ausbildung, Kultur legislation législation legislazione wetgeving Gesetzgebung military aspects aspects militaires aspetti militari landsverdediging(defensie) en milieu Militär und Umwelt natural areas, landscape, ecosystems zones naturelles, paysages, écosystèmes aree naturali, paesaggio, ecosistemi natuurgebieden, landschap, ecosystemen Natürliche Lebensräume, Landschaft, Ökosysteme noise, vibrations bruit, vibrations rumore, vibrazioni geluid,lawaai,trillingen Lärm, Erschütterungen physics physique fisica natuurkunde, fysica Physikalische Erscheinungen und Prozesse pollution pollution inquinamento vervuiling Umweltverschmutzung, Schadstoffe materials matériaux materiali materialen Produkte, Materialien, Werkstoffe radiations rayonnements radiazioni straling Strahlungen tourism tourisme turismo toerisme Tourismus und Freizeit air air aria lucht Luft, Atmosphäre research recherche ricerca onderzoek Wissen, Wissenschaft, Forschung, Informationsgewinnung resources ressources risorse grondstoffen Ressourcen, Ressourcennutzung disasters, accidents, risk catastrophes, accidents, risques disastri, incidenti, rischi rampen, ongevallen, gevaren, risico Katastrophen, Unfälle, Risiken trade, services commerce, services commercio, servizi handel, diensten Handel, Dienstleistungen social aspects, population aspects sociaux, population aspetti sociali, popolazione sociale aspecten, bevolking Soziale Aspekte, Bevölkerung soil sol suolo bodem Boden space espace spazio ruimte Weltraum transport transport trasporti vervoer Verkehr urban environment, urban stress environnement urbain, stress urbain ambiente urbano, stress urbano stedelijk leefmilieu, stedelijke druk Urbane Umwelt, urbane Belastungen waste déchets rifiuti afval Abfall biology biologie biologia biologie Biosphäre - Organismen, biologische Systeme und Prozesse water eau acqua water Wasser building bâtiment edilizia bouw Bauwesen und gebaute Umwelt chemistry chimie chimica scheikunde,chemie Chemische Stoffe und Prozesse climate climat clima klimaat Klima natural dynamics dynamique naturelle dinamica naturale natuurlijke processen Naturprozesse, Naturereignisse economics économie economia economie Wirtschaft, Ökonomie und Finanzen administrative body Any governmental agency or organization charged with managing and implementing regulations, laws and government policies. code administratif organo amministrativo bestuurslichaam Verwaltungsbehörde accounting Method of recording all the transactions affecting the financial condition of a business or organization. comptabilité contabilità generale boekhouding Buchführung animal life vie animale vita animale dierenleven Tierleben consumer product Economic good that directly satisfies human wants or desires. produit de consommation prodotto di consumo verbruiksproduct Konsumprodukt bridge A structure that spans and provides a passage over a road, railway, river, or some other obstacle. pont ponte brug Brücke environmental administration institution A central government organization that has authority or oversight over government activity relating to the preservation and safeguarding of ecological or natural resources. organisme administratif a compétence environnementale organismo amministrativo competente in materia di ambiente instelling voor milieubeheer Umweltverwaltungsbehörde health effect of noise Noise consequences on human health consist in loss of hearing and psychological effects. bruit et santé rumore e salute gevolgen van lawaai op de gezondheid Gesundheitliche Auswirkung des Lärms human body The entire physical structure of an human being. corps humain corpo umano menselijk lichaam Menschlicher Körper human science Group of sciences including sociology, anthropology, psychology, pedagogy, etc. as opposed to the humanistic group. sciences humaines scienze umane menswetenschappen Humanwissenschaften information transfer The communication or conveyance of data or materials for the purpose of enhancing knowledge from one person, place or position to another. transfert de l'information trasferimento dell'informazione informatie-overdracht Informationstransfer juridical act Acts relating to the administration of justice. acte juridique atto giuridico gerechtelijke handeling Rechtsakt meteorological research Study of meteorological elements such as wind speed and direction, air temperature and humidity, atmospheric pressure, precipitation, evaporation, solar radiation, visibility and cloud cover in order to collect data for weather forecast or for specific research purposes. recherche météorologique ricerche meteorologiche weerkundig onderzoek Meteorologische Forschung natural areas protection Active management of nature areas in order to ensure that wildlife is protected and the quality of its environment is maintained. protection des espaces naturels protezione delle aree naturali bescherming van natuurgebieden Naturgebietschutz natural risks prevention Precautionary measures, actions or installations implemented to avert the probability of harm to humans, property or natural resources posed by conditions or events in the environment neither initiated nor formed by human activity. prévention des risques naturels prevenzione dei rischi naturali voorkoming van natuurlijke risico's Naturrisikoverhütung physical chemistry A science dealing with the effects of physical phenomena on chemical properties. physicochimie chimica fisica fysische chemie Physikalische Chemie physical measurement of pollution The quantitative determination of the presence, extent or type of pollutant substances in the environment using mechanical means, including optical, electrical, acoustical and thermodynamic techniques. mesure physique de la pollution misura fisica dell'inquinamento fysische meting van milieuvervuiling Physikalische Messung von Verunreinigungen plant life vie végétale vita vegetale plantenleven Pflanzenleben plant production production végétale produzione di piante plantenopbrengst Pflanzenproduktion pollution type type de pollution tipo di inquinamento soort milieuverontreiniging Schadstofftyp pollution prevention Eliminating the production of hazardous wastes and greenhouse gases at their source, within the production process. This can often be achieved through a variety of relatively simple strategies, including minor changes in manufacturing processes, substitution of non-polluting products for polluting products, and simplification of packaging. Companies practicing waste reduction have saved hundreds of millions of dollars, and used it to catalyze employee involvement and eliminate the need for expensive end-of-the-pipe filtering. prévention des pollutions prevenzione dell'inquinamento voorkomen van milieuverontreiniging Verhütung von Umweltverschmutzung risk management The process of evaluating and selecting alternative regulatory and non-regulatory responses to prepare for the probability of an accidental occurrence and its expected magnitude of damage, including the consideration of legal, economic and behavioral factors. gestion du risque gestione del rischio risicobeheer Risikomanagement safety system A unified, coordinated assemblage or plan of procedures and devices intended to lower the occurrence or risk of injury, loss and danger to persons, property or the environment. système de sécurité sistema di sicurezza beveiligingsstelsel Sicherheitssystem seismic engineering The study of the behavior of foundations and structures relative to seismic ground motion, and the attempt to mitigate the effect of earthquakes on structures. génie parasismique ingegneria sismica beveiliging van gebouwen tegen seismische activiteit Seismisches Ingenieurwesen social science The study of society and of the relationship of individual members within society, including economics, history, political science, psychology, anthropology, and sociology. sciences sociales scienze sociali sociale wetenschappen Sozialwissenschaften surface water management The administration or handling of water naturally open to the atmosphere (rivers, lakes, reservoirs, ponds, streams, seas, etc.). gestion des eaux superficielles sfruttamento razionale delle acque superficiali oppervlaktewaterbeheer Oberflächenwasserbewirtschaftung wildlife protection Precautionary actions, procedures or installations undertaken to prevent or reduce harm to animals, plants and other organisms living in their natural state. protection de la faune et de la flore protezione della flora e della fauna bescherming van in het wild levende planten en dieren Schutz der natürlichen Pflanzen- und Tierwelt historic centre That part of a town or city in which the principal public and historic buildings are located. centre historique centro storico geschiedkundige kern Altstadt promotion of trade and industry Any activity that encourages or supports the buying, selling or exchanging of goods or services with other countries, which could include marketing, diplomatic pressure or the provision of export incentives such as credits and guarantees, government subsidies, training and consultation or advice. promotion du commerce et de l'industrie promozione del commercio e dell'industria bevordering van het zakenleven Wirtschaftsförderung masonry A construction of stone or similar materials such as concrete or brick. maçonnerie muratura (opera muraria) metselwerk Mauerwerk bromine A pungent dark red volatile liquid element of the halogen series that occurs in brine and is used in the production of chemicals. brome bromo broom Brom sand flat A sandy tidal flat barren of vegetation. A tidal flat is an extensive, nearly horizontal, marshy or barren tract of land that is alternately covered and uncovered by the tide, and consisting of unconsolidated sediment (mostly mud and sand). It may form the top surface of a deltaic deposit. replat sableux piana di sabbia zandplaat Sandwatt animal species Species belonging to the animal kingdom. espèce animale specie animale diersoorten Tierart plant species Species belonging to the plant kingdom. espèce végétale specie vegetale plantensoorten Pflanzenart occupation profession occupazione beroep Beruf folk tradition The common beliefs, practices, customs and other cultural elements of an ethnic or social group that are rooted in the past, but are persisting into the present due to means such as arts and crafts, songs and music, dance, foods, drama, storytelling and certain forms of oral communication. tradition populaire tradizioni popolari volkstraditie Volkstradition law branch A subdivision of the body of principles and regulations established by a government or other authority, generally defined by its scope or application. branches du droit rami del diritto rechtsgebied Rechtsgebiet judicial system Entire network of courts in a particular jurisdiction. organisation judiciaire organizzazione giudiziaria rechtsstelsel Rechtssystem chemical measurement of pollution The quantitative determination of the presence, extent or type of pollutant substances in the environment by studying the actions or reactions of known chemicals to those pollutants. méthode chimique de mesure de la pollution misura chimica dell'inquinamento het chemisch meten van vervuiling Chemische Verunreinigungsmessung measuring instrument instrument de mesure strumento di misura meetinstrument Meßinstrument pollutant evolution The process of cumulative reactive change following the introduction of a pollutant into the environment. évolution des polluants destino dell'inquinante verval van verontreinigende stoffen Schadstoffentwicklung urban noise Noise emitted from various sources in an urban environment. bruit urbain rumore urbano stadslawaai Städtischer Lärm cleanliness (hygiene) The state of being clean and keeping healthy conditions. propreté pulizia (igiene) zindelijkheid [hygiëne] Sauberkeit industrial environment (in general) Environment where the manifold activities connected with the production of goods and services take place. environnement industriel (généralités) ambiente industriale (generalità) industriële omgeving (in het algemeen) Industrieumwelt natural risk Probability of harm to human health, property or the environment posed by any aspect of the physical world other than human activity. risque naturel rischio naturale natuurlijk risico Naturrisiko natural risk analysis Analysis of the probability of occurrence, within a specific period of time in a given area, of a potentially damaging phenomenon of nature. étude des risques naturels studio dei rischi naturali analyse van de natuurlijke risico's Naturrisikoanalyse major risk The high probability that a given hazard or situation will yield a significant amount of lives lost, persons injured, damage to property , disruption of economic activity or harm to the environment; or any product of the probability of occurrence and the expected magnitude of damage beyond a maximum acceptable level. risque majeur grande rischio grote risico Hauptrisiko rescue system Any series of procedures and devices used by trained personnel to provide immediate assistance to persons who are in danger or injured. système de secours sistema di soccorso reddingsstelsel Rettungssystem crisis management The technique, practice or science of handling or controlling situations of acute difficulty, danger or instability; or the total of measures taken to provide a solution for political, economic, environmental or other similar dangers and conflicts. gestion de crise gestione delle crisi crisisbeheer Krisenmanagement tax system A co-ordinated body of methods or plan of procedures for levying compulsory charges for the purpose of raising revenue. fiscalité regime fiscale belastingstelsel Steuersystem concept of environment The development at any level of a general notion of the surrounding ecosystem, its foundational relationship to human life and the need to preserve its integrity. concept d'environnement concetto di ambiente milieubeeld Umweltkonzept forest ecology The science that deals with the relationship of forest trees to their environment, to one another, and to other plants and to animals in the forest. écologie forestière ecologia forestale bosecologie Waldökologie scientific ecology The study of the interrelationship among living organisms and between organisms and their environment, utilizing the methods or theories of science. écologie scientifique ecologia scientifica wetenschappelijke ecologie Wissenschaftliche Ökologie urban ecology Concept derived from biology: the city is viewed as a total environment, as a life-supporting system for the large number of people concentrated there, and within this people organize themselves and adapt to a constantly changing environment. Regarded as the same as human ecology. écologie urbaine ecologia urbana stadsecologie Stadtökologie ecozone A broad geographic area in which there are distinctive climate patterns, ocean conditions, types of landscapes and species of plants and animals. écozone ecozona ecologische zone Ökozone environmental engineering Branch of engineering concerned with the environment and its proper management. The major environmental engineering disciplines regard water supply, wastewater, stormwater, solid waste, hazardous waste, noise radiology, industrial hygiene, oceanography and the like. ingéniérie de l'environnement ingegneria ambientale milieutechniek Umwelttechnik palaeoecology The application of ecological concepts to fossil and sedimentary evidence to study the interactions of Earth surface, atmosphere, and biosphere in former times. paléoécologie paleoecologia paleo-ecologie Paläökologie biological heritage The inheritance and preservation of the earth's or a particular region's balanced, integrated functionality as a natural habitat, with special concern for the water resources necessary to maintain the ecosystem. patrimoine biologique patrimonio biologico biologisch erfgoed Biologisches Erbe brooding To incubate eggs or cover the young for warmth. couvaison cova broeden Brüten altitude 1) In general, a term used to describe a topographic eminence. 2) A specific altitude or height above a given level. 3) In surveying, the term refers to the angle between the horizontal and a point at a higher level. altitude altitudine hoogte Höhe cove 1) A deep recess hollow, or nook in a cliff or steep mountainside, or a small, straight valley extending into a mountain or down a mountainside. 2) A valley or portion of lowland that penetrates into a plateau or mountain front. calanque calanco inham Einbuchtung canyon A long deep, relatively narrow steep-sided valley confined between lofty and precipitous walls in a plateau or mountainous area, often with a stream at the bottom; similar to, but largest than, a gorge. It is characteristic of an arid or semiarid area (such as western U.S.) where stream downcutting greatly exceeds weathering. gorge canyon kloof Schlucht headland (geography) A cape or promontory jutting seawards from a coastline, usually with a significant sea cliff. cap capo (geografia) landtong Landspitze geographic circque A deep steep-walled half-bowl-like recess or hollow, variously described as horseshoe- or crescent-shaped or semi-circular in plan, situated high on the side of a mountain and commonly at the head of a glacial valley and produced by the erosive activity of a mountain glacier. It often contains a small round lake, and it may or may not be occupied by ice or snow. cirque géographique circo geografico rond plein [geografie] geographisches Kar continent A protuberance of the earth's crustal shell, with an area of several million square miles and sufficient elevation so that much of it above sea level. continent continente continent Kontinent barrier beach An elongated sand or shingle bank which lies parallel to the coastline and is not submerged by the tide. If it is high enough to permit dune growth it is termed a barrier island. cordon littoral cordone litorale strandwal Strandwall brook A small stream or rivulet, commonly swiftly flowing in rugged terrain, of lesser length and volume than a creek; especially a stream that issues directly from the ground, as from a spring or seep, or that is produced by heavy rainfall or melting snow. ruisseau ruscello beek Bach creek A narrow inlet or bay, especially of the sea. crique insenatura kreek Bach fault A fracture or a zone of fractures along which there has been displacement of the sides relative to one another parallel to the fracture. faille faglia breuk Verwerfung cliff A steep coastal declivity which may or may not be precipitous, the slope angle being dependent partly on the jointing, bedding and hardness of the materials from which the cliff has been formed, and partly on the erosional processes at work. Where wave attack is dominant the cliff-foot will be rapidly eroded and cliff retreat will take place, especially in unconsolidated materials such as clays, sands, etc., frequently leaving behind an abrasion platform at the foot of the cliff. falaise falesia klif Klippe open sea The high seas lying outside the exclusive economic zones of states. All states have equal rights to navigate, to overfly, to lay submarine cables, to construct artificial islands, to fish, and to conduct scientific research within the high seas. haute mer alto mare open zee Hochsee coral reef lagoon A coastal stretch of shallow saltwater virtually cut off from the open sea by a coral reef. lagon laguna di barriera corallina koraalriflagune Lagune innerhalb von Korallenriffen river bed The channel containing or formerly containing the water of a river. lit de cours d'eau alveo fluviale rivierbedding Flußbett physical environment The material surroundings of a system, process or organism. environnement physique ambiente fisico fysisch milieu Physische Umwelt alluvial plain A level or gently sloping tract or a slightly undulating land surface produced by extensive deposition of alluvium, usually adjacent to a river that periodically overflows its banks; it may be situated on a flood plain, a delta, or an alluvial fan. plaine alluviale pianura alluvionale alluviale vlakte Flußmarsch barrier reef An elongated accumulation of coral lying at low-tide level parallel to the coast but separated from it by a wide and deep lagoon or strait. The coral is thought to have formed initially on a flat surface: then as the sea-level rose in post-glacial times, thereby submerging the irregular wave-cut platform, the coral growth kept pace with the rising ocean level, so creating the great thickness witnessed today in such places as the Great Barrier Reef off the East coast of Queensland, Australia. This stretches for more than 1900 km and varies in width from about 30 km to 150 km. récif barrière barriera di scogli barrièrerif Barriereriff relief (land) The physical shape, configuration or general unevenness of a part of the Earth's surface, considered with reference to variation of height and slope or to irregularities of the land surface; the elevation or difference in elevation, considered collectively, of a land surface. relief rilievo reliëf Relief biotope order An ordinance or decree regarding an area of ecological habitat that is characterized by a high degree of uniformity in its environmental conditions and in its distribution of plants and animals. ordonnance des biotopes ordinanza relativa a un biotopo biotooporde Biotopordnung sensitive natural area Terrestrial or aquatic area or other fragile natural setting with unique or highly-valued environmental features. espace naturel sensible area naturale sensibile gevoelig natuurgebied Empfindliche Naturlandschaft environmental analysis étude de milieu studio dell'ambiente milieuanalyse Umweltanalyse abiotic environment The non-living components of the environment (rocks, minerals, soil, water and climate). milieu abiotique ambiente abiotico abiotische omgeving Abiotische Umwelt aquatic environment Waters, including wetlands, that serve as habitat for interrelated and interacting communities and populations of plants and animals. milieu aquatique ambiente acquatico waterig milieu Aquatische Umwelt sensitive environment Any parcel of land, large or small, under public or private control, that already has, or with remedial action could achieve, desirable environmental attributes. These attributes contribute to the retention and/or creation of wildlife habitat, soils stability, water retention or recharge, vegetative cover, and similar vital ecological functions. Environmentally sensitive areas range in size from small patches to extensive landscape features. They can include rare or common habitats, plants and animals. milieu sensible ambiente sensibile gevoelige omgeving Empfindliche Umwelt terrestrial environment The continental as distinct from the marine and atmospheric environments. It is the environment in which terrestrial organisms live. milieu terrestre ambiente terrestre landomgeving Terrestrische Umwelt marine park A permanent reservation on the seabed for the conservation of species. parc marin parco marino marien park Meerespark brushwood Woody vegetation including shrubs and scrub trees of non-commercial height and form, often seen in the initial stages of succession following a disturbance. Brush often grows in very dense thickets that are impenetrable to wild animals and serve to suppress the growth of more desirable crop trees. However, brush can also serve an important function as desirable habitat for a range or bird, animal, and invertebrate species, and often provides a good source of browse and cover for larger wildlife. It adds structural diversity within the forest and is important in riparian zones. It is also termed scrub. broussaille sottobosco ruigte Unterholz regional natural park A park operated and managed by a region. parc naturel régional parco naturale regionale gewestelijk natuurpark Regionaler Naturpark reserve Any area of land or water that has been set aside for a special purpose, often to prevent or reduce harm to its wildlife and ecosystems. réserve riserva reservaat Reservat state biological reserve An area of land and/or of water designated as having protected status for purposes of preserving certain biological features. Reserves are managed primarily to safeguard these features and provide opportunities for research into the problems underlying the management of natural sites and of vegetation and animal populations. Regulations are normally imposed controlling public access and disturbance. réserve biologique gouvernementale riserva biologica demaniale natuurreservaat van de staat Staatliches biologisches Schutzgebiet forest biological reserve Forest areas which are protected and guarded from deforestation because of the fragility of its ecosystems, and because they provide habitats for hundreds of species of plants and animals. réserve biologique forestière riserva biologica forestale biologisch bosreservaat Biologisches Forstreservat voluntary natural reserve Area of national interest which is protected under the responsibility of its owner in order to safeguard wildlife, archeological and geological sites. réserve naturelle volontaire riserva naturale volontaria vrijwillig natuurreservaat Freiwilliges Naturreservat central park area The core area of a park or of a reserve where there can be no interference with the natural ecosystem. zone centrale de parc zona centrale del parco afgesloten natuurgebied Zentraler Parkbereich protected marine zone Sea area where marine wildlife is protected. zone marine protégée zona marina protetta beschermd marien gebied Meeresschutzgebiet peripheral park area A zone of the park where scientific research is allowed. Beyond this there is a buffer zone which protects the whole reserve from agricultural, industrial and urban development. zone périphérique de parc zona periferica del parco groene zoom Parkrandgebiet alignment The selection and detailed layout of public transport routes in the light of construction, operation, service, technology, and economic criteria. alignement tracciamento (rooi)lijn Trassierung bocage The wooded countryside characteristic of northern France, with small irregular-shaped fields and many hedges and copses. In the French language the word bocage refers both to the hedge itself and to a landscape consisting of hedges. Bocage landscapes usually have a slightly rolling landform, and are found mainly in maritime climates. Being a small-scale, enclosed landscape, the bocage offers much variations in biotopes, with habitats for birds, small mammals, amphibians, reptiles and butterflies. bocage bocage coulisselandschap Boskett French formal garden jardin à la française giardino alla francese Franse tuin Französischer Garten English garden A plot of ground consisting of an orderly and balanced arrangement of masses of flowers, shrubs and trees, following British traditions or style. jardin à l'anglaise giardino all'inglese Engelse tuin Englischer Garten terraced garden jardin en terrasses giardino a terrazza terrastuin Terassenförmiger Garten bryophyte Any plant of the division Bryophyta, having stems and leaves but lacking true vascular tissue and roots and reproducing by spores: includes the mosses and liverworts. bryophites briofite mossen Bryophyten terraced landscape Landscape resulting from the method of cultivating land by cutting terraces or benches into slopes to create areas of flat land. The practice is common in mountainous areas where land is scarce and rainfall uncertain. paysage en terrasses paesaggio a terrazze terraslandschap Terassenförmige Landschaft mountain protection protection de la montagne protezione della montagna bergbescherming Bergschutz site protection Precautionary actions, procedures or installations undertaken to prevent or reduce harm to the environmental integrity of a physical area or location. protection des sites protezione dei siti plaatsbescherming Flächenschutz coast protection A form of environmental management designed to allay the progressive degradation of the land by coastal erosion processes. Sea defence works can be undertaken to protect the land from erosion and encroachment by the sea and against flooding. These involve engineering solutions such as groynes, sea walls, bulkheads, revetments and breakwaters. protection du littoral protezione delle coste kustbescherming Küstenschutz bubble policy (emissions trading) EPA policy that allows a plant complex with several facilities to decrease pollution from some facilities while increasing it from others, so long as total results are equal to or better than previous limits. Facilities where this is done are treated as if they exist in a bubble in which total emissions are averaged out. politique de la "bulle" (permis d'émissions négociables) politica della bolla (commercio delle emissioni industriali) koepelbeleid (verhandelbare emissierechten) Glockenpolitik site rehabilitation The restoration of the ecological quality of an area or location. restauration de site ripristino di sito d'interesse plaatsherstel Flächensanierung classified site Site which is declared protected because of its natural, landscape, artistic or archeological features in order to guarantee its conservation, maintenance and restoration. site classé sito d'interesse classificato geclassificeerde plaats Nichtöffentlicher Bereich registered site Area which is officially registered because of its unique features; a description is provided concerning its location, size, latitude, longitude, orientation, elevation, boundaries, wildlife, hydrological and soil characteristics, etc. site inscrit sito d'interesse registrato geregistreerde plaats Genehmigter Standort budget A balance sheet or statement of estimated receipts and expenditures. A plan for the coordination of resource and expenditures. The amount of money that is available for, required for, or assigned to a particular purpose. budget bilancio preventivo begroting Budget urban ecology charter A graphic representation of a city area or other densely populated region, portraying the location of groups or select types of people in their environment through various geographic techniques. charte d'écologie urbaine carta di ecologia urbana handvest van de stadsecologie Stadtökologieprogramm environmental citizenship The state, character or behavior of a person viewed as a member of the ecosystem with attendant rights and responsibilities, especially the responsibility to maintain ecological integrity and the right to exist in a healthy environment. écocitoyenneté ecocittadinanza milieubewust gedrag Umweltbürgerschaft integrated management Unified, combined and coordinated management of environmental problems which correlates relevant organisations, groups, individuals and disciplines by bringing the parts together for a complete approach. gestion intégrée gestione integrata geïntegreerd bedrijfsbeheer Integriertes Management sponsorship A person, firm, organization, etc. that provides or pledges money for an undertaking or event. mécénat sponsorizzazione sponsorschap Sponsoring municipal environment plan A formulated or systematic method for the management of a city or town's natural or ecological resources. plan municipal d'environnement piano municipale per l'ambiente gemeentelijk milieuplan Städtischer Umweltplan public awareness campaign An organized, systematic effort through various communications media to alert the general population of a given area to anything of significant interest or concern. sensibilisation du public sensibilizzazione del pubblico bewustmakingscampagne Öffentlichkeitskampagne bug Any of the suborder Heteroctera, having piercing and sucking mouthparts, specialized as a beak. punaise cimici wantsen Wanze building Something built with a roof and walls, such as a house or factory. bâtiment edificio gebouw Gebäude administrative competence The skill, knowledge, qualification, capacity or authority to manage or direct the affairs of a public or private office, business or organization. compétence administrative competenza amministrativa bestuursbevoegdheid Verwaltungskompetenz migratory fish Fishes that migrate in a body, often between breeding places and winter feeding grounds. poisson migrateur pesce migratore trekkende vissen Wanderfisch building area Land and other places on, under, in or through which the temporary and permanent works are to be executed and any other lands or places needed for the purposes of construction. zone construite area edificabile bouwterrein Baugebiet building component A building element which uses industrial products that are manufactured as independent until capable of being joined with other elements. composant préfabriqué (bâtiment) parti di un edificio (ge)bouwonderdeel Bauelemente felid Predatory mammal, including cats, lions, leopards, tigers, jaguars, and cheetahs, typically having a round head and retractile claws. félidé felidi katachtigen Katzentiere building industry The art and technique of building houses. industrie du bâtiment industria delle costruzioni bouw Bauwirtschaft building land Area of land suitable for building on. zone constructible terreno fabbricabile bouwgrond Bauland building material Any material used in construction, such as steel, concrete, brick, masonry, glass, wood, etc. matériau de construction materiale da costruzione bouwmateriaal Baustoff marine mammal Mammals which have adapted to live in the sea, such as whales, dolphins, porpoises, etc. mammifère marin mammifero marino marien zoogdier Meeressäugetier building materials industry industrie des matériaux de construction industria dei materiali edili bouwmaterialenindustrie Baustoffindustrie ovine Horned ruminant mammals raised in many breeds for wool, edible flesh, or skin. ovidé ovini schaapachtigen Ovine building planning The activity of designing, organizing or preparing for future construction or reconstruction of edifices and facilities. planification de la construction pianificazione edilizia bouwplanning Bauleitplanung building regulation réglementation du bâtiment disposizioni in materia di l'edilizia bouwvoorschrift Bauvorschrift shelter Cover or protection, as from weather or danger; place of refuge. abri riparo schuilplaats Unterschlupf nesting area A place where birds gather to lay eggs. aire de nidification area di nidificazione nestgebied Nistgebiet administrative fiat An authoritative decree, sanction or order issued from an office with executive or managerial authority, without necessarily having the force of law or its equivalent. autorisation administrative autorizzazione amministrativa bestuurlijke goedkeuring Verwaltungszwang animal corridor Line corridors (roads, paths, and hedgerows) which lack interior habitat but may serve as movement groups for organisms. Corridors may also provide an efficient migratory pathway for animals. The presence or absence of breaks in a corridor may be a very important factor in determining the effectiveness of its conduit and barrier functions. couloir d'animaux corridoio faunistico dieren(door)gang Tierkorridor animal damage Harm caused to the environment by animals as, for instance, in the case of overgrazing, trampling, etc. Overgrazing damage is reduced by properly located watering facilities to decrease daily travel by livestock. Rotation of grazing areas allows time for recovery of grass. Some land can be easily restored if grazing is allowed only during one season. Animals may cause damage to crops when agriculture land borders on virgin territory or game reserves. In addition wild animals may bring disease in valuable domestic herds. Cattle overstocking has caused serious degradation of habitat, and cattle raising is thus, to some extent, counterproductive. dégât animal danno da animali schade aan dieren Schaden durch Tiere animal displacement The habit of many animal species of moving inside their habitats or of travelling, during migrations, to different biotopes, often considerable distances apart; in aquatic environments displacements can occur horizontally or vertically while in terrestrial environments animal populations that breed in the alpine or subalpine zones in summer, move to lower levels in winter; animal displacements usually follow circadian rhythms and are related to the necessity of finding breeding, resting and feeding areas. déplacement d'animaux spostamento di animali verdringing van dieren Tierartenvertreibung building site A piece of land on which a house or other building is being built. chantier cantiere di costruzione bouwplaats Baustelle spawning ground Area of water where fish come each year to produce their eggs. frayère fregolatoio paaiplaats Laichplatz animal habitat The locality in which an animal naturally grows or lives. It can be either the geographical area over which it extends, or the particular station in which an animal is found. habitat animal habitat animale dierenhabitat Tierhabitat nesting The building of nests for egg laying and rearing of offspring. nidification nidificazione nesten bouwen Nisten animal population A group of animals inhabiting a given area. population animale popolazione animale dierenpopulatie Tierbestand building site preparation viabilisation preparazione di un terreno a scopo edilizio het bouwrijp maken van een terrein Erschliessung (Bauland) animal reproduction Any of various processes, either sexual or asexual, by which an animal produces one or more individuals similar to itself. reproduction animale riproduzione animale dierlijke voortplanting Tierfortpflanzung survival The act or fact of surviving or condition of having survived. survie sopravvivenza overleving Überleben endemic species Species native to, and restricted to, a particular geographical region. espèce endémique specie endemica endemische soorten Endemische Arten broad-leaved tree Deciduous tree which has wide leaves, as opposed to the needles on conifers. feuillu latifoglia loofboom Laubbaum sea grass bed Seaweeds communities formed by green, brown and red macroscopic algae and by sea phanerogams such as Posidonia oceanica and Zostera noltii, etc. pré sous-marin prateria marina zeegrasbed Seegrasbett macrophyte A large macroscopic plant, used especially of aquatic forms such as kelp (variety of large brown seaweed which is a source of iodine and potash). macrophyte macrofita macrofyt Markrophyt building technology technologie du bâtiment tecnologia edile bouwtechnologie Bautechnik building waste Masonry and rubble wastes arising from the demolition or reconstruction of buildings or other civil engineering structures. déchet de construction rifiuto edile bouwafval Bauschutt riverside vegetation Plants growing in areas adjacent to rivers and streams. ripisylve vegetazione riparia (rivier)oevervegetatie Ufervegetation chestnut Any north temperate fagaceous tree of the genus Castanea, such as Castanea sativa, which produce flowers in long catkins and nuts in a prickly bur. châtaignier castagno kastanje Kastanie built drainage system Collection of open and/or closed drains, together with structures and pumps used to collect and dispose of excess surface or subsurface water. système de drainage bâti sistema di drenaggio artificiale aangelegd afvoerwateringssysteem Künstliches Entwässerungssystem graminaceous plant A very large family of plants including cereals such as wheat, maize, etc. graminée graminacee grasachtigen Graspflanzen posidonia Plant with elongated, planar, green leaves which measure up to 1,5 m. The flowers come out in the autumn but not every year. The fruits are dark balls, which one often finds washed up on beaches after storms. The same happens with the leaves which wilt and separate from the plant at the end of summer. It grows on sandy substrates, and has a rhizome from which several plants grow. The compact form of its growths retains the sediments pulled by the currents along the sea bed. Neptunegrass forms extensive prairies, always on the continental shelf. The plant's presence, apart from constituting an excellent refuge and food reserve for many species, gives an indication of the maturity and good condition of the whole marine ecosystem. posidonie posidonia posidonia (soort schaaldier) Posidonia vegetation level A subdivision of vegetation characteristic of a certain altitude above sea level at a given latitude. étage de végétation piano vegetazionale peil plantegroei Vegetationsniveau built environment That part of the physical surroundings which are people-made or people-organized, such as buildings and other major structures, roads, bridges and the like, down to lesser objects such as traffic lights, telephone and pillar boxes. environnement bâti ambiente costruito bebouwde omgeving Gebaute Umwelt plant population The number of plants in an area. population végétale popolazione vegetale plantenstand Pflanzenbestand built structure Any structure made of stone, bricks, wood, concrete, or steel, built with a roof and walls, such as a house or factory. structure bâtie struttura edificata bouwstructuur Bauwerk arboretum Collection of trees from different parts of the world, grown for scientific study. arboretum arboreto arboretum Arboretum chorology The study of the causal relations between geographical phenomena occurring within a particular region. chorologie corologia chorologie Chorologie variety collection Assemblage of cultivated plants that are distinguished by any characteristics (morphology, physiology, etc.) significant for purposes of horticulture, agriculture or forestry. collection de documents divers collezione di varietà verzameling van soorten Varietätensammlung built-up area Area which is full of houses, shops, offices and other buildings, with very little open space. agglomération area edificata bebouwde kom Bebaute Fläche animal conservatory Areas for the conservation of rare or endangered animal species. réserve pour animaux riserva animale dierenreservaat Tierreservat botanical conservatory Gardens for the conservation of rare species of plants. jardin botanique riserva botanica botanische kas Botanisches Glashaus introduction of animal species Animals which have been translocated by human agency into lands or waters where they have not lived previously, at least during historic times. Such translocation of species always involves an element of risk if not of serious danger. Newly arrived species, depending on their interspecific relationships and characteristics, may act as or carry parasites or diseases, prey upon native organisms, display toxic reactions, or be highly competitive with or otherwise adversely affect native species and communities. introduction d'espèces animales introduzione di animali het invoeren van diersoorten Einführung von Tierarten introduction of plant species Plants which have been translocated by human agency into lands or waters where they have not lived previously, at least during historic times. Such translocation of species always involves an element of risk if not of serious danger. Newly arrived species may be highly competitive with or otherwise adversely affect native species and communities. Some may become a nuisance through sheer overabundance. They may become liable to rapid genetic changes in their new environment. Many harmful introductions have been made by persons unqualified to anticipate the often complex ecological interaction which may ensue. On the other hand many plants introduced into modified or degraded environments may be more useful than native species in controlling erosion or in performing other positive functions. introduction d'espèces végétales introduzione di piante het invoeren van plantensoorten Einführung von Pflanzenarten animal heritage The sum of the earth's or a particular region's non-human, non-vegetable, multicellular organisms viewed as the inheritance of the present generation, especially animal species deemed worthy of preservation and protection from extinction. patrimoine animal patrimonio animale dierlijk erfgoed Tiererbgut plant heritage The sum of the earth's or a particular region's herb, vegetable, shrub and tree life viewed as the inheritance of the present generation, especially plant species deemed worthy of preservation and protection from extinction. patrimoine végétal patrimonio vegetale erfgoed aan planten Pflanzenerbgut bulb cultivation The cultivation of flower bulb is divided into two sectors: for forcing (flower bulbs used by professional growers for the production of cut flowers and potted plants) and for dry sales (flower bulbs for garden planting, flower pots, landscaping and parks). culture des bulbes coltivazione di bulbi bloembollenteelt Blumenzwiebelkultur protection of animals protection des animaux protezione degli animali (politica ambientale) dierenbescherming Tierschutz animal species reintroduction Attempts made to prevent the extinction of threatened species and populations by reintroducing them in their natural habitat. The reintroduction of species in a region requires a preliminary study to establish the reasons of their disappearance and the modifications that might have occurred in the biotopes. réintroduction d'espèces animales reintroduzione di animali herinvoering van diersoorten Wiedereinbürgerung von Tierarten plant species reintroduction Reintroducing wild plant species to their natural habitat. The reintroduction of species in a region requires a preliminary study to establish the reasons of their disappearance and the modifications that might have occurred in the biotopes. réintroduction d'espèces végétales reintroduzione di specie vegetali herintroductie van een plantensoort Wiedereinbürgergung von Pflanzenarten local afforestation The planting of trees in an area, or the management of an area to allow trees to regenerate or colonize naturally, in order to produce a forest. reboisement imboschimento plaatselijke bosaanplanting Regionale Aufforstung windfall 1) Falling of old trees in a forest caused by a storm or strong wind. It plays an important role in the spontaneous regeneration of forest ecosystems. 2) A plot of land covered with trees blown down by the wind. chablis albero abbattuto dal vento omgewaaide bomen Windbruch pruning The cutting off or removal of dead or living parts or branches of a plant to improve shape or growth. élagage potatura snoei(-) Beschneiden forest exploitation Forests have been exploited over the centuries as a source of wood and for obtaining land for agricultural use. The mismanagement of forest lands and forest resources has led to a situation where the forest is now in rapid retreat. The main aspects of the situation are: serious shortages in the supply of industrial wood; the catastrophic erosion and floods accompanying the stripping of forests from mountainous land; the acute shortages of fuel wood in much of the developing world; the spread of desert conditions at an alarming rate in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world; and the many environmental effects of the destruction of tropical rainforests. exploitation forestière sfruttamento forestale bosexploitatie Forstnutzung mountain forest An extensive area of woodland that is found at natural elevations usually higher than 2000 feet. forêt de montagne foresta di montagna bergbos Bergwald state forest Forest owned and managed by the State. forêt domaniale foresta demaniale staatsbos Staatsforst Mediterranean forest Type of forest found in the Mediterranean area comprising mainly xerophilous evergreen trees. forêt méditérranéenne foresta mediterranea Middellandse-zeebos Mediterraner Forst private forest forêt privée foresta privata privaat bos Privatwald timber forest Forest whose trees are all in the adult stage and have reached the reproductive period. futaie fustaia hoogstammig bos Nutzwald maquis A low evergreen shrub formation, usually found on siliceous soils in the Mediterranean lands where winter rainfall and summer drought are the characteristic climate features. It consists of a profusion of aromatic species, such as lavender, myrtle, oleander and rosemary and often includes abundant spiny shrubs. It has been suggested that the maquis is a secondary vegetation, occupying the lands cleared of their natural evergreen oak forests by human activity. maquis macchia ondoordringbaar struikgewas Maquis administrative jurisdiction The extent, power or territory in which an office with executive or managerial authority administers justice or declares judgments. juridiction administrative giurisdizione amministrativa administratief rechtsgebied Verwaltungsgerichtsbarkeit dry lawn pelouse sèche prato secco droog gazon Trockenrasen nursery garden pépinière vivaio plantentuin Pflanzgarten forest protection Branch of forestry concerned with the prevention and control of damage to forests arising from the action of people or livestock, of pests and abiotic agents. protection de la forêt protezione della foresta bosbescherming Waldschutz natural regeneration The replacement by an organism of tissues or organs which have been lost or severely injured. régénération naturelle rigenerazione naturale natuurlijke regeneratie Natürliche Regeneration resinous plant Plants yielding or producing resin. résineux pianta resinosa harshoudende plant Harzhaltige Pflanze coppice with standards A traditional system of woodland management whereby timber trees are grown above a coppiced woodland. It is used in particular as a method of exploiting oakwoods, in which all the trees except a rather open network of tall, well-formed oaks - the standards at about fifty per hectare - are felled, leaving plenty of space for hazels and other underwood to grow and be coppiced at intervals of ten to fifteen years. taillis sous futaie ceduo composto middenbos Mittelwald game (play) An amusement or pastime; diversion. jeu gioco spel Spiel big game Large wild animals that weigh typically more than 30 lb when fully grown, hunted for food, sport or profit. grand gibier selvaggina grossa groot wild Großwild shellfish farming Raising of shellfish in inland waters, estuaries or coastal waters, for commercial purposes. All commercial shellfish beds producing bivalve molluscs must be monitored for microbial contamination. Samples of water and shellfish flesh must be tested for the presence of algal toxins. Periodic monitoring of fish and shellfish must be carried out to check for the presence of contaminants. conchyliculture molluschicoltura schaal- en schelpdierencultuur Muschelkultur bureaucratisation The multiplication of or concentration of power in administrators and administrative offices in an organization, usually resulting in an extension into and regimentation of certain areas of social life. bureaucratisation burocratizzazione verambtelijking Bürokratisierung oyster farming There are two types of oyster farming: suspension culture, in which oysters are grown off bottom, in floating trays, is a labor-intensive form of cultivation that requires continuous tending and cleaning of both gear and shellfish, and bottom culture, which is similar to conventional crop farming on land; it involves selecting areas of the sea floor that provide a natural food supply, necessary currents, minimum exposure to predators, and proper temperature and then "seeding" the bottom with shellfish stock that are left to grow to market size. Then they are harvested with a bottom drag from a boat. Both suspension culture and bottom culture depend on natural food supplies for growing the shellfish being raised. ostréiculture ostricoltura oestercultuur Austernzucht commercial fishery Such fisheries belong to one of two groups: one catching demersal (bottom-living) fish, e.g. cod, haddock, plaice, sole; the other catching pelagic (surface-living) fish, e.g. anchovy, tuna, herring. pêche professionnelle pesca professionale beroepsvisserij Handelsfischerei national fishing reserve Limited portion of a water body belonging to the State where angling is allowed. réserve nationale de pêche riserva nazionale di pesca nationaal visreservaat Nationales Fischereigebiet socioeducational activity Instruction or events designed to offer learning or cultural experiences to populations without access to traditional educational institutions due to social or economic barriers. action socio-éducative azione socio-educativa sociaal-opvoedkundige activiteit Sozialpädagogische Tätigkeit competitive examination A test given to a candidate for a certificate or a position and concerned typically with problems to be solved, skills to be demonstrated, or tasks to be performed. concours concorso (esame) vergelijkend examen Leistungsprüfung continuing education Various forms, methods, and processes of formal and informal education for the continued learning of all ages and categories of the general public. Oriented toward the continued learning/developmental processes of the individual throughout life. formation continue formazione continua doorlopende scholing Weiterbildung initial training Any education, instruction or discipline occurring at the beginning of an activity, task, occupation or life span. formation initiale formazione iniziale aanvangstraining Erstausbildung pedagogy The principles, practice, or profession of teaching. pédagogie pedagogia pedagogie Pädagogik administrative law Body of law created by administrative agencies in the form of rules, regulations, orders and decisions to carry out regulatory powers and duties of such agencies. droit administratif diritto amministrativo administratief recht Verwaltungsrecht environmental occupation Gainful employment or job-related activity pertaining to ecological concerns, including the preservation of natural resources and the integrity of the ecosystem. métier de l'environnement mestiere ambientale milieuberoep Umweltberuf bus A large, long-bodied motor vehicle equipped with seating for passengers, usually operating as part of a scheduled service. autobus autobus autobus Omnibus public function Activity carried out for the benefit of the community. fonction publique funzione pubblica nutsfunctie Öffentliches Ereignis organisation of work The coordination or structuring of work practices and production processes in order to influence the way jobs are designed and performed in the workplace. organisation du travail organizzazione del lavoro werkorganisatie Arbeitsorganisation business The activity, position or site associated with commerce or the earning of a livelihood. entreprise impresa zakenwereld Kommerzielle Aktivität leisure centre A building containing a swimming pool and a large room or other places where you can play sports. base de loisirs centro ricreativo vrijetijdscentrum Erholungsanlage community facility Buildings, equipment and services provided for a community. équipement collectif attrezzatura collettiva gemeenschappelijke voorziening Gemeinschaftseinrichtung cycle path Part of the road or a special path for the use of people riding bicycles. piste cyclable pista ciclabile fietspad Radweg ski run A trail, slope, or course for skiing. piste de ski pista di sci skihelling Skipiste touristic route An established or selected course for travel consisting, typically, of secondary roads with significant scenic, cultural, historic, geological or natural features and including vistas, rest areas, and interpretive sites matching the scenic characteristics of the course. circuit touristique itinerario turistico toeristische route Touristenstrecke ecomuseum A private, non-profit facility where plants and animals can be viewed in a natural outdoor setting. écomusée ecomuseo milieumuseum Umweltmuseum folklore The traditional and common beliefs, practices and customs of a people, which are passed on as a shared way of life, often through oral traditions such as folktales, legends, anecdotes, proverbs, jokes and other forms of communication. folklore folclore folklore Folklore public attendance fréquentation du public frequentazione del pubblico publieke opkomst Anwesenheit der Öffentlichkeit tourist attendance fréquentation touristique frequentazione turistica toeristenopvang Touristenbesuch country lodge A small house or a hut located in the countryside. gîte rural alloggio rurale jachthuis Landhaus lodging Provision of accommodation for rest or for residence in a room or rooms or in a dwelling place. hébergement fornitura di alloggio onderdak Quartier public The community or people in general or a part or section of the community grouped because of a common interest or activity. public pubblico (n.) openbaar Öffentlichkeit path A route or track between one place to another. sentier sentiero (voet)pad Pfad seaside footpath A route or track running along the coast. sentier littoral sentiero costiero voetpad langs de kust Küstenwanderung educational path A guided trail, designed to explain to children a piece of countryside, the type of soil, flora, fauna, etc. Such trails may be self-guiding, using either explanatory notices set up at intervals or numbered boards referring to a printed leaflet: in other cases parties may be led by a demonstrator or warden. sentier pédagogique sentiero pedagogico gevolgd onderwijs Bildungsweg seaside resort A place near the sea where people spend their holidays and enjoy themselves. station balnéaire stazione balneare badplaats (aan zee) Badeort butterfly Any diurnal insect of the order Lepidoptera that has a slender body with clubbed antennae and typically rests with the wings (which are often brightly coloured) closed over the back. papillon farfalle diurne vlinders Schmetterling mountain resort A place in the mountains where people spend their holidays and enjoy themselves. station de montagne stazione di montagna vakantieoord in de bergen Gebirgsort winter sports resort Resort where sports held in the open air on snow or ice, especially skiing are practiced. station de sports d'hiver stazione di sport invernali wintersportoord Wintersportort touristic unit unité touristique unità turistica toeristische eenheid Touristeneinheit all-terrain vehicle A land carriage so constructed that it can be used on any kind of road or rough terrain and can be operated for many purposes, such as carrying goods, transporting the injured, conveying passengers, etc. véhicule tout terrain veicolo fuoristrada terreinwagen Geländefahrzeug population density The number of people relative to the space occupied by them. densité de population densità della popolazione bevolkingsdichtheid Bevölkerungsdichte young jeune giovane jong Junge(s) button-cell battery A tiny, circular battery made for a watch or for other microelectric applications. pile bouton pila a bottone mini-batterij Knopfzelle active population The number of people available and eligible for employment within a given enterprise, region or nation. population active popolazione attiva actieve populatie Erwerbstätige Bevölkerung time allocation The act of assigning various hours of one's day, week or year to particular activities, especially those falling within the categories of work and leisure. aménagement du temps sfruttamento razionale del tempo tijdstoewijzing Zeitaufteilung durable goods Goods which have a reasonably long life and which are not generally consumed in use: e.g. refrigerator. biens durables bene durevole duurzame goederen Langlebiges Gebrauchtsgut non-durable goods A good bought by consumers that tends to last for less than a year. Common examples are food and clothing. The notable thing about nondurable goods is that consumers tend to continue buying them regardless of the ups and downs of the business cycle. bien non durable bene non durevole verbruiksgoederen Kurzlebige Güter by-catch Incidental taking of non-commercial species in drift nets, trawling operations and long line fishing; it is responsible for the death of large marine animals and one factor in the threatened extinction of some species. capture accessoire pesca accessoria bijvangst Beifang goods A term of variable content and meaning. It may include every species of personal chattels or property. Items of merchandise, supplies, raw materials, or finished goods. Land is excluded. biens beni goederen Güter goods and services The total of economic assets, including both physical or storable objects and intangible acts of human assistance. biens et services beni e servizi goederen en diensten Güter und Dienstleistungen time budget Determining or planning for allotment of time in hours, days, weeks, etc. budget temps bilancio preventivo a termine tijdsbudget Zeitbudget living environment External conditions or surroundings in which people live or work. cadre de vie ambiente di vita leefomgeving Belebte Umwelt product life cycle A product life cycle includes the following phases: acquisition of raw materials, production, packaging, distribution, use, recyling, and disposal. cycle de vie d'un produit ciclo di vita di un prodotto levenscyclus van een product Produktlebenszyklus ecolabel A mark, seal or written identification attached or affixed to products that provides specific ecological information allowing consumers to make comparisons with other similar products, or instructions on how to safely use or properly recycle or dispose of both products and packaging. écolabel marchio di qualità ecologica milieukeur(merk) Umweltzeichen quality certification The formal assertion in writing that a commodity, service or other product has attained a recognized and relatively high grade or level of excellence. certification qualité certificazione della qualità kwaliteitscertificatie Qualitätszertifizierung living standard A measurement of the development level in a country or community, gauged by factors such as personal income, education, life expectancy, food consumption, health care, technology and the use of natural resources. niveau de vie livello di vita leefnorm Lebensstandard by-product A product from a manufacturing process that is not considered the principal material. sous-produit sottoprodotto nevenproduct Nebenprodukt supply and demand The relationship between the amount or quantity of a commodity that is available for purchase and the desire or ability of consumers to buy or purchase the commodity, which, in theory, determines the commodity's price in a free market. offre et demande domanda e offerta vraag en aanbod Angebot und Nachfrage ecological inequality Any imbalance or disparity among inhabitants of the same living environment deemed inappropriate, unjust or detrimental to that environment's integrity. inégalité écologique diseguaglianza ecologica ecologische ongelijkheid Ökologische Ungleichheit social inequality Unequal rewards or opportunities for different individuals within a group or groups within a society. If equality is judged in terms of legal equality, equality of opportunity, or equality of outcome, then inequality is a constant feature of the human condition. inégalité sociale diseguaglianza sociale sociale ongelijkheid Soziale Ungleichheit myth A traditional or legendary story, usually dealing with supernatural beings, ancestors, heroes or events, that is with or without determinable basis of fact or a natural explanation, but is used to explain some practice, rite or phenomenon of nature, or to justify the existence of a social institution. mythe mito mythe Mythos NIMBY aptitude Not In My BackYard: phrase used to describe people who encourage the development of agriculture land for building houses or factories, provided it is not near where they themselves are living. attitude NIMBY atteggiamento NIMBY niet in mijn achtertuin-houding Floriansprinzip social psychology Study of the effects of social structure on cognition and behavior, of processes of face-to-face interaction, and of the negotiation of social order. psychosociologie psicosociologia sociale psychologie Sozialpsychologie social representation A system of values, ideas and practices established to orient individuals in their community and culture and to provide them with naming, classification and communication codes. représentation sociale rappresentazione sociale sociale vertegenwoordiging Soziale Vertretbarkeit feeling for nature A consciousness, sensibility or sympathetic perception of the physical world and its scenery in their uncultivated state. sentiment de la nature sentimento per la natura natuurgevoel Naturgefühl socioeconomics Economic and social structure of communities, tax rates, characteristic types of development. socio-économie socioeconomia socio-economie Sozioökonomie cable Strands of insulated electrical conductors laid together, usually around a central core, and wrapped in a heavy insulation. câble cavo kabel Kabel access to administrative documents The legal right of access to administrative documents or the opportunity to avail oneself of the same. accès aux documents administratifs accesso a documenti amministrativi toegankelijkheid van administratieve stukken Zugang zu Verwaltungsdokumenten administrative deed Any formal and legitimate step taken or decision made on matters of policy by a chief or other top-level officer within an organization. acte administratif atto amministrativo administratieve akte Verwaltungsakt territorial government An administrative body or system in which political direction or control is exercised over a designated area or an administrative division of a city, county or larger geographical area. administration territoriale amministrazione territoriale regering van een grondgebied Gebietsregierung decision making support aide à la décision aiuto alla decisione besluitvormingsondersteuning Entscheidungshilfe minister competence The skill, knowledge, qualification, capacity or authority associated with the chief of an administrative department or other high ranking official selected by the head of state. attribution ministérielle competenza ministeriale ministeriële bevoegdheid Ministerkompetenz citizen A native or naturalized member of a state or nation who owes allegiance, bears responsibilities and obtains rights, including protection, from the government. citoyen cittadino burger Bürger local government An administrative body or system in which political direction and control is exercised over the community of a city, town or small district. collectivité locale ente locale plaatselijke overheid Kommunalverwaltung territorial community An infrastructure, body of people or homogenous constituency that is physically situated in a localized exurban area. collectivité territoriale comunità territoriale gemeenschap levend op een grondgebied Territoriale Gemeinschaft parliamentary debate Formal discussion or dispute on a particular matter among the members of the parliament. débat parlementaire dibattito parlamentare parlementair debat Parlamentarische Debatte abiotic factor Physical, chemical and other non-living environmental factors. They are essential for living plants and animals of an ecosystem, providing the essential elements and nutrients that are necessary for growth. The abiotic elements also include the climatic and pedologic components of the ecosystem. facteur abiotique fattore abiotico abiotische factor Abiotischer Faktor cadmium One of the toxic heavy metal which has caused deaths and permanent illnesses in a series of major pollution incidents around the world. Cadmium has no useful biological purpose. However, it has wide industrial applications. It has been used for decades in metal plating to prevent corrosion, in rechargeable batteries and as a pigment in certain plastics and paints. Special care is taken in the industrial smelting of ores and subsequent handling of cadmium, because occupational exposure is known to have caused heart, chest and kidney disorders. Environmental health problems have come from exposure to various sources of pollution. cadmium cadmio cadmium Cadmium motivation of administrative acts The underlying reason or cause, a psychological or social factor, that incites or stimulates managers, executives or supervisors to complete tasks that achieve organizational or company goals. motivation des actes administratifs motivazione degli atti amministrativi rechtvaardiging van administratieve handelingen Ursache von Verwaltungsakten cadmium contamination The release and presence in the air, water and soil of cadmium, a toxic, metallic element, from sources such as the burning of coal and tobacco and improper disposal of cadmium-containing waste. contamination par le cadmium contaminazione da cadmio cadmiumvervuiling Cadmiumverseuchung economic plan A design, scheme or project pertaining to the production, distribution and use of income, wealth and commodities. plan économique piano economico economisch plan Wirtschaftsplan subsidiary principle The fundamental doctrine or tenet that policy making decisions should be made at the most decentralized level, in which a centralized governing body would not take action unless it it is more effective than action taken at a lower government level. principe de subsidiarité principio di sussidiarietà basisbeginsel Subsidiaritätsprinzip caesium A soft silvery-white and highly reactive metal belonging to the alkali group of metals. It is a radiation hazard, because it can occur in two radioactive forms. Caesium-134 is produced in nuclear reactors, not directly by fission, but by the reaction. It emits beta- and gamma-radiation and has a half-life of 2.06 years. Caesium-137 is a fission product of uranium and occurs in the fallout from nuclear weapons. It emits beta- and gamma-rays and has a half-life of 30 years. Caesium-137 was the principal product released into the atmosphere, and hence the food chain, from atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons and from the Windscale fire and Chernobyl nuclear accidents. After the Chernobyl accident, which spread a radiation cloud across Europe, the European Commission proposed new and more restrictive limits on levels of caesium in food and drinking water. césium cesio cesium Cäsium financial aid The transfer of funds from developed to underdeveloped countries. aide financière aiuto finanziario financiële hulp Finanzhilfe international assistance Economic, military, technical or financial aid or support given to nations or countries in need, often from other governments or international or intergovernmental organizations. aide internationale aiuto internazionale internationale hulp Internationale Hilfe public aid Government aid in the form of monies or food stamps to the poor, disabled, aged or to dependent children. aide publique aiuto pubblico overheidssteun Öffentliche Hilfe national accounting Organised method of recording all business transactions in the national economy. comptabilité nationale contabilità nazionale nationale boekhouding Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnung satellite account A separate financial record or statement that discloses financial activity in a particular area and supplements existing financial records. compte satellite conto complementare satellietrekening Nebenkonto household expenditure Any spending done by a person living alone or by a group of people living together in shared accommodation and with common domestic expenses. dépense des ménages spesa delle famiglie huishoudelijke uitgaven Haushaltsausgaben public expenditure Spending by national or local government, government-owned firms or quasi-autonomous non-government organizations. dépense publique spesa pubblica overheidsuitgaven Öffentliche Ausgaben intervention fund Money or financial resources set aside to interpose or interfere in any business affair in order to affect an outcome. fonds d'intervention fondo d'intervento interventiefonds Interventionsfonds financial fund Monetary resources set aside for some purpose. fonds financier fondo finanziario financieel fonds Geldmittel European Monetary Fund Fund organized by the European Monetary System in which members of the European Community deposit reserves to provide a pool of resources to stabilize exchange rates and to finance balance of payments in support of the pending full European Monetary Union. Fonds monétaire européen Fondo Monetario Europeo Europese Monetair Fonds Europäischer Währungsfond International Monetary Fund An international organization established in 1944, affiliated with the United Nations that acts as an international bank facilitating the exchange of national currencies and providing loans to member nations. It also evaluates the performance of the economies of the world's countries. Fonds monétaire international Fondo Monetario Internazionale Internationaal Monetair Fonds Internationaler Währungsfonds economic incentive Rewards or penalties offered by government or management to induce an economic sector, company or group of workers to act in such a way as to produce results that plan objectives or policy goals. incitation économique incentivo economico economische stimuleringsmaatregel Ökonomischer Anreiz incentive tax incitation fiscale incentivo fiscale stimuleringsbelasting Steueranreiz gross domestic product The total output of goods and services produced by a national economy in a given period, usually a year, valued at market prices. It is gross, since no allowance is made, for the value of replacement capital goods. produit intérieur brut prodotto interno lordo bruto binnenlands product Bruttoinlandsprodukt exceptional tax Compulsory charges levied by a government unit in special or unique instances for the purpose of raising revenue to pay for services or improvements for the general public benefit. taxe parafiscale tassa una tantum bijzondere heffing Sondersteuer process analysis analyse de filière analisi del ciclo produttivo procesanalyse Verfahrensanalyse audit The periodic or continuous verification of the accounts, assets and liabilities of a company or other organization, often to confirm compliance with legal and professional standards. audit audit doorlichting Audit natural heritage assessment Evaluation of the natural structures, resources and landscapes to ensure their careful management and preservation. évaluation du patrimoine naturel valutazione del patrimonio naturale bepaling van natuurlijk erfgoed Bewertung von Naturerben water cost The value or the amount of money exchanged for the production and sustained supply of water. coût de l'eau costo dell'acqua waterprijs Wasserkosten ecomarketing The buying, selling, advertising, shipping, and storing of goods in compliance with ecological principles. écomarketing ecomarketing milieumarketing Ökomarketing patrimonial management A type of leadership and management style attempting to gain the loyalty and support of subordinates by excessively providing for their needs and interests. gestion patrimoniale gestione patrimoniale patrimoniaal beheer Erbherrliches Management pollution control investment Securities held for the production of income in the form of interest and dividends with the aim of controlling or reducing pollution or substances in the environment deemed harmful to human health and natural resources. investissement antipollution investimento antinquinamento investering voor de beheersing van milieuverontreiniging Umweltschutzinvestition environment market marché de l'environnement mercato dell'ambiente milieumarkt Umweltmarkt antipollution premium A prize or bonus given as an inducement or reward for efforts to reduce the presence of pollution or substances in the environment deemed harmful to human health or natural resources. prime antipollution premio antinquinamento anti-vervuilingsvergoeding Umweltschutzprämie water pricing Applying a monetary rate or value at which water can be bought or sold. tarification de l'eau tariffazione dell'acqua vaststellen van de waterprijs Wasserpreisfestlegung theory of the environment A structured simulation or explanation based on observation, experimentation and reasoning that seeks to demonstrate, characterize or explain the actions and interactions of the total surrounding conditions of a given system. théorie de l'environnement teoria dell'ambiente milieutheorie Umwelttheorie trade activity activité commerciale attività commerciale handelsactiviteit Handelsaktivität local development A stage of growth or advancement in any aspect of a community that is defined by or restricted to a particular and usually small district or area. développement local sviluppo locale plaatselijke ontwikkeling Kommunalentwicklung market study The gathering and studying of data to determine the projection of demand for an item or service. étude de marché studio di mercato marktstudie Marktstudie administrative procedure procédure administrative procedura amministrativa administratieve procedure Verwaltungsvorgang free trade Trade which is unimpeded by tariffs, import and export quotas and other measures which obstruct the free movement of goods and services between states. libre échange libero scambio vrijhandel Handelsfreiheit less developed country One of the world's poorest nations, typically small in area and population, with low per capita incomes, literacy levels and medical standards, subsistence agriculture and a lack of exploitable minerals and competitive industries. pays moins avancé paese meno sviluppato minder ontwikkelde landen Entwicklungsländer North-South relationship The connections, associations or involvement of developed nations, found predominantly in the Northern Hemisphere, with developing nations, found predominantly in the Southern Hemisphere. relation Nord-Sud rapporto nord-sud Noord-Zuidbetrekkingen Nord-Süd-Beziehung calcium A malleable silvery-white metallic element of the alkaline hearth group; the fifth most abundant element in the earth crust, occurring especially as forms of calcium carbonate. It is an essential constituent of bones and teeth and is used as a deoxidizer in steel. calcium calcio calcium Calcium calculation The act, process or result of calculating. calcul calcolo berekening Berechnung density The mass of unit volume of a substance. densité densità dichtheid Dichte spatial distribution A distribution or set of geographic observations representing the values of behaviour of a particular phenomenon or characteristic across many locations on the surface of the Earth. distribution spatiale distribuzione spaziale ruimtelijke verdeling Räumliche Verteilung economic data donnée économique dati economici economische gegevens Ökonomische Daten calcium content Amount of calcium contained in a solution. teneur en calcium contenuto in calcio kalkgehalte Calciumgehalt index A list of record surrogates arranged in order of some attribute expressible in machine-orderable form. index indice inhoudsregister Index census survey An official periodic count of a population including such information as sex, age, occupation, etc. recensement censimento volkstelling Volkszählung statistical series An ordered sequence of data samples in numerical form used to predict or demonstrate trends through time and space. série statistique serie statistica statistische reeks Statistische Reihe opinion survey The canvassing of a representative sample of a large group of people on some question in order to determine the general opinion of a group. sondage d'opinion sondaggio d'opinione opiniepeiling Meinungsumfrage calculation method méthode de calcul metodo di calcolo berekeningsmethode Berechnungsverfahren rate The amount of change in some quantity during a time interval divided by the length of the time interval. taux tasso graad Rate seasonal variation In time series, that part of the movement which is assigned to the effect of the seasons on the year. variation saisonnière variazione stagionale seizoensverschil Jahreszeitliche Schwankung scientific committee An organized group of persons elected or appointed to discuss scientific matters. comité scientifique comitato scientifico wetenschappelijk comité Wissenschaftlicher Beirat scientific dispute controverse scientifique controversia scientifica wetenschappelijke discussie Wissenschaftlicher Disput calibration To mark the scale of a measuring instrument so that readings can be made in appropriate units. étalonnage calibratura ijking Kalibrierung applied research Research directed toward using knowledge gained by basic research to make things or to create situations that will serve a practical or utilitarian purpose. recherche appliquée ricerca applicata toegepast onderzoek Anwendungsforschung scientific research Systematic investigation to establish facts or principles concerning a specific scientific subject. recherche scientifique ricerca scientifica wetenschappelijk onderzoek Wissenschaftliche Forschung calibration of measuring equipment The determination or rectification of, according to an accepted standard, the graduation of any instrument giving quantitative measurements. étalonnage des instruments de mesure calibratura degli apparecchi di misura het ijken van meettoestellen Kalibrieren von Meßinstrumenten agronomy The principles and procedures of soil management and of field crop and special-purpose plant improvement, management, and production. agronomie agronomia landbouwkunde Agrarwissenschaft agrosystem Ecosystem dominated by the continuous agricultural intervention of man. agrosystème agrosistema landbouwsysteem Agrarsystem agricultural disaster Violent, sudden and destructive change in the environment either affecting or caused by land cultivation or the raising of crops or livestock. calamité agricole calamità agricola landbouwramp Agrarkatastrophe agricultural undervaluation The underrating or diminishing in value of agricultural or farming goods and services. sous-estimation agricole deprezzamento agricolo landbouwkundige onderwaardering Landwirtschaftliche Unterbewertung rural development Any course destined to promote economic growth, modernization, increase in agricultural production and the creation of a framework in which to fulfill primary needs, such as education, health and supply of water in the rural areas. The attainment of such objectives depends in general on the type of administrative systems proposed for the various programmes and on the national political situation as regards, for instance land tenure, agrarian reform, the disbursement of assistance and food policy. développement rural sviluppo rurale plattelandsontwikkeling Ländliche Entwicklung agricultural hydraulics Science and technology involved in the management of water resources, in the control of erosion and in the removal of unwanted water. hydraulique agricole idraulica agricola landbouwhydraulica Landwirtschaftlicher Wasserbau farming technique The business, art, or skill of agriculture. technique culturale tecnica colturale landbouwtechniek Agrartechnik forage crop Cultivation of crops for consumption by livestock. culture fourragère coltura foraggiera voedergewas Futterpflanze market gardening The business of growing fruit and vegetables on a commercial scale. culture maraîchère orticoltura su larga scala beroepsgroenteteelt Hndelsgärtnerei seed (product) A fertilized ovule containing an embryo which forms a new plant upon germination. semence semente zaaizaad Saatgut crop treatment Use of chemicals in order to avoid damage of crops by insects or weeds. traitement des cultures trattamento delle colture gewasbehandeling Pflanzenbehandlung phytosanitary treatment Removal of heavy metals from water by the employment of plants or treatment by which plant organisms act to degrade hazardous organic contaminants or transform hazardous inorganic contaminants to environmentally safe levels in soils, subsurface materials, water, sludges, and residues. traitement phytosanitaire trattamento fitosanitario fytosanitaire behandeling Pflanzenschutzbehandlung aviculture The raising, keeping, and care of birds. aviculture avicoltura avicultuur Vogelzucht breeding technique Term referring to the systems employed in animal rearing (extensive and intensive). technique d'élevage tecnica di allevamento foktechniek Zuchttechnik transhumance The seasonal migration of livestock to suitable grazing grounds. transhumance transumanza het verweiden van de kudde Herdenwanderung administrative sanction Generally, any formal official imposition of penalty or fine; destruction, taking, seizure, or withholding of property; assessment of damages, reimbursement, restitution, compensation, costs, charges or fees; requirement, revocation or suspension of license; and taking other compulsory or restrictive action by organization, agency or its representative. sanction administrative sanzione amministrativa administratieve sanctie Verwaltungsgenehmigung mineral conditioner Any naturally occurring inorganic substances with a definite chemical composition and usually of crystalline structure, such as rocks, which are used to stabilize soil, improving its resistance to erosion, texture and permeability. amendement minéral ammendante minerale anorganische conditioneerder Mineralischer Bodenverbesserer draining The removal of water from a marshy area by artificial means, e.g. the introduction of drains. assèchement prosciugamento del suolo afwateren Entwässern slash and burn culture A traditional farming system that has been used by generations of farmers in tropical forests and the savannah of north and east Africa. It is known to be an ecologically sound form of cultivation, and because the soil is poor in tropical rain forests it is a sustainable method of farming. It is still practised today, primarily in the developing countries. Small areas of bush or forests are cleared and the smaller trees burned. This unlocks the nutrients in the vegetation and gives the soil fertilizer that is easily taken up by plants. A few years later the soil is degraded and the farmer moves on to do the same at another site. The original ground is left fallow for anything up to 20 years so that the forest can regenerate. With the growth in population and in the subsequent need for more farming land to produce food, the method is increasingly being used today to clear large areas of tropical forests for cattle ranching, and in most cases the ground is not left fallow for long enough and, with modern mechanized farming systems, not enough tree stumps or suitable habitats for plant life are left to start the regeneration process. culture sur brûlis coltura su terreno debbiato zwerflandbouw Roden und Verbrennen chalk A soft, pure, earthy, fine-textured, usually white to light gray or buff limestone of marine origin, consisting almost wholly (90-99%) of calcite, formed mainly by shallow-water accumulation of calcareous tests of floating microorganisms (chiefly foraminifers) and of comminuted remains of calcareous algae (such as cocoliths and rhabdoliths), set in a structureless matrix of very finely crystalline calcite. The rock is porous, somewhat friable, and only slightly coherent. It may include the remains of bottom-dwelling forms (e.g. ammonites, echinoderms, and pelecypods), and nodules of chert and pyrite. The best known and most widespread chalks are of Cretaceous age, such as those exposed in cliffs on both sides of the English Channel. craie gesso (minerale) krijt Kreide nitrogenous fertiliser Fertilizer materials, natural or synthesized, containing nitrogen available for fixation by vegetation, such as potassium nitrate or ammonium nitrate. engrais azote fertilizzante azotato stikstofmest(stof) Stickstoffdünger camping Guarded area equipped with sanitary facilities where holiday-makers may pitch a tent and camp by paying a daily rate. camping campeggio (attività) kamperen Camping phosphatic fertiliser Fertilizer compound or mixture containing available (soluble) phosphate; examples are phosphate rock (phosphorite), superphosphates or triple superphosphates, nitrophosphate, potassium phosphate, or N-P-K mixtures. engrais phosphate fertilizzante fosfatico fosforzuurhoudende meststof Phosphatdünger potassium fertiliser A chemical fertilizer containing potassium. Potassium (K) is required by all plant and animal life. Plants require potassium for photosynthesis, osmotic regulation and the activation of enzyme systems. engrais potassique fertilizzante potassico messtof met kalium Kalidünger purification through the soil The act or process in which a section of the ground is freed from pollution or any type of contamination, often through natural processes. épuration par le sol depurazione attraverso il suolo zuivering door de grond Reinigung durch den Boden soil leaching The removal of water or any soluble constituents from the soil. Leaching often occurs with soil constituents such as nitrate fertilizers with the result that nitrates end up in potable waters. lessivage du sol lisciviazione del suolo bodemuitloging Bodenauslaugung mineral matter Inorganic materials having a distinct chemical composition, characteristic crystalline structure, colour, and hardness. matière minérale materia minerale anorganische stof Mineralstoff organic matter Plant and animal residue that decomposes and becomes a part of the soil. matière organique materia organica organische stof Organische Substanz camping site A piece of land where people on holiday can stay in tents, usually with toilets and places for washing. camping campeggio (area) kampeerterrein Campingplatz drainage system A surface stream, or a body of impounded surface water, together with all other such streams and water bodies that are tributary to it and by which a region is drained. An artificial drainage system includes also surface and subsurface conduits. réseau de drainage sistema di drenaggio afwateringssyteem Entwässerungsanlage irrigation system A system of man-made channels for supplying water to land to allow plants to grow. réseau d'irrigation rete d'irrigazione bevloeiingssysteem Bewässerungsanlage soil salinity Measurement of the quantity of mineral salts found in a soil. Many semi-arid and arid areas are naturally salty. By definition they are areas of substantial water deficit where evapotranspiration exceeds precipitation. Thus, whereas in humid areas there is sufficient water to percolate through the soil and to leach soluble materials from the soil and the rocks into the rivers and hence into the sea, in deserts this is not the case. Salts therefore tend to accumulate. salinité du sol salinità del suolo zoutgehalte van de bodem Salzgehalt des Bodens agronomic value The monetary or material worth at which buyers and sellers agree to do business for agricultural goods and services. valeur agronomique valore agronomico landbouwwaarde Agronomischer Wert mountain management aménagement de la montagne sfruttamento razionale della montagna bergbeheer Bergwirtschaft rural management and planning The activity or process of overseeing and preparing for the future physical arrangement and condition of any agricultural or pastoral area, which may involve protecting and developing natural and human resources that affect an area's economic vitality. gestion et planification rurale pianificazione rurale plattelandsbeheer en planning Ländliche Raumplanung touristic activity management The administration, promotion, organization and planning for the business or industry of providing information, transportation, entertainment, accommodations and other services to travelers or visitors. aménagement touristique sfruttamento razionale dell'attività turistica beheer van toeristische activiteiten Management von Touristenaktivitäten forestry unit Any entity or group of individuals involved with the creation, management and conservation of an extensive area of woodland, often to produce products and benefits such as timber, clean water, biodiversity and recreation. groupement forestier unità forestale bosbouweenheid Forstbetriebsgemeinschaft equipment plan A formulated or systematic method for the supply of material necessities such as tools, gear, provisions or furnishings. projet d'équipement progetto di apparecchiatura uitrustingsplan Ausrüstungsplan approach The way or means of entry or access. abords (agglomération) accesso benadering Annäherung canal An artificial open waterway used for transportation, waterpower, or irrigation. canal canale kanaal Kanal (Wasserstraße) railway station A place along a route or line at which a train stops to pick up or let off passengers or goods, especially with ancillary buildings and services. gare ferroviaire stazione ferroviaria treinstation Bahnhof (Eisenbahn) bus station A place along a route or line at which a bus stops for fuel or to pick up or let off passengers or goods, especially with ancillary buildings and services. gare routière stazione autolinee busstation Busbahnhof road construction material The aggregation of components used for building streets, highways and other routes, such as asphalt, concrete, brick, sand and gravel. matériau routier materiale per costruzioni stradali materiaal voor de wegenbouw Straßenbaustoffe engineering work ouvrage d'art opera d'arte machinefabriek Ingenieurbau railway network The whole system of railway distribution in a country. réseau ferroviaire rete ferroviaria spoorwegnet Eisenbahnnetz road network The system of roads through a country. réseau routier rete stradale wegennet Straßennetz navigation The science or art of conducting ships or aircraft from one place to another, esp. the method of determining position, course, and distance travelled over the surface of the earth by the principles of geometry and astronomy and by reference to devices (as radar beacons or instruments) designed as aids. navigation navigazione (in generale) stuurmanskunst Schiffahrt merchant shipping Transportation of persons and goods by means of ships travelling along fixed navigation routes. marine marchande traffico marittimo koopvaardij Handelsschiffahrt combined transport Transport in which more than one carrier is used, e.g. road, rail and sea. transport combiné trasporto combinato gecombineerd vervoer Kombiverkehr cancer Any malignant cellular tumour including carcinoma and sarcoma. It encompasses a group of neoplastic diseases in which there is a transformation of normal body cells into malignant ones, probably involving some change in the genetic material of the cells, possibly as a result of faulty repair of damage to the cell caused by carcinogenic agents or ionizing radiation. cancer cancro kanker Krebskrankheit urban community Body of people living in a town or city. communauté urbaine comunità urbana stadsgemeenschap Städtisches Gemeinwesen urban development document A written or printed text furnishing proposals or procedures for the improvement of living conditions, especially housing, for the inhabitants of a city or densely populated area. document d'urbanisme documento urbanistico stedelijke ontwikkelingsdocument Stadtentwicklungsdokument periurban space Any expanse of land or region located on the outskirts of a city or town. espace périurbain spazio periurbano voorstedelijk gebied Stadtrandgebiet single family dwelling An unattached dwelling unit inhabited by an adult person plus one or more related persons. maison individuelle abitazione individuale eengezinswoning Einfamilienhaus land use plan The key element of a comprehensive plan; describes the recommended location and intensity of development for public and private land uses, such as residential, commercial, industrial, recreational and agricultural. plan d'occupation des sols piano di uso del suolo grondgebruiksplan Flächennutzungsplan urban planning and development The activity or process of preparing for the future arrangement and condition of an urban center, particularly the development of its physical lay-out, which would include the construction, reconstruction, conversion, alteration or enlargement of buildings and other structures, and the extension or use of undeveloped land. planification et développement urbain pianificazione strutturale urbana stadsplanning en -ontwikkeling Stadtplanung und -entwicklung land use regime Relation existing between the landowner and the tenant farmer who cultivates the land. régime foncier regime fondiario grondgebruiksregime Flächennutzungsverwaltung cancer risk The probability that exposure to some agent or substance will adversely transform cells to replicate and form a malignant tumor. risque de cancer rischio di cancro risico op kanker Krebsrisiko new town Any of several recent urban developments that constitute small and essentially self-sufficient cities with a planned ordering of residential, industrial, and commercial development. ville nouvelle città nuova nieuwe gemeente Neustadt pre-emption zone Areas that are subject to the pre-emption right which is a privilege accorded by the government to the actual settler upon a certain limited portion of the public domain, to purchase such tract at a fixed price to the exclusion of all other applicants. zone de préemption zona di prelazione zone die valt onder een recht van voorkoop Gebiet mit Vorkaufsrecht land-management intervention area Any expanse of land which requires a person or agency with authority to interpose or interfere in how it is used or administrated. zone d'intervention foncière zona d'intervento fondiario landbeheerinterventiegebied Eingriff in die Raumordnung canid Carnivorous mammal in the superfamily Canoidea, including dogs and their allies. canidé canidi hondachtige Canidae rural architecture architecture rurale architettura rurale plattelandsarchitectuur Ländliche Architektur traditional architecture architecture traditionnelle architettura tradizionale traditionele bouwstijl Traditionelle Architektur building destruction The tearing down of buildings by mechanical means. destruction de bâtiment distruzione di edificio afbraak van gebouwen Gebäudezerstörung municipal engineering Branch of engineering dealing with the form and functions of urban areas. génie urbain ingegneria urbana gemeentewerken Städtisches Ingenieurwesen building restoration The accurate reestablishment of the form and details of a building, its artifacts, and the site on which it is located, usually as it appeared at a particular time. restauration de bâtiment restauro di edificio restauratie van gebouwen Gebäuderestaurierung statutory declaration A declaration made in a prescribed form before a justice of the peace, notary public, or other person authorized to administer an oath. déclaration réglementaire dichiarazione regolamentare plechtige verklaring (eed) Eidesstattliche Erklärung quality standard norme de qualité standard di qualità kwaliteitsnorm Qualitätsnorm European standard A standard which has been approved pursuant to the statutes of the standards bodies with which the Community has concluded agreements. norme européenne standard europeo Europese norm Europäische Norm ISO standard Documented agreements containing technical specifications or other precise criteria to be used consistently as rules, guidelines, or definitions of characteristics, to ensure that materials, products, processes and services are fit for their purpose. norme ISO standard ISO ISO-standaard ISO-Norm technical regulation A government or management prescribed rule that provides detailed or stringent requirements, either directly or by referring to or incorporating the content of a standard, technical specification or code of practice. réglementation technique regolamentazione tecnica technische richtlijn Technische Vorschriften codification The process of collecting and arranging systematically, usually by subject, the laws of a state or country, or the rules and regulations covering a particular area or subject of law or practice. codification codifica codificatie Kodifizierung doctrine (law) A rule, principle, theory, or tenet of the law, as the doctrine of merger, the doctrine of relation, etc. doctrine (droit) dottrina leer [wet] Lehrmeinung transport law Rules concerning the movement of goods or persons by sea, railway or road. droit des transports diritto dei trasporti vervoerswet Transportrecht rural law A binding rule or body of rules prescribed by a government pertaining to matters of importance to residents of sparsely populated regions, especially agricultural and other economic issues. droit rural diritto rurale plattelandsrecht Ländliches Recht animal rights Just claims, legal guarantees or moral principles accorded to sentient, non-human species, including freedom from abuse, consumption, experimentation, use as clothing or performing for human entertainment. droits des animaux diritti degli animali dierenrechten Tierrechte rights of future generations The moral, legal or ethical claims of posterity on present people, based on the recognition that the young and unborn are vulnerable to contemporary decision-making, especially decisions having long-term effect on the societies and environment they inherit. droits des générations futures diritti delle generazioni future rechten van toekomstige generaties Rechte der zukünftigen Generationen citizen rights Rights recognized and protected by law, pertaining to the members of a state. droits du citoyen diritti dei cittadini burgerrechten Bürgerrechte car A four-wheeled motor vehicle used for land transport, usually propelled by a gasoline or diesel internal combustion engine. automobile automobile wagen Automobil notice Factual information, advice or a written warning communicated to a person by an authorized source, often conveyed because of a legal or administrative rule requiring transmission of such information to all concerned parties. avis notifica bekendmaking Vermerk circular mail A memorandum, letter or notice in either paper or electronic format distributed widely throughout an organization or to a general list of interested parties. circulaire lettera circolare rondschrijven Rundschreiben Community ruling décision communautaire decisione comunitaria gemeenschapswetgeving Gemeinschaftsregelung order 1) A direction or command of a court. In this sense it is often used synonymously with judgment. 2) The document bearing the seal of the court recording its judgment in a case. ordre provvedimento orde Ordnung administrative instructions Education in the theories and practices of managing an office, business or organization. instruction administrative istruzione amministrativa administratieve instructie Verwaltungsvorschrift technical instruction The education, instruction, or discipline pertaining to or connected with the mechanical or industrial arts and the applied sciences. instruction technique istruzione tecnica technisch onderrichting Technische Anleitung law (corpus of rules) A body of rules of action or conduct prescribed by controlling authority, and having binding legal force. droit (corpus de lois) diritto wet Gesetz hunting licence Official permission granted to individuals or commercial enterprises allowing and regulating by time, location, species, size or amount the wild animals or game that can be killed and taken from lands within a particular jurisdiction. permis de chasse licenza di caccia jachtvergunning Jagdschein building permit Authorization required by local governmental bodies for the erection of an enclosed structure or for the major alteration or expansion of an existing edifice. permis de construire licenza edilizia bouwvergunning Baugenehmigung fishing licence Official permission granted to individuals or commercial enterprises allowing and regulating by time, location, species, size or amount the fish that can be caught from rivers, lakes or ocean waters within a particular jurisdiction. permis de pêche licenza di pesca visvergunning Fischereilizenz law draft The form in which proposed statutes, resolutions or special acts are introduced into a legislative body, before they are enacted or passed. projet de loi progetto di legge wetsvoorstel Gesetzentwurf regulation The act of regulating; a rule or order prescribed for management or government; a regulating principle; a precept. Rule of order prescribed by superior or competent authority relating to action on those under its control. règlement regolamento verordening Regulierung transposition of directive transposition de directive trasposizione di direttiva omzetting richtlijn Umsetzung von Richtlinien concession Any rebate, abatement, voluntary grant of or a yielding to a demand or claim, typically made by a government or controlling authority to an individual or organization. concession concessione vergunning Konzession public discussion Consideration, commentary by argument or informal debate on some issue that is open and of concern to the general populace. débat public dibattito pubblico openbare discussie Öffentliche Diskussion declaration of public utility Administrative Act giving the right to take private property for public use. déclaration d'utilité publique dichiarazione di pubblica utilità bekendmaking van algemeen nut Gemeinnützigkeitserklärung private domain Generally, land and water owned by individuals or corporations as opposed to the state; in French civil law, any government property capable of being owned by non-public entities, which cannot be seized and which is restricted to the stipulated ownership and use. domaine privé proprietà privata (condizione) privaat domein Privater Bereich public waterways domain Rivers, canals and lakes owned by the state as opposed to individuals or corporations. domaine public fluvial demanio fluviale openbare waterwegen Öffentlicher Wasserweg public maritime domain eas or ocean areas owned by the state as opposed to individuals or corporations. domaine public maritime demanio marittimo openbaar zeegebied Öffentliche Meeresgebietsnutzung right of access droit d'accès diritto di passaggio openbaarheid Zugangsberechtigung public benefit inquiry An investigation, especially a formal one conducted into a matter of public utility by a body constituted for that purpose by a government, local authority, or other organization. enquête d'utilité publique inchiesta di pubblica utilità onderzoek naar het algemene nut (van ...) Volksfürsorgeanhörung public inquiry An investigation, especially a formal one conducted into a matter of public utility by a body constituted for that purpose by a government, local authority, or other organization. enquête publique inchiesta pubblica openbaar onderzoek Öffentliche Anhörung delegated management The process of assigning or transferring authority, decision making or a specific administrative function from one entity to another. gestion déléguée gestione delegata afgevaardigd beheer Delegiertes Management state control The power or authority of a government to regulate or command industry, organizations, programs, initiatives and individuals. contrôle d'état controllo statale staatscontrole Staatliche Kontrolle easement The rights of use over the property of another; a burden on a piece of land causing the owner to suffer access by another. servitude servitù erfdienstbaarheid Erleichterung crime Any act done in violation of those duties which an individual owes to the community, and for the breach of which the law has provided that the offender shall make satisfaction to the public. crime crimine misdaad Verbrechen police power pouvoir de police potere di polizia politiemacht Polizeimacht criminal law procedure The rules of law governing the procedure by which crimes are investigated, prosecuted, adjudicated, and punish. procédure pénale procedura penale strafrechtelijke procedure Strafprozess judgement (sentence) The official and authentic decision of a court of justice upon the respective rights and claims of the parties to an action or suit therein litigated and submitted to its determination. The final decision of the court resolving the dispute and determining the rights and obligations of the parties. The law's last word in a judicial controversy, it being the final determination by a court of the rights of the parties upon matters submitted to it in an action or proceeding. arrêt (droit) sentenza vonnis Gerichtsurteil conflict A state of opposition or disagreement between ideas, interests, etc. conflit conflitto strijd Konflikt litigation A judicial contest, a judicial controversy, a suit at law. contentieux contenzioso procesvoering Rechtsstreit administrative court (administration) An independent, specialized judicial tribunal in which judges or officials are authorized by a government agency to conduct hearings and render decisions in proceedings between the government agency and the persons, businesses or other organizations that it regulates. cour administrative corte amministrativa administratieve rechter Verwaltungsgericht Court of Justice of the European Communities Institution set up under Treaty of Rome to ensure that in interpretation and application of the Treaty the law is observed. It consists of judges from each member state, appointed for 6-year periods, assisted by three Advocates General. It sits in Luxembourg, expressing itself in judgements when called upon to do so in proceedings initiated by member states, institutions of the EC and natural or legal persons. Procedures are generally inquisitorial. Cour de justice des communautés européennes Corte di giustizia delle Comunità Europee Europees Hof van Justitie Gerichtshof der Europäischen Gemeinschaften justice The correct application of law as opposed to arbitrariness. justice giustizia gerechtigheid Recht trial A judicial examination and determination of issues between parties to action; whether they need issues of law or of fact. A judicial examination, in accordance with law of the land, of a cause, either civil or criminal, of the issues between the parties, whether of law or fact, before a court that has proper jurisdiction. procès processo (legislazione) rechtszaak Prozeß carbohydrate Any of the group of organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, including sugars, starches and celluloses. hydrate de carbone carboidrati koolhydraat Kohlenhydrat court An organ of the government, belonging to the judicial department, whose function is the application of the laws to controversies brought before it and the public administration of justice. The presence of a sufficient number of the members of such a body regularly convened in an authorized place at an appointed time, engaged in the full and regular performance of its functions. A body in the government to which the administration of justice is delegated. A body organized to administer justice, and including both judge and jury. An incorporeal, political being, composed of one or more judges, who sit at fixed times and places, attended by proper officers, pursuant to lawful authority, for the administration of justice. An organized body with defined powers, meeting at certain times and places for the hearing and decision of causes and other matters brought before it, and aided in this, its proper business, by its proper officers, attorneys and counsel to present and manage the business, clerks to record and attest its acts and decisions, and ministerial officers to execute its commands, and secure due order in its proceedings. tribunal tribunale hof Gericht carbon A nonmetallic element existing in the three crystalline forms: graphite, diamond and buckminsterfullerene: occurring in carbon dioxide, coal, oil and all organic compounds. carbone carbonio koolstof Kohlenstoff lease Any agreement which gives rise to relationship of landlord and tenant (real property) or lessor and lessee (real or personal property). Contract for exclusive possession of lands or tenements for determinate period. Contract for possession and profits of lands and tenements either for life, or for certain period of time, or during the pleasure of the parties. bail contratto di affitto huur Mietvertrag certification The formal assertion in writing of some fact. certification certificazione bevoegdheidsverklaring Zertifizierung homologation The approval given by the judge of certain acts and agreements for the purpose of rendering them more binding and executory. homologation omologazione bekrachtiging Billigung carbonate A salt or ester of carbonic acid. carbonate carbonato carbonaat Carbonat notification Information concerning a fact, actually communicated to a person by an authorized person. notification notifica (azione) aangifte Meldung pre-emption The right of first refusal to purchase land in the event that the grantor of the right should decide to sell. préemption prelazione voorkoop Vorkaufsrecht prescription Acquisition of a personal right to use a way, water, light and air by reason of continuous usage. Prescription is a peremptory and perpetual bar to every species of action, real or personal, when creditor has been silent for a certain time without urging his claim. prescription prescrizione voorschrift Vorschrift repression The act, as by power or authority, of arresting or inhibiting the communication of ideas or facts as expressed in a practice, movement, publication or piece of evidence in a court proceeding. répression repressione onderdrukking Unterdrückung devolution The act of assigning or entrusting authority, powers or functions to another as deputy or agent, typically to a subordinate in the administrative structure of an organization or institution. délégation de pouvoir devoluzione degeneratie (biologisch) Devolution pollutant flow The forward continuous motion or diffusion of polluting substances, or the rate or quantity in which polluting substances move from one place to another. flux de polluant flusso dell'inquinante stroom van verontreinigende stoffen Schadstofffluß ocean-air interface The sea and the atmosphere are fluids in contact with one another, but in different energy states - the liquid and the gaseous. The free surface boundary between them inhibits, but by no means totally prevents, exchange of mass and energy between the two. Almost all interchanges across this boundary occur most effectively when turbulent conditions prevail. A roughened sea surface, large differences in properties between the water and the air, or an unstable air column that facilitates the transport of air volumes from sea surface to high in the atmosphere. Both heat and water (vapor) tend to migrate across the boundary in the direction from sea to air. Heat is exchanged by three processes: radiation, conduction, and evaporation. The largest net exchange is through evaporation, the process of transferring water from sea to air by vaporization of the water. interface air mer interfaccia aria-mare grensvlak tussen het oceaanwater en de lucht Ozean-Luft Schnitstelle pollutant migration Uncontrolled movement, caused by percolation or other processes, of liquid or gaseous polluting materials from an original source area into other parts of an ecosystem. migration de polluant migrazione di inquinante migratie van verontreinigende stoffen Schadstoffwanderung incidental pollution Pollution caused by oil spills, by the accidental release of radioactive substances, by the immission in water bodies or in the atmosphere of chemical substances deriving from industrial activities. pollution accidentelle inquinamento accidentale toevallige vervuiling Zufällige Verunreinigung bacteriological pollution Contamination of water, soil and air with pathogen bacteria. pollution bactériologique inquinamento batteriologico bacteriologische verontreiniging Bakteriologische Verunreinigung carbon cycle The cycle of carbon in the biosphere, in which plants convert carbon dioxide to organic compounds that are consumed by plants and animals, and the carbon is returned to the biosphere in inorganic form by processes of respiration and decay. cycle du carbone ciclo del carbonio koolstofcyclus Kohlenstoffkreislauf diffuse pollution Pollution from widespread activities with no one discrete source, e.g. acid rain, pesticides, urban run-off etc. pollution diffuse inquinamento diffuso diffuse verontreiniging Diffuse Verschmutzung domestic pollution pollution domestique inquinamento domestico huishoudelijke vervuiling Hausschmutz mineral pollution Pollution deriving from all classes of mining operations and having an adverse effect on aquatic life, water supplies and the recreational use of waters. pollution minérale inquinamento minerale anorganische vervuiling Mineralische Verunreinigung organic pollution Pollution caused by animal or plant material derived from living and dead organisms that may contain pathogenic bacteria and negatively influences the environment. pollution organique inquinamento organico organische vervuiling Organische Verunreinigung photochemical pollution Air pollution containing ozone and other reactive chemical compounds formed by the action of sunlight on nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons, especially those in automobile exhaust. pollution photochimique inquinamento fotochimico fotochemische vervuiling Photochemische Verunreinigung land-based marine pollution pollution tellurique inquinamento tellurico van het land afkomstige vervuiling van de zee Terrestrische Meeresverunreinigung toxic pollution Pollution by toxic substances that produce a harmful effect on living organisms by physical contact, ingestion, or inhalation. pollution toxique inquinamento tossico vervuiling met giftige stoffen Toxische Verunreinigung river disposal Discharge of solid, liquid or gaseous waste into a river. rejet en cours d'eau emissione in corso d'acqua rivierlozing Entsorgung in Flüsse underground disposal The discharge, dumping or emission of wastes below the surface of the soil. rejet en sous sol smaltimento nel sottosuolo ondergrondse lozing Unterirdische Entsorgung urban pollutant polluant urbain emissione urbana stadsvervuiler Stadtbedingter Schadstoff prevention measure Measures taken in advance to prevent the occurrence of disasters or similar emergencies. mesure de prévention misura di prevenzione voorkomingsmaatregel Vorbeugungsmaßnahme protective measure Any precautionary action, procedure or installation conceived or undertaken to guard or defend from harm persons, property or the environment. mesure de protection misura di protezione beschermingsmaatregel Schutzmaßnahme strong acidity High degree of ionization of an acid in water solution. acidité forte acidità forte hoge zuurtegraad Starke Acidität biomarker A normal metabolite that, when present in abnormal concentrations in certain body fluids, can indicate the presence of a particular disease or toxicological condition. biomarqueur biomarcatore biomarker Biomarker biological contamination The presence in the environment of living organisms or agents derived by viruses, bacteria, fungi, and mammal and bird antigens that can cause many health effects. contamination biologique contaminazione biologica biologische vervuiling Biologische Verunreinigung chemical contamination The addition or presence of chemicals to, or in, another substance to such a degree as to render it unfit for its intended purpose. Also refers to the result(s) of such an addition or presence. contamination chimique contaminazione chimica chemische vervuiling Chemische Verunreinigung biological effect of pollution Effects of pollution on living systems. effet biologique de la pollution effetto biologico dell'inquinamento biologisch effect van vervuiling Biologische Schadstoffwirkung carbon dioxide A colourless gas with a faint tingling smell and taste. Atmospheric carbon dioxide is the source of carbon for plants. As carbon dioxide is heavier than air and does not support combustion, it is used in fire extinguishers. It is a normal constituent of the atmosphere, relatively innocuous in itself but playing an important role in the greenhouse effect. It is produced during the combustion of fossil fuels when the carbon content of the fuels reacts with the oxygen during combustion. It is also produced when living organisms respire. It is essential for plant nutrition and in the ocean phytoplankton is capable of absorbing and releasing large quantities of the gas. dioxyde de carbone diossido di carbonio kooldioxide Kohlendioxid irreversibility of the phenomenon That quality of a process that precludes a prior state from being attained again. irréversibilité du phénomène irreversibilità del fenomeno onomkeerbaarheid van het verschijnsel Irreversibilität eines Phänomens quality objective Any goal or target established for a product, service or endeavor that aspires to attain a relatively high grade or level of excellence. objectif de qualité obiettivo di qualità kwaliteitsdoel(stelling) Qualitätsziel solid particle Any tiny or very small mass of material that has a definite volume and shape and resists forces that would alter its volume or shape. particule solide particella solida vast deeltje Feststoffteilchen purifying power Regenerative capacity of a system, of soils, water, etc. pouvoir épurateur potere depuratore zuiverend vermogen Reinigungskraft carbon dioxide tax Compulsory charges levied on fuels to reduce the output of carbon dioxide (CO2), which is a colourless and odourless gas substance that is incombustible. taxe sur le dioxyde de carbone tassa sulla CO2 koolzuurheffing CO2-Abgabe sensor The generic name for a device that senses either the absolute value or a change in a physical quantity such as temperature, pressure, flow rate, or pH, or the intensity of light, sound, or ratio waves and converts that change into a useful input signal for an information-gathering system. capteur sonda sensor Sensor instrumentation Designing, manufacturing, and utilizing physical instruments or instrument systems for detection, observation, measurement, automatic control, automatic computation, communication, or data processing. instrumentation strumentazione instrumentatie Instrumentierung metrology The science of measurement. métrologie metrologia metrologie Metrologie observation satellite Man-made device that orbits the earth, receiving, processing and transmitting signals and generating images such as weather pictures. satellite d'observation satellite da osservazione observatiesatelliet Beobachtungssatellit atrazine Herbicide belonging to the triazine group, widely employed and particularly in maize crops. It is highly toxic for phytoplancton and freshwater algae and, being highly soluble in water, it easily contaminates aquifers. atrazine atrazina atrazine Atrazine organic nitrogen nitrogen chemically bound in organic molecules such as proteins, amines, and amino acids azote organique azoto organico organisch gebonden stikstof Organischer Stickstoff halogenated compound A substance containing halogen atoms. composé halogéné composto alogenato halogeenverbinding Halogenverbindung carbon monoxide Colorless, odourless, tasteless, non-corrosive, highly poisonous gas of about the same density as that of air. Very flammable, burning in air with bright blue flame. Although each molecule of CO has one carbon atom and one oxygen atom, it has a shape similar to that of an oxygen molecule (two atoms of oxygen), which is important with regard to it's lethality. monoxyde de carbone monossido di carbonio koolmonoxide Kohlenmonoxid sulphur monoxide A gas at ordinary temperatures; produces an orange-red deposit when cooled to temperatures of liquid air; prepared by passing an electric discharge through a mixture of sulfur vapor and sulfur dioxide at low temperature. monoxyde de soufre monossido di zolfo zwavelmonoxide Schwefelmonoxid pyralene Chemical compound belonging to the polychlorinated biphenyls family, used in the production of electrical equipment which requires dielectric fluid such as power transformers and capacitors, as well as in hydraulic machinery, vacuum pumps, compressors and heat-exchanger fluids. pyralène piralene pyraleen Pyralene asbestosis A non-malignant progressive, irreversible, lung disease, characterized by diffuse fibrosis, resulting from the inhalation of asbestos fibers. asbestose asbestosi asbestose Asbestose genotoxicity génotoxicité genotossicità genotoxiciteit Gentoxizität intoxication The state of being poisoned; the condition produced by a poison which may be swallowed, inhaled, injected, or absorbed through the skin. intoxication intossicazione vergiftiging Intoxikation carcass disposal The disposal of slaughtered animals, other dead animal bodies and animal body parts after removal of the offal products. équarrissage eliminazione di carogne karkasverwerking Tierkörperbeseitigung biological test The laboratory determination of the effects of substances upon specific living organisms. test biologique test biologico biologische proef Biotest total organic carbon The amount of carbon covalently bound in organic compounds in a water sample. carbone organique total carbonio organico totale totaal aan organische koolstof Gesamtorganischer Kohlenstoff chemical degradation The act or process of simplifying or breaking down a molecule into smaller parts, either naturally or artificially. décomposition chimique degradazione chimica chemische ontbinding Chemische Zersetzung laboratory test Tests, examinations or evaluations performed in a laboratory. test de laboratoire test di laboratorio laboratoriumproef Laborversuch biotic index Scale for showing the quality of an environment by indicating the types of organisms present in it (e.g. how clean a river is). indice biotique indice biotico biotische index Biotischer Index oxidisable material Substance that can undergo a chemical reaction with oxygen. matière oxydable sostanza ossidabile oxydeerbare stof Oxidierbarer Stoff dissolved oxygen The amount of oxygen dissolved in a stream, river or lake is an indication of the degree of health of the stream and its ability to support a balanced aquatic ecosystem. The oxygen comes from the atmosphere by solution and from photosynthesis of water plants. The maximum amount of oxygen that can be held in solution in a stream is termed the saturation concentration and, as it is a function of temperature, the greater the temperature, the less the saturation amount. The discharge of an organic waste to a stream imposes an oxygen demand on the stream. If there is an excessive amount of organic matter, the oxidation of waste by microorganisms will consume oxygen more rapidly than it can be replenished. When this happens, the dissolved oxygen is depleted and results in the death of the higher forms of life. oxygène dissous ossigeno disciolto opgeloste zuurstof Gelöster Sauerstoff photodegradation The capability of being decomposed by prolonged exposure to light. photodécomposition fotodegradazione afbraak onder invloed van licht Photodegradation insoluble substance Substance incapable of forming a solution, especially in water. substance insoluble sostanza insolubile onoplosbare stof Unlöslicher Stoff non-volatile substance Substance that is not capable of changing from a solid or liquid form to a vapour. substance non volatile sostanza non volatile niet-vluchtige stof Nicht flüchtiger Stoff weakly degradable substance A substance that is not easily converted to another, usually less complex compound. substance peu dégradable sostanza poco degradabile gemakkelijk afbreekbare stof Schwach abbaubarer Stoff volatile substance A substance capable of readily changing from a solid or liquid form to a vapour; having a high vapour pressure and a low boiling point. substance volatile sostanza volatile vluchtige stof Flüchtiger Stoff chemical corrosivity The tendency of a metal to wear away another by chemical attack. corrosivité chimique aggressività chimica chemische corrosiekracht Chemische Korrosivität physicochemical analysis Analysis based on the physical changes associated with chemical reactions. analyse physico-chimique analisi chimico-fisica fysico-chemische analyse Physikalisch-chemische Analyse carcinogenicity The ability or tendency of a substance or physical agent to cause or produce cancer. cancérigènicité cancerogenicità het kankerverwekkend zijn Kanzerogenität experimental study Study based on experimentation. étude expérimentale studio sperimentale experimentele studie Experimentalstudie granulometry 1) The determination of the different grain size in a granular material. 2) The proportion by weight of particles of different sizes in granular material. granulométrie granulometria granulometrie Körnung carcinogenicity test Test for assessing if a chemical or physical agent increases the risk of cancer. The three major ways of testing for carcinogens are animals tests, epidemiological studies and bacterial tests. test de cancérigénicité test sulla carcinogenità test van het kankerverwekkend zijn Kanzerogenitätsprüfung drawing To cause to discharge from an abscess or wound or to obtain a sample of tissue or organic liquid for examination. prélèvement prelievo tekening Probenahme (English = sampling) chemical product A substance characterized by definite molecular composition. produit chimique prodotto chimico chemisch product Chemisches Produkt flammable product Material having the ability to generate a sufficient concentration of combustible vapors to produce a flame, if ignited. produit inflammable prodotto infiammabile brandbare stof Brennbares Produkt organoleptic property Properties that can be perceived by sense organs. propriété organoleptique proprietà organolettiche organoleptische eigenschappen Organoleptische Eigenschaft carcinogen A substance that causes cancer in humans and animals. cancérigène carcinogeno kankerverwekkende stof Kanzerogener Stoff hearing system The system that is concerned with the perception of sound, is mediated through the organ of Corti of the ear in mammals or through corresponding sensory receptors of the lagena in lower vertebrates, is normally sensitive in man to sound vibrations between 16 and 27.000 cycles per second but most receptive to those between 2.000 and 5.000 cycles per second, is conducted centrally by the cochlear branch of the auditory nerve, and is coordinated especially in the medial geniculate body. système auditif sistema uditivo gehoor(systeem) Gehörorgan cardiovascular system Those structures, including the heart and blood vessels, which provide channels for the flow of blood. système cardiovasculaire sistema cardiovascolare hart en bloedvaten Herzkreislaufsystem cardiology The study of the heart. cardiologie cardiologia kennis hart-en vaatziekten Kardiologie cardiovascular disease maladie cardiovasculaire malattia cardiovascolare hart- en vaatziekten Kreislauferkrankung enterovirus Any of a subgroup of the picornaviruses infecting the gastrointestinal tract and discharged in feces, including coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, and polioviruses; may be involved in respiratory disease, meningitis, and neurological disease. entérovirus enterovirus enterovirus Enterovirus animal biology The scientific study of the natural processes of animals. biologie animale biologia animale dierenbiologie Tierbiologie plant biology The scientific study of the natural processes of plants. biologie végétale biologia vegetale plantenkunde Pflanzenbiologie genetic pool The total number of genes or the amount of genetic information possessed by all the reproductive members of a population of sexually reproducing organisms. patrimoine génétique patrimonio genetico de gezamenlijke genen (van een soort) Genpool hearing acuity Effectiveness of hearing. acuité auditive acuità uditiva scherpte van het gehoor Hörschärfe decibel A unit used to express relative difference on power, usually between acoustic or electric signals, equal to ten times the common logarithm of the ratio of the two level. décibel decibel decibel Dezibel acoustical quality The characteristics of a confined space that determines its ability to enable music and speech to be heard clearly within it. qualité acoustique qualità acustica geluidskwaliteit Akustische Qualität Caribbean Area A geographical region bordered on the south by South America and Panama, and on the west by Central America, and consisting of the West Indian, and nearby, islands and the Caribbean Sea, a part of the western Atlantic Ocean. Caraïbes (les) Area Caraibica Caraïbische Zee Karibik noise spectrum The range of frequencies occurring in the noise emitted by a source. spectre de bruit spettro del rumore geluidsspectrum Geräuschspektrum carnivore An animal that eats meat. carnivores carnivori vleeseters Tierfresser mechanical vibration A motion, usually unintentional and often undesirable, of parts of machines and structures. vibration mécanique vibrazione meccanica machinetrilling Mechanische Schwingung airborne noise Noise caused by the movement of large volumes of air and the use of high-pressure air. bruit aérien rumore aereo via lucht overgedragen geluid Luftschall background noise Noise coming from source other than the noise source being monitored. bruit de fond rumore di fondo achtergrondgeluid Hintergrundgeräusch rolling noise Deeply resounding, reverberating noise caused by the friction between car tyres and road surfaces. bruit de roulement rumore di rotolamento rolgeluid Rollgeräusch neighbourhood noise General noise from a local source (such as the noise of a factory) which is disturbing to people living in the area. bruit de voisinage rumore di vicinato omgevingsgeluid Nachbarschaftslärm acoustic comfort confort acoustique comfort acustico geluidscomfort Akustisches Wohlbefinden noise exposure plan A formulated or systematic method to prevent the effects of being subjected to loud or harsh sounds. plan d'exposition au bruit piano di esposizione al rumore plan met betrekking tot blootstelling aan lawaai Lärmexpositionsplan tidal power station Power station where the generation of power is provided by the ebb and flow of the tides. The principle is that water collected at high tide behind a barrage is released at low tide to turn a turbine that, in turn, drives a generator. centrale marémotrice centrale mareomotrice getijcentrale Gezeitenkraftwerk hydroelectric energy The free renewable source of energy provided by falling water that drives the turbines. Hydropower is the most important of the regenerable energy sources because of its highest efficiency at the energy conversion. There are two types of hydroelectric power plants: a) run-of-river power plants for the use of affluent water; b) storage power plants (power stations with reservoir) where the influx can be regulated with the help of a reservoir. Mostly greater differences in altitudes are being used, like mountain creeks. Power stations with reservoirs are generally marked by barrages with earth fill dam or concrete dams. Though hydropower generally can be called environmentally acceptable, there exist also some problems: a) change of groundwater level and fill up of the river bed with rubble. b) Risk of dam breaks. c) Great demand for land space for the reservoir. d) Diminution, but partly also increase of value of recreation areas. As the hydropowers of the world are limited, the world energy demand however is rising, finally the share of hydropower will decrease. énergie hydroélectrique energia idroelettrica waterkracht Hydroelektrische Energie small power station Power station of small size for the generation of energy at local level. microcentrale microcentrale kleine electriciteitscentrale Kleinkraftwerk water mill A mill whose power is provided by a large wheel which is turned by moving water, especially a river. moulin à eau mulino ad acqua watermolen Wassermühle ecological carrying capacity 1) The maximum number of species an area can support during the harshest part of the year, or the maximum biomass it can support indefinitely. 2) The maximum number of grazing animals an area can support without deterioration. capacité de charge écologique capacità portante dell'ambiente ecologische draagvermogen Ökologische Belastbarkeit carry-over effect Effect caused by the successive passages of polluting substances through the different organisms of a food chain. effet de report effetto rimbalzo (vertraagde) doorwerking(seffect) Carry-over power station derating The process by which a power plant is finally taken out of operation. déclassement de centrale declassamento di centrale onderbelasting van een elektriciteitscentrale Steuerbefreiung von Kraftwerken adsorption The physical or chemical bonding of molecules of gas, liquid or a dissolved substance to the external surface of a solid or the internal surface, if the material is porous, in a very thin layer. adsorption adsorbimento adsorptie Adsorption cartography The making of maps and charts for the purpose of visualizing spatial distributions over various areas of the earth. cartographie cartografia kartografie Kartographie radioelement An element that is naturally radioactive. radioélément radioelemento radioactief element Radioaktives Element fast reactor Nuclear reactor which produces more fissile material than it consumes, using fast-moving neutrons and making plutonium-239 from uranium-238, thereby increasing the reactor's efficiency. surgénérateur reattore veloce snelle reactor Schneller Reaktor contaminated area Any site or region that is damaged, harmed or made unfit for use by the introduction of unwanted substances, particularly microorganisms, chemicals, toxic and radioactive materials and wastes. zone contaminée zona contaminata vervuild gebied Kontaminierte Böden atmospheric aerosol Particulate matter suspended in the air. The particulate matter may be in the form of dusts, fumes, or mist. Aerosols in the atmosphere are the form in which pollutants such as smoke are dispersed. aérosol atmosphérique aerosol atmosferico atmosferische aërosol Atmosphärischer Aerosol car tyre A rubber ring placed over the rim of a wheel of a road vehicle to provide traction and reduce road shocks, especially a hollow inflated ring consisting of a reinforced outer casing enclosing an inner tube. pneu d'automobile pneumatico per automobile autoband Autoreifen biofuel A gaseous, liquid, or solid fuel that contains an energy content derived from a biological source. The organic matter that makes up living organisms provides a potential source of trapped energy that is beginning to be exploited to supply the ever-increasing energy demand around the world. An example of a biofuel is rapeseed oil, which can be used in place of diesel fuel in modified engines. The methyl ester of this oil, rapeseed methyl ester (RME), can be used in unmodified diesel engines and is sometimes known as biodiesel. Other biofuels include biogas and gasohol. biocarburant biocarburante biologische brandstof Biokraftstoff forest deterioration Reduction of tree population in forests caused by acidic precipitation, forest fires, air pollution, deforestation, pests and diseases of trees, wildlife, etc. dépérissement forestier deperimento forestale achteruitgang van het bos Waldsterben ethanol A colorless liquid, miscible with water, used as a reagent and solvent. Also known as alcohol; ethyl alcohol; grain alcohol. éthanol etanolo ethanol Ethanol motor vehicle pollution Pollution caused by gases vented to the atmosphere by internal-combustion-engine driven vehicles. pollution automobile inquinamento da automobili vervuiling door motorvoertuigen Verunreinigung durch Kraftfahrzeuge atmospheric fallout The sedimentation of dust or fine particles from the atmosphere. retombée atmosphérique ricaduta atmosferica atmosferische radioactieve neerslag Atmosphärischer Fallout clean air car Vehicles that function without emitting pollutants in the atmosphere. voiture propre veicolo ecologico milieuvriendelijke wagen Umweltfreundliches Auto cash crop Crops that are grown for sale in the town markets or for export. They include coffee, cocoa, sugar, vegetables, peanuts and non-foods, like tobacco and cotton. Huge areas of countries in the developing world have been turned over to cash crops. Those countries with no mineral or oil resources depend on cash crops for foreign money, so that they can import materials do develop roads, for construction, or to buy Western consumer goods and, indeed, food. However, critics argue that cash crops are planted on land that would otherwise be used to grow food for the local community and say this is a cause of world famine. Cash crops, such as peanuts, can ruin the land if it is not left fallow after six years of harvests. Moreover, if the best agricultural land is used for cash crops, local farmers are forced to use marginal land to grow food for local consumption, and this has a further dramatic effect on the environment. culture industrielle coltivazione commerciale marktgewas Nutzpflanze palaeoclimatology The study of paleoclimates throughout geologic time, and of the causes of their variations, on either a local or a worldwide basis. It involves the interpretation of glacial deposits, fossils and sedimentologic and other types of data. paléoclimatologie paleoclimatologia paleoklimatologie Paläoklimatologie continental climate A climate characterized by hot summers, cold winters, and little rainfall, typical of the interior of a continent. climat continental clima continentale vastelandsklimaat Kontinentalklima desert climate A climate type which is characterized by insufficient moisture to support appreciable plant life; that is, a climate of extreme aridity. climat désertique clima desertico woestijnklimaat Wüstenklima equatorial climate Climate characterized by constant temperatures, abundant rainfall and a very short dry season. climat équatorial clima equatoriale equatoriaal klimaat Äquatoriales Klima Mediterranean climate A type of climate characterized by hot, dry, sunny summers and a winter rainy season; basically, this is the opposite of a monsoon climate. Also known as etesian climate. climat méditerranéen clima mediterraneo Middellandse-zeeklimaat Mittelmeerklima mountain climate Very generally, the climate of relatively high elevations; mountain climates are distinguished by the departure of their characteristics from those of surrounding lowlands, and the one common basis for this distinction is that of atmospheric rarefaction; aside from this, great variety is introduced by differences in latitude, elevation, and exposure to the sun; thus, there exists no single, clearly defined, mountain climate. Also known as highland climate. climat montagnard clima montano bergklimaat Bergklima oceanic climate A regional climate which is under the predominant influence of the sea, that is, a climate characterized by oceanity; the antithesis of a continental climate. climat océanique clima oceanico oceaanklimaat Meeresklima temperate climate The climate of the middle latitudes; the climate between the extremes of tropical climate and polar climate. climat tempéré clima temperato gematigd klimaat Gemäßigtes Klima tropical climate A climate which is typical of equatorial and tropical regions, that is, one with continually high temperatures and with considerable precipitation, at least during part of the year. climat tropical clima tropicale tropisch klimaat Trophisches Klima atmospheric inversion A temperature inversion in the atmosphere in which the temperature, instead of falling, increases with height above the ground. With the colder and heavier air below, there is no tendency to form upward currents and turbulence is suppressed. Inversions are often formed in the late afternoon when the radiation emitted from the ground exceeds that received from the sinking sun. Inversions are also caused by katabatic winds, that is cold winds flowing down the hillside into a valley, and by anticyclones. In inversion layers, both vertical and horizontal diffusion is inhibited and pollutants become trapped, sometimes for long periods. Low-level discharges of pollutants are more readily trapped by inversions than high level dischargers, hence the case for high stacks. Furthermore, high level discharges into an inversion tend to remain at a high level because of the absence of vertical mixing. inversion thermique inversione atmosferica atmosferische inversie atmosphärische Inversion thunderstorm A storm caused by strong rising air currents and characterized by thunder and lightning and usually heavy rain or hail. orage temporale onweersbui Gewitter catalysis A phenomenon in which a relatively small amount of substance augments the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being consumed. catalyse catalisi katalyse Katalyse glaze A coating of ice, generally clear and smooth but usually containing some air pockets, formed on exposed objects by the freezing of a film of supercooled water deposited by rain, drizzle, or fog, or possibly condensed from supercooled water vapour. verglas gelicidio beglazen Glatteis exploitation of underground water The process of extracting underground water from a source. exploitation de nappe souterraine sfruttamento della falda aftappen van ondergronds water Untergrundwassergewinnung water infiltration into the ground The movement of surface water into soil or rock through cracks and pores. infiltration d'eau dans le sol infiltrazione di acqua nel suolo doorsijpeling van water in de bodem Wasserinfiltration in den Boden adult A person who is fully grown, developed or of a specified age. adulte adulto volwassene Erwachsene catalyst A substance whose presence alters the rate at which a chemical reaction proceeds, but whose own composition remains unchanged by the reaction. Catalysts are usually employed to accelerate reactions(positive catalyst), but retarding (negative) catalysts are also used. catalyseur catalizzatore katalysator (stof) Katalysator water table Water that occupies pores, cavities, cracks and other spaces in the crustal rocks. It includes water precipitated from the atmosphere which has percolated through the soil, water that has risen from deep magmatic sources liberated during igneous activity and fossil water retained in sedimentary rocks since their formation. The presence of groundwater is necessary for virtually all weathering processes to operate. Phreatic water is synonymous with groundwater and is the most important source of any water supply. nappe phréatique falda freatica freatisch water Freies Grundwasser water catchment protection Precautionary actions, procedures or installations undertaken to prevent or reduce harm to the environmental integrity of drainage areas used to catch water, such as reservoirs or basins. protection de zone de captage de l'eau protezione della captazione bescherming van een stroomgebied Schutz des Wassereinzugsbereichs water table protection Water table is inherently susceptible to contamination from landuse activities. Remediation is very expensive and often impractical. Prevention of contamination is therefore critical in effective groundwater management. protection des niveaux d'eau protezione delle falde handhaving van de waterstanden Wasserstandschutz catalytic converter Catalytic converters are designed to clean up the exhaust fumes from petrol-driven vehicles, which are otherwise the major threat to air quality standards in congested urban streets and on motorways. Converters remove carbon monoxide, the unburned hydrocarbons and the oxides of nitrogen. These compounds are damaging to human health and the environment in a variety of ways. The converter is attached to the vehicle' s exhaust near the engine. Exhaust gases pass through the cellular ceramic substrate, a honeycomb-like filter. While compact, the intricate honeycomb structure provides a surface area of 23.000 square metres. This is coated with a thin layer of platinum, palladium and rhodium metals, which act as catalysts that simulate a reaction to changes in the chemical composition of the gases. Platinum and palladium convert hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide and water vapour. Rhodium changes nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons into nitrogen and water, which are harmless. pot catalytique marmitta catalitico katalysator (toestel) Abgaskatalysator flood runoff The total quantity of water flowing from the catchment during the period of the flood. écoulement des crues deflusso della piena afvoer van overgestroomd water Hochwasserabfluß silting up The filling or partial filling with silt of a reservoir that receives fine-grained sediment brought in by streams and surface runoff. remplissage de réservoir (barrage) interrimento di invaso het vol laten lopen van een spaarbekken Stauseefüllung hydrometry The science and technology of measuring specific gravities, particularly of liquids. hydrométrie idrometria hydrometrie Hydrometrie catastrophe A sudden, widespread disaster or calamity that greatly exceeds the resources of an area or region. catastrophe catastrofe ramp Katastrophe flood forecast The hydrological processes generating river floods have been studied extensively and several modelling concepts have been proposed. The standard procedure for flood forecasting consists of calibrating the parameters of the model of a particular river basin on a representative set of historical hydrometric data and subsequently applying this calibrated model in a real-time environment. prévision des crues previsione delle piene overstromingsvoorspelling Hochwasserprognose hydrographic network The configuration or arrangement in plan view of the natural stream courses in an area. It is related to local geologic and geomorphologic features and history. Synonym: drainage pattern. réseau hydrographique rete idrografica hydrografisch netwerk Hydrographisches Netz sedimentology The scientific study of sedimentary rocks and of the processes by which they were formed; the description, classification, origin, and interpretation of sediments. sédimentologie sedimentologia sedimentologie Sedimentologie hydrographic basin 1) The drainage basin of a stream. 2) An area occupied by a lake and its drainage basin. bassin hydrographique bacino idrografico hydrografisch bekken Hydrographisches Becken catchment area 1) An area from which surface runoff is carried away by a single drainage system. 2) The area of land bounded by watersheds draining into a river, basin or reservoir. bassin versant area di raccolta delle acque stroomgebied Gewässereinzugsgebiet bathing freshwater Freshwater in which bathing is explicitly authorised or in which bathing is not prohibited and is traditionally practised by a large number of bathers. Water in such areas must meet specified quality standards relating to chemical, microbiological and physical parameters. eau de baignade douce acqua dolce idonea a balneazione zwemwater (zoet) Badegewässer (Süßwasser) demesnial water A body of water that is owned and maintained by a national governmental body or agency. eau domaniale acque demaniali waterbezit Privatgewässer non-demesnial water A body of water that is owned and maintained by an individual or entity other than the national government. eau non domaniale acque non demaniali water dat niet onder de territoriale eigendomsrechten valt Öffentliches Gewässer bog A commonly used term in Scotland and Ireland for a stretch waterlogged, spongy ground, chiefly composed of decaying vegetable matter, especially of rushes, cotton grass, and sphagnum moss. tourbière torbiera acida (veen)moeras Moor water desalination Any mechanical procedure or process where some or all of the salt is removed from water. dessalement de l'eau desalinazione dell'acqua ontzilting van water Wasserentsalzung bathing seawater Sea waters in which bathing is explicitly authorised or in which bathing is not prohibited and is traditionally practised by a large number of bathers. Water in such areas must meet specified quality standards relating to chemical, microbiological and physical parameters. eau de baignade marine acqua marina idonea a balneazione zwemwater (zout) Badegewässer (Meerwasser) ocean outfall The mouth or outlet of a river, drain, sewer or any other place at which drainage or wastewater is discharged into a body of oceanic water. émissaire marin emissario in mare oceaanmonding Meeresauslaß ocean exploitation The utilization of the ocean for its food resources, mineral resources, and energy and water sources. exploitation des océans sfruttamento degli oceani exploitatie van de oceaan Ausbeutung des Ozeans swell A regular movement of marine waves created by wind stress in the open ocean which travels considerable distances away from the generating field and into another wind field. The waves are characterized by relatively smooth, generally unbroken, crests and a fairly regular wavelength, but swell increases in wavelength and decreases in wave height as it moves away from the generating area. Local wind waves may be superimposed upon swell waves as they approach a coastline, thereby creating sharper crests and a choppy sea. houle mareggio golvenstroming op zee Anschwellen estuary pollution Contamination of the generally broad portion of a stream near its outlet which is influenced by the tide of the water body into which it flows. Many estuaries have become badly contaminated by wastes that have been generated from heavily populated areas. pollution d'estuaire inquinamento di estuario estuariumvervuiling Ästuarverschmutzung river management The administration or handling of a waterway or a stream of flowing water. gestion de cours d'eau sfruttamento razionale dei corsi d'acqua rivierbeheer Fließgewässerwirtschaft flushing Removing lodged deposits of rock fragments and other debris by water flow at high velocity; used to clean water conduits and drilled boreholes. rinçage spurgo uitspoeling Spülen canal lock A chamber with gates on both ends connecting two sections of a canal or other waterway, to raise or lower the water level in each section. écluse conca (navigazione) kanaalsluis Kanalschleuse adult education Any instruction or training, informal or formal, which is geared to persons of mature age, regardless of previous education, and typically offered by university extension programs, employers, correspondence courses or community groups. formation pour adultes educazione degli adulti volwassenenonderwijs Erwachsenenbildung catch yield The yield obtained from a given fishery; fishery catches should be strictly controlled so that the fish population can have a sufficient breeding mass and thus give a sustained yield for future generations. rendement de pêche resa del pescato vangst Fangertrag water weed cutting Cutting down by scythe or machine at intervals the vegetation growth and grasses on banks and berms of irrigation and drainage channels or cropped areas. faucardage ripulitura della vegetazione rivierasca afsnijden van waterplantengroei Schneiden von Wasserpflanzen bank protection Engineering work which aims at the protection of banks of a river, or slopes of embankments along it, from erosion by the current of flow, from floods, etc. protection des berges protezione degli argini bankbescherming Uferschutz category of endangered species Those of the planet's flora and fauna which are threatened with extinction. Hunting and poaching to fuel the trade in ivory, horn, skins, fur and feathers have long been a threat to already endangered species. Pollution, agricultural expansion, loss of wetlands, deforestation and other erosion of habitats have been added to the hazards. Human activity was responsible for most of the animals and plants known to have been lost in the past two centuries. catégorie d'espèce menacée d'extinction categoria delle specie minacciate bedreigde soorten Kategorie der bedrohten Arten retaining reservoir Basin used to hold water in storage. retenue d'eau bacino di contenimento stuwmeer Staubecken dam draining The drawing of water from a reservoir by means of draining pipes located at the bottom of the basin and controlled by a system of sluices which ensure, if necessary, the emptying of the basin in a given period of time in respect of downstream conditions. vidange de barrage svuotamento dell'invaso het leeg laten lopen van een(water)bekken Dammdrainage water corrosivity Complex series of reactions between the water and metal surfaces and materials in which the water is stored or transported. The corrosion process is an oxidation/reduction reaction that returns refined or processed metal to their more stable ore state. With respect to the corrosion potential of drinking water, the primary concerns include the potential presence of toxic metals , such as lead and copper. agressivité de l'eau aggressività dell'acqua corrosiegraad van water Korrodierende Wirkung von Wasser water quality improvement Progress in, or betterment of, the environmental condition and integrity of water. amélioration de la qualité de l'eau miglioramento della qualità dell'acqua verbetering van de waterkwaliteit Wassergüteverbesserung water taste Taste in water can be caused by foreign matter, such as organic compounds, inorganic salts or dissolved gases. These materials may come from domestic, agricultural or natural sources. Some substances found naturally in groundwater, while not necessarily harmful, may impart a disagreeable taste or undesirable property to the water. Magnesium sulphate, sodium sulphate, and sodium chloride are but a few of these. Acceptable waters should be free from any objectionable taste at point of use. goût de l'eau gusto dell'acqua smaak van water Wassergeschmack green tide A proliferation of a marine green plankton toxic and often fatal to fish, perhaps stimulated by the addition of nutrients. marée verte marea verde overmatige planktongroei (zee) Grünschlick suspended matter Matter suspended in a fluid by the upward components of turbulent currents or by colloidal suspension. matières en suspension materia in sospensione zwevende stof Schwebstoffe water salinity The degree of dissolved salts in water measured by weight in parts per thousand. salinité de l'eau salinità dell'acqua zoutgehalte van het water Wassersalzgehalt catchment A structure in which water is collected. captage captazione (struttura) stroomgebied Auffangbecken cation A positively charged atom or group of atoms, or a radical which moves to the negative pole (cathode) during electrolysis. cation catione kation Kationen fountain A stream of water that is forced up into the air through a small hole, especially for decorative effect or the structure in a lake or pool from which this flows. fontaine fontana fontein Springbrunnen water reservoir Artificial or natural area of water, used for storing water for domestic or industrial use. réservoir d'eau riserva d'acqua spaarbekken Wasserbehälter cattle Domesticated bovine animals, including cows, steers and bulls, raised and bred on a ranch or farm. bétail (bovins) bestiame bovino runderen Rinder water demineralisation The removal of minerals from water by chemical, ion-exchange, or distillation procedures. déminéralisation de l'eau demineralizzazione dell'acqua demineralisatie van water Wasserentmineralisierung on-site waste water treatment A process in which used or spent water is treated at the point of origin or where it was produced, by using a septic tank or some other system to remove or reduce the impact of constituent wastes on human health and the environment. traitement des eaux usées sur site smaltimento autonomo delle acque di rifiuto afvalwaterzuivering ter plekke Abwasserbehandlung vor Ort collective waste water treatment assainissement collectif smaltimento collettivo delle acque di rifiuto gezamenlijke afvalwaterverwerking Sammelabwasserbehandlung storm water basin Basin used to hold water which falls as rain during a storm. bassin d'orage bacino di tempesta spaarbekken voor overtollig regenwater Regenwasserbecken rain water sewer system Channels for clearing away rain water. système de canalisation des eaux de pluie rete fognaria per acqua piovana afvoerstelsel voor regenwater Regenwasserkanalisation separate sewer system Sewer system having distinct pipes for collecting superficial water and sewage water. réseau de canalisation indépendant rete fognaria separata gescheiden rioolstelsel Trennkanalisation combined sewer system A sewer intended to serve as a sanitary sewer and a storm sewer, or as an industrial sewer and a storm sewer. réseau de canalisation combiné rete fognaria unitaria gecombineerd rioolsysteem Mischkanalisation water aeration Addition of air to sewage or water so as to raise its dissolved oxygen level. aération de l'eau aerazione dell'acqua waterbeluchting Wasserbelüftung individual waste water treatment The process of using a natural system or mechanical device to collect, treat and discharge or reclaim wastewater from an individual dwelling without the use of community-wide sewers or a centralised treatment facility. assainissement autonome smaltimento individuale delle acque di rifiuto individuele afvalwaterverwerking Einzelabwasserbehandlung sedimentation basin A basin in which suspended matter is removed either by quiescent settlement or by continuous flow at high velocity and extended retention time to allow deposition. bassin de décantation bacino di decantazione afzettingsbekken Sedimentationsbecken trickling filter A system of secondary sewage treatment which is similar to self-purification action of streams; it is more accurately a biological oxidizing bed; the effluent is placed on the stones in the bed and microorganisms present consume the solids as a food supply. biofiltre filtro a percolamento biofilter Biofilter used water Wastewater or utilized water from a home, community, farm or industry, which is often discharged after utilization. eau usée acqua usata gebruikt water Benutztes Wasser urban waste water The liquid wastes deriving from domestic, commercial and industrial activities of an urban settlement. eau usée urbaine acqua di rifiuto urbana stedelijk afvalwater Städtisches Abwasser waste treatment effluent Partially or completely treated water or waste water flowing out of a waste treatment plant. effluent issu du traitement de déchets effluente di depurazione afvalverwerkingseffluent Abfallbehandlungsabwasser biological waste water treatment Types of wastewater treatment in which biochemical or bacterial action is intensified to oxidize and stabilize the unstable organic matter present. Examples of this type of treatment use intermittent sand filters, trickling filters, and activated sludge processes and sludge digestion. épuration biologique trattamento biologico delle acque di rifiuto biologische afvalwaterverwerking Biologische Abwasserbehandlung lagooning The process in which sunlight, bacterial action and oxygen cause self-purification in waste water, Usually taking place in a shallow pond, or system of such ponds. lagunage lagunaggio bezinking van afvalwater in een bekken Schlammteichverfahren cause for concern principle Principle connected with the precautionary principle: it means that, if there are strong reasons for expecting serious or irreversible damage to the environment following a given project, lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation. Critics of this approach are concerned about large commitments of resources to deal with vaguely defined problems. principe de précaution principio del motivo di preoccupazione reden tot (be)zorg(dheid) Vorsorgeprinzip water regeneration A process in which naturally occurring microorganisms, plants, trees or geophysical processes break down, degrade or filter out hazardous substances or pollutants from a body of water, cleansing and treating contaminated water without human intervention. régénération d'eau rigenerazione dell'acqua waterregeneratie Wasserregenerierung water resources management Measures and activities concerning the supply of water, the improvement of efficiency in its use, the reduction of losses and waste, water-saving practices to reduce costs and to slow the depletion of the water supply to ensure future water availability. gestion des ressources en eau gestione delle risorse idriche beheer van de waterbronnen Wasserbewirtschaftung cave 1) An underground hollow with access from the ground surface or from the sea, often found in limestone areas and on rocky coastlines. 2) A natural cavity, chamber or recess which leads beneath the surface of the earth, generally in a horizontal or obliquely inclined direction. It may be in the form of a passage or a gallery, its shape depending in part on the joint pattern or structure of the rock and partly on the type of process involved in its excavation. Thus, caves worn by subterranean rivers may be different in character from, and of considerably greater extent than, a sea-cave eroded by marine waves. 3) A natural underground open space, generally with a connection to the surface and large enough for a person to enter. The most common type of cave is formed in a limestone by dissolution. grotte caverna hol Höhle waste sorting unit Centralized recycling centres to which waste materials are brought and where they are separated. centre de tri (déchets) unità di cernita rifiuti afvalsorteringseenheid Abfallsortierungsanlage scrap dump Area where waste material, especially metal, is dumped. dépôt de ferraille deposito di ferraglia schroothoop Schrotthaufen reclamation industry Industry for the transformation of solid waste into useful products. industrie de la récupération industria del ricupero kringloopnijverheid Rückgewinnungsindustrie use of waste as energy source valorisation énergétique des déchets valorizzazione energetica (dei rifiuti) gebruik van afval voor energie-doeleinden Energetische Abfallverwertung use of waste as material valorisation des matières de déchets valorizzazione di rifiuti come materiali gebruik van afval als materiaal Stoffliche Abfallverwertung beach cleansing The process of removing dirt, litter or other unsightly materials from shore line property or surrounding areas. nettoiement des plages pulitura delle spiagge strandreiniging Strandreinigung bulky waste Large items of waste material, such as appliances, furniture, large auto parts, trees, branches, stumps, etc. déchet encombrant rifiuto ingombrante moeilijk te behandelen afval Sperrmüll alkaline battery A primary cell that uses an alkaline electrolyte, usually potassium hydroxide, and delivers about 1.5 volts at much higher current rates than the common carbon-zinc cell. Also known as alkaline-manganese cell. pile alcaline batteria alcalina alkalische batterij Alkalische Batterie electric battery A direct-current voltage source made up of one or more units that convert chemical, thermal, nuclear, or solar energy into electrical energy. pile électrique pila elettrica elektrische batterij Elektrische Batterie pollution abatement waste Wastes resulting from the operations of pollutant removal from industries, cleaning processes, etc. déchet d'action de dépollution rifiuto di disinquinamento afvalsanering Abfallsanierung health-care activities waste déchets sanitaires rifiuto sanitario afval afkomstig van de gezondheidssector Abfälle aus dem Gesundheitswesen special industrial waste Discarded material produced in any industrial process for which there is no specified mode of disposal. déchet industriel spécial rifiuto industriale speciale bijzonder industrieel afval Sonderindustrieabfall metal waste Metal material discarded during manufacturing or processing operations which cannot be directly fed back into the operation; Worn or discarded metal materials removed from service at the end of its useful life. déchet métallique rifiuto metallico metaalafval Altmetall mineral waste Waste material resulting from ore extraction that is usually left on the soil surface. déchet minéral rifiuto minerale anorganisch afval Mineralstoffabfall cell (biology) The microscopic functional and structural unit of all living organisms, consisting of a nucleus, cytoplasm, and a limiting membrane. cellule (biologie) cellula cel [biologie] Zelle wreck The hulk of a wrecked or stranded ship; a ship dashed against rocks or land and broken or otherwise rendered useless. épave de bateau relitto da naufragio wrak Wrack mineral oil Oil which derives from petroleum and is made up of hydrocarbons. huile minérale olio minerale minerale olie Mineralöl whey The watery liquid that separates from the curd when the milk is clotted, as in making cheese. lactosérum siero di latte wei Molke sinking of waste A manner of waste disposal in which refuse or unwanted material is dumped or submerged beneath the surface of a body of water. immersion des déchets affondamento dei rifiuti storten van afval op de zeebodem Abfallversenkung cell (energy) The basic building block of a battery. It is an electrochemical device consisting of an anode and a cathode in a common electrolyte kept apart with a separator. This assembly may be used in its own container as a single cell battery or be combined and interconnected with other cells in a container to form a multicelled battery. cellule (énergie) pila cel [energie] Zelle (galvanisch) residue of grinding Dust or other residue left after reducing a material to very small particles. résidu de broyage residuo di triturazione maalrest Zerkleinerungsrückstände treatment residue Material left over from the treatment of any type of waste. résidu d'épuration residuo di trattamento zuiveringsrest Reinigungsrückstände incineration residue Any material, solid or semisolid, left after processing in a device designed to reduce waste volume by combustion. résidu d'incinération residuo d'incenerimento verbrandingsrest Verbrennungsrückstand clearing sludge boue de curage fango di pulitura het wegruimen van slib Schlammbeseitigung dehydrated sludge Sludge whose water content has been reduced by physical means. boue deshydratée fango disidratato ontwaterd slib Entwässerter Schlamm cellulose The main polysaccharide in living plants, forming the skeletal structure of the plant cell wall; a polymer of beta-D-glucose linked together with the elimination of water to form chains of 2000-4000 units. cellulose cellulosa cellulose Cellulose residual waste sludge The excess, unusable semi-solids or sediment resulting from a wastewater treatment or industrial process. boue résiduaire fango residuo restslib Restklärschlamm thickening Any process beyond gravity sedimentation that increases the concentration of solids in sludge with or without the use of chemical flocculants. épaississement ispessimento verdikking Verdickung sludge stabilisation Usually anaerobic sludge digestion, a treatment that stabilizes raw sludge. Fully digested sludge has little readily biodegradable organic matter. It is not smelly and about 50% of the solids are inorganic. Sludge can also be digested aerobically. stabilisation des boues stabilizzazione dei fanghi slibstabilisatie Schlammstabilisierung cellulose industry industrie de la cellulose industria della cellulosa cellulose-industrie Zellstoffindustrie industrial activity Operations, functions and processes involved in industrial production. activité industrielle attività industriale industriële activiteit Industrietätigkeit industrial wasteland Area of land which is no longer usable for cultivation or for any other purpose after having been the site of an industrial plant. friche industrielle zona industriale abbandonata industriële woestenij Industriebrachland classified facility Facility that is forbidden to be disclosed outside a specified ring of secrecy for reasons of national security. installation classée installazione classificata geclassificeerde inrichting Nichtöffentliche Anlage cement A dry powder made from silica, alumina, lime, iron oxide, and magnesia which hardens when mixed with water; used as an ingredient in concrete. ciment cemento cement Zement quartering The act of dismembering the carcass of an animal with the production of organic waste which if improperly disposed cause problems of pollution and fawl smells. équarrissage squartamento vierendelen Vierteilen piggery A place where pigs are kept and reared. porcherie porcilaia varkenshouderij Schweinestall cement industry Industry for the production of cement. The emissions of most relevance from this sector are atmospheric: dust, carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides are the most important. Cement is essential for the construction sector, either directly or mixed with sand or gravel to form concrete. industrie du ciment industria del cemento cementindustrie Zementindustrie oil production (chain) The petroleum industry is a complex industry utilizing complex combination of interdependent operations engaged in the storage and transportation, separation of crude molecular constituents, molecular cracking, molecular rebuilding and solvent finishing to produce petrochemical products. Treatment may involve oil separation, precipitation, adsorption, and biological treatment. The refining operations can be divided into four major steps: separation, conversion, treating, and blending. The crude oil is first separated into selected fractions (gasoline, kerosine, fuel oil, etc.). Some of the less valuable products such as heavy naphtha, are converted to products with a greater sale value such as gasoline. The final step is the blending of the refined base stocks with each other and various additive to meet final product specifications. The major pollutants emitted are sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and malodorous materials. chaîne pétrolière catena petrolifera olieproductie Ölförderung hydrocarbon storage tank A container or a reservoir for the storage of hydrocarbons. dépôt d'hydrocarbure deposito di idrocarburi koolwaterstoftank Kohlenwasserstofftank drilling for oil Boring a hole for extracting oil. forage pétrolier perforazione petrolifera naar olie boren Ölbohrung cement manufacture Cement is produced by heating a mixture of clay or shale plus chalk or lime in a rotary kiln up to 250 m long per 8 m diameter rotating at 1 rpm. The process can be wet, semi-dry or dry and the fuel can be pulverized coal, oil or gas. As the coal ash is similar in composition to the clay or shale, it can stay in the cement clinker. As one of the kiln operator's major costs is fuel and even a modest sized kiln can consume 8-10 tons of coal per hour, the cement kiln could, therefore, solve a disposal problem and also benefit the cement manufacturer by reducing fuel costs. cimenterie produzione di cemento cementvervaardiging Zementherstellung aggregate extraction Extraction of crushed rock or gravel screened to sizes for use in road surfaces, concretes, or bituminous mixes. extraction de granulat estrazione di granulato aggregaatonttrekking Gesamtentnahme mechanical industry A sector of the economy in which an aggregate of enterprises is engaged in the design, manufacture and marketing of mechanical apparatuses for commercial or industrial usage. industrie mécanique industria meccanica werktuigbouw Maschinenbauindustrie timber producing chain All interrelated steps of the lumber manufacturing process including tree felling, the removal of tops, branches and bark, the piling and sawing of logs, and the transportation and loading of finished boards or other products. filière bois catena produttiva del legno houtproductieketen Holzerzeugungskette packing industry industrie de l'emballage industria dell'imballaggio verpakkingsindustrie Verpackungsindustrie Central Africa A geographic region of the African continent close to the equator that includes Cameroon, Chad, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, the Central African Republic and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Afrique Centrale Africa centrale Centraal-Afrika Zentralafrika Central America A narrow continental region of the Western hemisphere, existing as a bridge between North and South America, often considered to be the southern portion of North America, and including countries such as Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama. Amérique Centrale America centrale Centraal-Amerika Zentralamerika Central Asia A geographic region of the Asian continent between the Caspian Sea on the west and China on the east, extending northward into the central region of Russia and southward to the northern borders of Iran and Afghanistan, and comprised of independent former republics of the Soviet Union, including Kazakstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Asie Centrale Asia centrale Centraal-Azië Zentralasien biofiltration The distribution of settled sewage on a bed of inert granular material through which it is allowed to percolate. In doing so, the effluent is aerated thus allowing aerobic bacteria and fungi to reduce its biochemical oxygen demand. biofiltration biofiltrazione biofiltratie Tropfkörperbehandlung dechlorination Removal of chlorine from a substance. déchloruration declorurazione ontchloring Dechlorierung engineering The science by which the properties of matter and the sources of power in nature are made useful to humans in structures, machines, and products. ingéniérie ingegneria techniek Ingenieurwesen methanisation The process of deriving methane from any source, including livestock manure, landfills, coal mines, etc. méthanisation metanizzazione methanisering Methanisierung central government A system in which a governing or administrative body has a certain degree of power or authority to prevail in the management of local, national and international matters. administration centrale governo centrale centrale regering Zentralregierung aerobic treatment The introduction of air into sewage so as to provide aerobic biochemical stabilization during a detention period. traitement aérobie trattamento aerobico aërobe behandeling Aerobe Behandlung advertisement The action of drawing public attention to goods, services or events, often through paid announcements in newspapers, magazines, television or radio. publicité pubblicità aankondiging Werbung anaerobic treatment Breakdown of organic material without the presence of oxygen, a treatment which permanently removes the unpleasant odour of many organic wastes so that they can be used on agricultural land. traitement anaérobie trattamento anaerobico anaërobe behandeling Anaerobe Behandlung biological treatment Process that uses microorganisms to decompose organic wastes either into water, carbon dioxide, and simple inorganic substances, or into simpler organic substances, such as aldehydes and acids. The purpose of a biological treatment system is to control the environment for microorganisms so that their growth and activity are enhanced, and provide a means for maintaining high concentration of the microorganisms in contact with the wastes. traitement biologique trattamento biologico biologische verwerking Biologische Behandlung physicochemical treatment Any processing of wastewater, toxic substances or other materials involving a combination of physical and chemical methods, such as physical processes including air-stripping or filtration and chemical processes including coagulation, chlorination or ozonation. traitement physicochimique trattamento chimico-fisico fysico-chemische behandeling Physikalisch-chemische Behandlung physical treatment Processes that separate components of a waste stream or change the physical form of the waste without altering the chemical structure of the constituent materials. Physical treatment techniques are often used to separate the materials within the waste stream so that they can be reused or detoxified by chemical or biological treatment or destroyed by high-temperature incineration. traitement physique trattamento fisico lichamelijke behandeling Physikalische Behandlung primary treatment Removal of floating solids and suspended solids, both fine and coarse, from raw sewage. traitement primaire trattamento primario primaire behandeling Mechanische Abwasserreinigung secondary treatment Stage of the process of waste water treatment: following primary treatment by sedimentation, the second step in most wastewater systems in which biological organisms decompose most of the organic matter into a innocuous, stable form. traitement secondaire trattamento secondario secundaire behandeling Sekundärbehandlung tertiary treatment The process which remove pollutants not adequately removed by secondary treatment, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus; accomplished by means of sand filters, microstraining, or other methods (referring to wastewater treatment). traitement tertiaire trattamento terziario tertiaire behandeling Weitergehende Abwasserbehandlung centralisation centralisation centralizzazione centralisatie Zentralisierung vitrification Formation of a glassy or noncrystalline material. vitrification vetrificazione verglazing Verglasung centrifugation Separation of particles from a suspension in a centrifuge: balanced tubes containing the suspension are attached to the opposite ends of arms rotating rapidly about a central point; the suspended particles are forced outwards, and collect at the bottoms of the tubes. centrifugation centrifugazione centrifugering Zentrifugation cephalopod Exclusively marine animals constituting the most advanced class of the Mollusca, including squid, octopuses, and Nautilus. céphalopode cefalopodi koppotigen Kopffüßer underground quarry Quarry located below the surface of the earth. carrière souterraine cava sotterranea ondergrondse groeve Unterirdischer Steinbruch ceramics The art and techniques of producing articles of clay, porcelain, etc. céramique ceramica aardewerk Keramik geotechnics The application of scientific methods and engineering principles to civil engineering problems through acquiring, interpreting, and using knowledge of materials of the crust of the earth. géotechnique geotecnica geotechniek Geotechnik rock mechanics The theoretical and applied science of the physical behavior of rocks, representing a "branch of mechanics concerned with the response of rock to the force fields of its physical environment". mécanique des roches meccanica delle rocce gesteentemechanica Gebirgsmechanik ceramics industry Manufacturing plant producing ceramic items. industrie de la céramique industria della ceramica aardewerkindustrie Keramikindustrie bush clearing The removal of brush using mechanical means, either by cutting manually or by using machinery for crushing, rolling, flailing, or chipping it, or by chemical means or a combination of these. débroussaillement decespugliamento het kappen van kreupelhout Buschlichtung prevention of forest fires Precautionary actions, measures or installations implemented to avert the possibility of an unexpected conflagration of any large wooded area having a thick growth of trees and plants. prévention des incendies de forêt prevenzione degli incendi boschivi voorkoming van bosbranden Waldbrandverhütung flood protection Precautionary measures, equipment or structures implemented to guard or defend people, property and lands from an unusual accumulation of water above the ground. protection contre les crues protezione contro le piene bescherming tegen overstroming Hochwasserschutz land restoration in mountain areas Measures adopted to control erosion and degradation phenomena in the mountain regions caused by the loss of forest cover due to acid rain, uncontrolled forest cutting, winter skiing resorts construction, etc. restauration de terrain en montagne ripristino di terreni montani landherstel in bergstreken Bodensanierung in Bergregionen soil stability Soil stability depends on its shear strength, its compressibility and its tendency to absorb water. Stabilization methods include physical compaction and treatment with cement, lime, and bitumen. stabilité du sol stabilità del suolo bodemstabiliteit Bodenstabilität volcanology The branch of geology that deals with volcanism. volcanologie vulcanologia vulkanologie Vulkanologie antiseismic regulation Rules for minimizing or containing the risks deriving from earthquakes. réglementation parasismique disposizioni antisismiche antiseismische regelgeving Antiseismische Regelung cetacean Aquatic mammals, including the whales, dolphins, and porpoises. cétacé cetacei walvisachtigen Cetacea civil safety Actions and measures undertaken, often at a local level, to ensure that citizens of a community are secure from harm, injury, danger or risk. sécurité civile sicurezza civile burgerveiligheid Öffentliche Sicherheit industrial safety Measures or techniques implemented to reduce the risk of injury, loss and danger to persons, property or the environment in any facility or place involving the manufacturing, producing and processing of goods or merchandise. sécurité industrielle sicurezza industriale industriële veiligheid Arbeitsschutz risk exposure The situation or set of circumstances where the probability of harm to an area or its population increases beyond a normal level. exposition aux risques esposizione ai rischi blootstelling aan een risico Risikoexposition hazard area Any site or region in which there is a physical or chemical agent capable of causing harm to property, persons, animals, plants or other natural resources. zone à risque area a rischio gevarenzone Gefahrenzone technological accident An unexpected incident, failure or loss occurring through the application of practical or mechanical sciences to industry or commerce that poses potential harm to persons, property or the environment. accident technologique incidente tecnologico technologisch ongeluk Technischer Unfall Chagas' disease A form of trypanosomiasis found in South America, caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, characterized by fever and often inflammation of the hearth muscle. maladie de Chagas morbo di Chagas ziekte van Chagas Morbus Chagas ecocatastrophe A sudden, widespread disaster or calamity causing extensive damage to the environment that threatens the quality of life for people living in the affected area or region, potentially leading to many deaths. catastrophe écologique catastrofe ecologica milieuramp Umweltkatastrophe nuclear hazard Risk or danger to human health or the environment posed by radiation emanating from the atomic nuclei of a given substance, or the possibility of an uncontrolled explosion originating from a fusion or fission reaction of atomic nuclei. danger nucléaire pericolo nucleare risico op kernongevallen Nukleare Gefahr chain management The administration, organization and planning for the flow of materials or merchandise through various stages of production and distribution, involving a network of vendors, suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, retailers and other trading partners. gestion intégrée gestione della catena produttiva ketenbeheer Konzernverwaltung major risk installation Installations whose functioning involves the possibility of major hazards such as chemical plants, nuclear, coal and oil power production plants, etc. installation à haut risque installazione a alto rischio hoogrisico-installatie Risikoanlage dangerous installation Installations whose functioning involves the possibility of major hazards such as chemical plants, nuclear, coal and oil power production plants, etc. installation dangereuse installazione pericolosa gevaarlijke installatie Gefährliche Anlage biotechnological hazard A danger to humans, animals or the environment posed by the application of advanced biological techniques in the manufacture of industrial products, such as the risk or harm that results from exposure to infectious bacteria, viruses or fungi. danger biotechnologique rischio biotecnologico biotechnologisch gevaar Biotechnologische Gefahr nuclear risk A risk connected to the functioning of nuclear power plants, by the storage or transportation of radioactive materials and involving the release of potentially dangerous levels of radioactive materials into the environment. risque nucléaire rischio nucleare nucleair gevaar Atomrisiko dangerous materials transport Type of transport regulated by special safety rules. transport de matières dangereuses trasporto di materie pericolose vervoer van gevaarlijke stoffen Gefahrguttransport disaster zone Zone that has been stricken by a disaster and where measures must be taken to reduce the severity of the human and material damage caused by it. zone sinistrée zona sinistrata rampgebied Katastrophengebiet change in value changement de valeur cambiamento di valore waardeverandering Wertewandel danger analysis The process of evaluating the scale and probability of harm caused by any hazard to persons, property or the environment. étude de danger analisi del pericolo risicoanalyse Gefahrenanalyse preventive information Data communicated or received concerning the recommended means of averting risk of an accident, disaster or other undesirable and avoidable incident. information préventive informazione preventiva preventieve informatie Vorbeugende Information risk exposure plan A scheme or method of acting that takes effect if the probability of harm to an area or its population increases beyond a normal level. plan d'exposition aux risques piano di esposizione ai rischi rampenplan Risikoexpositionsplan channelling Any system of distribution canals or conduits for water, gas, electricity, or steam. canalisation canalizzazione kanaliseren Kanalisierung damage insurance A commercial product which provides a guarantee against damage to property in return for premiums paid. assurance dommages assicurazione danni schadeverzekering Schadensversicherung pollution insurance A commercial agreement which provides protection against the risks, or a particular risk, associated with pollution, toxic waste disposal or related concerns. assurance pollution assicurazione inquinamento verzekering tegen milieuverontreiniging Umweltschutzversicherung water damage Water damage can be caused by flooding, severe storms, tidal waves, seismic seawaves, storm surges, etc. dégât des eaux danno provocato dalle acque waterschade Wasserschaden damage assessment The evaluation or determination of losses, harm and injuries to persons, property or the environment. évaluation des dommages valutazione dei danni raming van de schade Schadensbewertung product advertising The creation and dissemination of paid announcements or public notices to draw attention to goods, services or events offered by some entity, usually for purchase. publicité pour un produit pubblicità dei prodotti productreklame Produktwerbung charcoal A porous solid product containing 85-98% carbon and produced by heating carbonaceous materials such as cellulose, wood or peat at 500-600 C° in the absence of air. charbon de bois carbone di legna houtskool Holzkohle appraisal An expert or official valuation. expertise perizia inschatting Bewerbung compensation for damage Equivalent in money or other form for a loss sustained for an injury, for property taken, etc. réparation des dommages risarcimento dei danni schadevergoeding Schadensausgleich negotiable charge charge négociable costi negoziabili onderhandelbare heffingen verhandelbare Gebühr public institution Institution for the management of public issues. établissement public istituzione pubblica openbare instelling Öffentliche Institution public institution of administrative nature Public institution for the management of administrative issues. établissement public à caractère administratif istituzione pubblica di natura amministrativa openbare administratieve instelling Öffentliche Verwaltungseinrichtung public institution of industrial and commercial nature Public institution for the management of industrial and commercial issues. établissement public à caractère industriel et commercial istituzione pubblica di natura industriale e commerciale openbare instelling op commercieel en industrieel gebied Öffentliche Industrie- und Handelseinrichtung map chart A map, generally designed for navigation or other particular purposes, in which essential map information is combined with various other data critical to the intended use. cartogramme mappa (wand)kaart Karte consultancy The position or practice of a qualified person paid for advice or services. société de conseil società di consulenza advies Beratungsdienst chelicerate A subphylum of the phylum Artrophoda; chelicerae are characteristically modified as pincers. chélicère chelicerati Chelicerata Kieferfühler patent A grant of right to exclude others from making, using or selling one's invention and includes right to license others to make, use or sell it. brevet d'invention brevetto d'invenzione octrooi Patent chemical analysis The complex of operations aiming to determine the kinds of constituents of a given substance. analyse chimique analisi chimica chemische analyse Chemische Analyse press release An official statement or announcement distributed to members of the media by a public relations firm, government agency or some other organization, often to supplement or replace an oral presentation. communiqué de presse comunicato stampa persmededeling Pressemitteilung speech An address or form of oral communication in which a speaker makes his thoughts and emotions known before an audience, often for a given purpose. discours discorso spraak Sprache chemical composition The nature and proportions of the elements comprising a chemical compound. composition chimique composizione chimica chemische samenstelling Chemische Zusammensetzung environmental study A document submitted by an applicant in support of an undertaking which identifies the environmental impacts of the proposed undertaking and its alternatives. étude d'environnement studio ambientale (documento) milieustudie Umweltstudie absorption (exposure) The taking in of fluids or other substances by cells or tissues. absorption (exposition) assorbimento (esposizione) absorptie (blootstelling) Absorption (biologisch) advice An official notice, opinion, counsel or recommendation that is optional or at the receiver's discretion. conseil consulenza raad Gutachten cinematographic film Any motion picture of a story, drama, episode or event, often considered as an art form or used as a medium for entertainment. film cinématographique film (cinematografico) cinematografische film Kinofilm documentary film Any motion picture or movie in which an actual event, era or life story is presented factually, with little or no fiction. film documentaire documentario documentaire Dokumentarfilm flora (document) A work systematically describing the flora of a particular region, listed by species and considered as a whole. herbier flora (documento ) plantenencyclopedie Pflanzenliste report to the minister A written account or statement describing in detail observations or the results of an inquiry into an event or situation and presented to any person appointed or elected to a high-level position within some political entity. rapport au ministre rapporto al ministro verslag uitbrengen aan de Minister Bericht an den Minister parliamentary report A written account describing in detail observations or the results of an inquiry into an event or situation and presented to an official, deliberative body with legislative powers. rapport parlementaire rapporto parlamentare parlementair verslag Parlamentarischer Bericht statutory text A document or a portion thereof expressing an official enactment of a legislative body, with emphasis on the document's precise wording or language. texte réglementaire testo regolamentare wettelijk voorschrift Gesetzestext thesis A dissertation on a particular subject, in which original research has been done, usually by a candidate for a diploma or degree, or a proposition put forward for consideration, to be discussed and proved or maintained against objections. thèse tesi proefschrift Dissertation chemical decontamination Removal of chemical substances from a building, a watercourse, a person's clothes, etc. décontamination chimique decontaminazione chimica chemische ontsmetting Chemische Dekontamination CD-ROM A compact disc on which a large amount of digitalised read-only data can be stored. CD ROM CD-ROM Cd-rom CD-ROM information centre Any facility devoted to the collection, maintenance and distribution of materials or data compiled to convey knowledge on some subject, often with trained staff persons available to answer questions. centre d'information centro d'informazione informatie-centrum Informationszentrum chemical engineering The branch of engineering concerned with industrial manufacture of chemical products. It is a discipline in which the principles of mathematical, physical and natural sciences are used to solve problems in applied chemistry. Chemical engineers design, develop, and optimise processes and plants, operate them, manage personnel and capital, and conduct research necessary for new developments. Through their efforts, new petroleum products, plastics, agricultural chemicals, house-hold products, pharmaceuticals, electronic and advanced materials, photographic materials, chemical and biological compounds, various food and other products evolve. génie chimique ingegneria chimica chemische technologie Chemotechnik technical information Factual data, knowledge or instructions relating to scientific research or the development, testing, evaluation, production, use or maintenance of equipment. information technique informazione tecnica technische informatie Technische Information chemical fallout The sedimentation of chemical substances accumulated in the atmosphere as a result of industrial emissions. retombée (substances chimiques) fallout chimico chemische fall-out Fallout (Chemikalien) information network A system of interrelated persons and/or devices linked to permit the exchange of data or knowledge. réseau d'information rete d'informazioni informatienetwerk Informationsnetz chemical fertiliser Fertilizer manufactured from chemicals; excessive use of them can cause pollution, when all the chemicals are not taken up by the plants and the excess is leached out of the soil into rivers and may cause algal bloom. engrais chimique fertilizzante chimico chemische meststof Chemischer Dünger assay Qualitative or quantitative determination of the components of a material, such as an ore or a drug. analyse saggio analyseren Untersuchung method A way of proceeding or doing something, especially a systematic or regular one. méthode metodo methode Methode iron and steel industry Sector of the metallurgical industry dealing with the production of cast iron, steel and iron alloys. Emissions from these industries tend to settle quickly from the atmosphere and can lead to rising concentrations in the soil. The main raw material input to the production process is iron ore. Also recycled scrap is used. industrie sidérurgique industria siderurgica ijzer- en staalindustrie Eisen- und Stahlindustrie chemical industry Industry related with the production of chemical compounds. The chemical processing industry has a variety of special pollution problems due to the vast number of products manufactured. The treatment processes combine processing, concentration, separation, extraction, by-product recovery, destruction, and reduction in concentration. The wastes may originate from solvent extraction, acid and caustic wastes, overflows, spills, mechanical loss, etc. industrie chimique industria chimica chemische industrie Chemische Industrie urban habitat The resulting effects and interrelationships of human population concentrations, the built environment, and the biophysical environment. habitat urbain habitat urbano stedelijke habitat Städtischer Lebensraum wild fauna Not domesticated animals living independently of man. faune sauvage fauna selvatica natuurlijke fauna Wildfauna land management and planning Operations for preparing and controlling the implementation of plans for organizing human activities on land. aménagement du territoire sfruttamento razionale del territorio landbeheer en -inrichting Raumordnung und -planung rural habitat The biotopes located in areas where agriculture is practiced. habitat rural habitat rurale woongebied in het platteland Ländlicher Lebensraum groundwater quality Groundwater accounts for over 95% of the earth's useable fresh-water resources; over half the world's population depends on groundwater for drinking-water supplies. This invisible resource is vulnerable to pollution and over-exploitation. Effective conservation of groundwater supplies requires the integration of land-use and water management. qualité des eaux souterraines qualità delle acque sotterranee grondwaterkwaliteit Grundwasserqualität target setting Establishing or determining environmental goals or objectives. définition des cibles definizione degli obiettivi het stellen van doelen Zielsetzung chemical installation Building where chemicals are manufactured. installation chimique installazione chimica chemische installatie Chemieanlage ontogenesis The entire sequence of events involved in the development of an individual organism. ontogenèse ontogenesi ontogenese Ontogenese land tax Property tax. A tax laid upon the legal or beneficial owner of real property, and apportioned upon the assessed value of his land. taxe foncière imposta fondiaria grondbelasting Grundstückssteuer open lawn Any relatively unobstructed field of cultivated and mown grass, especially near a house or in a park. pelouse prato coltivato tra Offene Rasenfläche biological cycle A series of transformations or biological events which follow one after the other one, reaching at the end of the cycle the initial conditions, as in the life cycle of many animal and plant organisms. cycle biologique ciclo biologico biologische cyclus Biologischer Kreislauf chemical oceanography océanographie chimique oceanografia chimica chemische oceanografie Chemische Ozeanographie human habitat Any of the conditions in which people live. Also all human settlements in villages, towns or major cities, which require environmental management to provide water, public spaces, remove public wastes, etc. habitat humain habitat umano menselijk habitat Menschlicher Lebensraum urban concentration A process in which an increasing proportion of a country's population is concentrated in urban areas. concentration urbaine concentrazione urbana stedelijke concentratie Ballung home garden A plot of cultivated ground adjacent to a dwelling and usually devoted in whole or in part to the growing of herbs, fruits, flowers, or vegetables for household use. jardin familial giardino familiare moestuin Hausgarten photography The process of forming visible images directly or indirectly by the action of light or other forms of radiation on sensitive surfaces. photographie fotografia (procedimento) fotografie Photographie bottle cap bouchon tappo flessedop Flaschenverschluß iron scrap Waste pieces or disused articles of wrought iron (wrought-iron scrap) suitable for reworking for rolling or forging. ferraille ferraglia ijzerschroot Eisenschrott voting The act of formally expressing an opinion or choice in some matter or for some candidate, usually by voice or ballot. vote voto stemming Wahlverfahren agricultural structure The buildings, machinery, facilities, related to agricultural production. structure agricole struttura agricola landbouwstructuur Agrarstruktur budget policy The programmatic use of a government's spending and revenue-generating activities to influence the economy and achieve specific objectives. politique budgétaire politica di bilancio begrotingsbeleid Haushaltspolitik chemical pest control Control of plants and animals classified as pests by means of chemical compounds. procédé chimique de lutte contre les nuisibles controllo chimico chemische bestrijding Chemische Schädlingsbekämpfung co-operation policy Political course of action aiming at establishing trade agreements among the states. politique de coopération politica di cooperazione samenwerkingsbeleid Kooperationspolitik international balance A system in which nations or blocs of nations strive to maintain an equilibrium of power to prevent dominance by any single nation or to reduce conflict or the possibility of war. équilibre international equilibrio internazionale internationaal evenwicht Internationales Gleichgewicht Community finance The financial resources or income of the European Community, a body of people organized into a political unity. finances communautaires finanze comunitarie gemeentelijke financiën Finanzen der Gemeinschaft organisation of the legal system The specific manner, form and institutions by which a government's ability to make, enforce and interpret laws are brought together into a coordinated whole. organisation de la justice organizzazione della giustizia organisatie van het rechtsstelsel Organisation des Rechtssystems rights 1) Title to or an interest in any property. 2) Any interest or privilege recognized and protected by law. droits diritti rechten Rechte economic structure The underlying framework, including transportation and communications systems, industrial facilities, education and technology, that enables a country or region to produce goods, services and other resources with exchange value. structure économique struttura economica economische structuur Wirtschaftsstruktur distributive trade Distribution of material goods to consumers, through retailing and wholesaling. distribution commerciale distribuzione commerciale commerciële verspreiding Vertrieb monetary relations The different modes in which countries, nations, etc., are brought together by financial, currency, or pecuniary interests. relation monétaire relazione monetaria monetaire betrekkingen Währungsbeziehungen monetary economics The study, policies or system of institutions and procedures by which a country or region's commerce is supplied with notes, coins, bank deposits or other equivalent mediums of exchange. économie monétaire economia monetaria monetaire economie Geldwirtschaft free movement of capital The unrestrained flow of cash, funds, and other means of wealth between countries with different currencies. libre circulation des capitaux libera circolazione dei capitali vrij verkeer van kapitaal Freier Kapitalverkehr social framework The underlying structure that connects and supports the various members and parts of a community or human organization. cadre social quadro sociale sociale omstandigheden Sozialer Rahmen social protection The monies and programs a society enacts through either public or private entities to provide economic security and general welfare for its members, often on account of old age, unemployment, health, disability or death of a spouse, parent or other benefactor. protection sociale protezione sociale sociale bescherming Sozialer Schutz organisation of teaching A group or association of persons united to address the concerns, methods and professional status of instructors or educators. organisation de l'enseignement organizzazione scolastica organisatie van het onderwijs Organisation des Unterrichtswesens business organisation A particular legal arrangement for owning a firm, the principal forms are sale trades, partnerships and companies/corporations; collective term for the system, function, process of planning, providing, coordinating, directing all efforts and resources in a business in order to achieve its goals. organisation de l'entreprise organizzazione aziendale bedrijfsorganisatie Unternehmensorganisation chemical plant Plants where basic raw materials are chemically converted into a variety of products. usine chimique impianto chimico chemische fabriek Chemiewerk business classification The categorization of enterprises or organizations involved in an economy. type d'entreprise classificazione delle imprese bedrijfsclassificatie Unternehmensarten legal form of organisations The type, structure or purpose of an institution as arranged, required and defined by local or national laws to determine the appropriate governmental regulations, privileges and tax status applicable to that institution. forme juridique de l'entreprise forma giuridica di società wettelijke ondernemingsvorm Rechtsform einer Gesellschaft cultivation of agricultural land Cultivation of land for the production of plant crops. Agricultural land may be employed in an unimproved state with few, if any, management inputs (extensive rangeland), or in an intensively managed state with annual inputs of fertilizer, pest, control treatments, and tillage. exploitation de la terre agricole coltivazione di terreni agricoli ontginning van de landbouwgrond Nutzung der landwirtschaftlichen Fläche means of agricultural production moyen de production agricole mezzi di produzione agricola landbouwproductiemiddelen Landwirtschaftliches Betriebsmittel processed agricultural produce produit agricole transformé prodotto agricolo trasformato verwerkt landbouwproduct Landwirtschaftliches Verarbeitungserzeugnis agri-foodstuff Industry dealing with the production, processing, and supply of agricultural food products. agro-alimentaire industria agro-alimentare agrovoeding Landwirtschafts- und Ernährungssektor chemical policy politique en matière de produits chimiques politica della chimica chemisch beleid Chemiepolitik economic geography The geography of people making a living, dealing with the spatial patterns of production, distribution and consumption of goods and services. The development of economic geography over the past three decades has witnessed the substitution of analysis for description, leading to an identification of the factors and an understanding of the processes affecting the spatial differentiation of economic activities over the earth's surface. géographie économique geografia economica economische geografie Wirtschaftsgeographie credit The financial facility or system by which goods and services are provided in return for deferred, instead of immediate, payment. crédit credito krediet Kredit freedom The quality or state of being free, especially to enjoy political and civil liberties. liberté libertà vrijheid Freiheit industrial structure structure industrielle struttura industriale industriële structuur Industriestruktur chemical pollutant polluant chimique inquinante chimico chemische verontreinigende stof Chemischer Schadstoff stock (trade) Stored products ready for sale. stock (commercial) scorta voorraad Vorrat sterilisation (biological) Procedure by which a human or other animal is made incapable of reproduction. stérilisation (biologique) sterilizzazione (biologia) sterilisatie Sterilisation (biologisch) environmental economics of firms The use of financial resources for the purpose of incorporating ecological principles in the operations of businesses and companies. économie environnementale des entreprises economia ambientale delle aziende milieueconomie van ondernemingen Umweltökonomie (betrieblich) yield (agricultural) The accumulated volume or biomass remaining from gross production after accounting for losses due to respiration during production, herbivory, litterfall, and other factors that decrease the remaining available biomass. rendement (agriculture) rendimento (agricoltura) oogst Ertrag (landwirtschaftlich) environmental problem solving The activity of finding solutions for troublesome or perplexing situations involving ecological or natural resources. apport de solution à un problème environnemental soluzione di problemi ambientali het oplossen van milieuproblemen Lösung von Umweltproblemen fodder plant Plants used to feed livestock. plante fourragère pianta foraggera voedergewas Futterpflanze industrial plant (organism) Plants employed in industry, e.g. cotton, flax, hemp, peanuts, etc. matière première végétale pianta industriale industriegewas Industriepflanze chemical pollution Pollution caused by substances of chemical nature, including chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, metals as mercury, lead, cadmium, arsenic, etc. pollution chimique inquinamento chimico chemische vervuiling Verunreinigung durch Chemikalien textile plant Plant producing material suitable to be made into cloths. plante textile pianta tessile textielplant Textilpflanze tropical plant Plants growing in tropical areas in conditions of constant rain and high temperature. plante tropicale pianta tropicale tropisch gewas Tropische Pflanze agricultural real estate Property of agricultural land and anything permanently affixed to the land, such as buildings, fences, etc. propriété foncière agricole proprietà fondiaria agricola landbouwgrondbezit Landwirtschaftliches Grundeigentum agricultural holding As defined by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, an agricultural holding is simply a basic unit for agricultural production. exploitation agricole azienda agricola landbouwonderneming Landwirtschaftliches Unternehmen type of tenure The manner in which land is owned and possessed, i.e. of title to its use. mode de faire-valoir regime di conduzione soort aanstelling Besitzart geophysical environment The physical earth and its surroundings, consisting of the oceans and inland waters, lower and upper atmosphere, space, land masses and land forms. milieu géophysique ambiente geofisico geofysisch milieu Geophysikalische Umwelt petrochemical Chemicals manufactured from the products of oil refineries, based largely on ethylene, propylene and butylene produced in the cracking of petrol fractions. produit pétrochimique petrolchimica petrochemisch Petrochemie speciality chemical Various fine chemical products like glue, adhesives, resins, rubber, plastic compounds, selective herbicide, etc. parachimie prodotti chimici speciali op maat gemaakt chemisch product Parachemie protein product produit protéique prodotto proteico eiwithoudend product Eiweißerzeugnis processed foodstuff Food which has been treated to improve its appearance or to prevent it going bad. aliment transformé alimento trattato verwerkt voedingsmiddel Behandeltes Lebensmittel aeration Exposition to the action of air. aération aerazione beluchting Belüftung chemical process The particular method of manufacturing or making a chemical usually involving a number of steps or operations. procédé chimique processi chimici chemische processen Chemischer Vorgang convenience food Food so prepared and presented as to be easily and quickly ready for consumption. produit alimentaire complexe prodotto alimentare complesso samengestelde voeding zubereitetes Lebensmittel mining product produit minier prodotto minerario mijnbouwproduct Bergbauliches Erzeugnis root crop Plants which store edible material in a root, corm or tuber; root crops used as food vegetables or fodder include carrots, parsnips, swedes and turnips; starchy root crops include potatoes, cassavas and yams. plante sarclée tuberi da raccolto wortel- en knolgewas Wurzelgemüse cultivation system Any overall structure or set-up used to organize the activity of preparing land or soil for the growth of new crops, or the activity of promoting or improving the growth of existing crops. système de culture sistema di coltura verbouwingswijze Anbausystem crop production The act or process of yielding produce from farmland, for livestock or human consumption. production végétale produzione di raccolti gewassenteelt Nutzpflanzenproduktion fisheries structure Refers to all the structures (fishing vessels, trawling nets, factory ships, catcher boats, etc.) used in fishing industry. équipement de pêche struttura di pesca visserijstructuur Fischereistruktur fishing ground Area of sea or freshwater where fish are caught. zone de pêche luogo di pesca visplaats Fanggrund coal industry Industry related with the technical and mechanical activity of removing coal from the earth and preparing it for market. industrie charbonnière industria del carbone steenkoolindustrie Kohlenindustrie energy industry Industry which converts various types of fuels as well as solar, water, tidal, and geothermal energy into other energy forms for a variety of household, commercial, transportation, and industrial application. industrie énergétique industria energetica energie-industrie Energiewirtschaft communication industry industrie de la communication industria delle comunicazioni communicatie-industrie Kommunikationsindustrie information technology industry A sector of the economy in which an aggregate of commercial enterprises is engaged in the design, manufacture and marketing of electronic machines designed to accept information or data that is easily manipulated for some result based on a program or some set of instructions, and the technology or materials used with these machines, such as storage devices, terminals and peripheral equipment. industrie informatique industria dell'informatica informatietechnologiesector Datenverarbeitungsindustrie vacuum industry industrie du vide industria del vuoto vacuümindustrie Vakuumindustrie preparation for market The containment, protection, handling and presentation of goods for the market. conditionnement confezionamento marktpreparaat Produktverpackung und-aufmachung precision engineering Research and development, design, manufacture and measurement of high accuracy components and systems. It is related to mechanical, electronic, optical and production engineering, physics, chemistry, and computer and materials science. mécanique de précision meccanica di precisione fijnmechanica Feinmechanik materials technology Any technical means or equipment used for the production and optimization of material goods that consist of any of a diverse range of properties, either alone or in combination, such as glass, metal, plastics and ceramics. technologie des matériaux tecnologia dei materiali materiaaltechnologie Materialtechnologie chemical property Properties of a substance depending on the arrangement of the atoms in the molecule, e.g. bio-availability, degradability, persistence, etc. propriété chimique proprietà chimiche chemische eigenschappen Chemische Kenngröße military equipment Equipment necessary to the performance of military activities, either combat or noncombat. matériel militaire equipaggiamento militare militaire uitrusting Militärische Ausrüstung audiovisual equipment Equipment designed to aid in learning and teaching by making use of both hearing and sight. matériel audiovisuel materiale audiovisivo audiovisueel materiaal Audiovisuelle Ausrüstung machinery A group of parts or machines arranged to perform a useful function. machine macchinario machines Maschine mechanical equipment Machines and tools employed in manual and mechanical labour. matériel mécanique attrezzatura meccanica mechanisch materiaal Mechanische Geräte und Anlagen pressure equipment Equipment operating with an internal pressure greater than atmospheric. équipement sous pression apparecchiatura sotto pressione hogedrukapparatuur Überdruckausrüstung thermal equipment Equipment related to the production of heat. équipement thermique attrezzatura termica warmte-apparatuur Heiztechnische Ausrüstung industrial manufacturing To make or process (a raw material) into a finished product, especially by means of a large-scale industrial operation. fabrication industrielle fabbricazione industriale industriële fabricage Industrielle Fertigung size of business taille d'entreprise dimensioni della impresa bedrijfsgrootte Unternehmensgröße business activity Any profit-seeking undertaking or venture that involves the production, sale and purchase of goods or services. activité de l'entreprise vita aziendale zakelijke activiteit Geschäftsgebaren branch of activity A specialized division of a business or other organization. secteur d'activité tipo di attività dell'impresa bedrijfstak Tätigkeitsbereich des Unternehmens administrative occupation profession administrative professione amministrativa administratief beroep Verwaltungsberuf building service The aggregation of services, including construction, development, maintenance and leasing, performed for human-occupied properties, such as office buildings and apartment houses. équipment du bâtiment attrezzatura edile technische voorzieningen van gebouwen Gebäudeausrüstung mode of transportation Type of vehicle used for moving from one place to the other. mode de transport modo di trasporto vervoerswijze Beförderungsart destination of transport The targeted place to which persons, materials or commodities are conveyed over land, water or through the air. localisation du transport ambito territoriale del trasporto vervoersbestemming Verkehrsziel degradation of the environment The process by which the environment is progressively contaminated, overexploited and destroyed. dégradation de l'environnement degrado dell'ambiente verval van het milieu Umweltzerstörung Community budget A schedule of revenues and expenditures for a specific time period that is devised by the European Community, a body of people organized into a political unity. budget communautaire bilancio comunitario gemeentebegroting Haushaltsplan der Gemeinschaft economic support Any form of financial assistance or inducement for persons or institutions. soutien économique sostegno economico economische steun wirtschaftliche Stützung accounting system The system of setting up, maintaining, and auditing the books of a firm and of analyzing its financial status and operating results. système de comptabilité sistema di contabilità boekhoudsysteem Rechnungswesen chemical reaction A change in which a substance is transformed into one or more new substances. réaction chimique reazioni chimiche chemische reacties Chemische Reaktion economic forecasting The production of estimates of future financial and commercial trends, based on econometric models or surveys. prévision économique previsione economica het opstellen van economische prognoses Wirtschaftsprognose customs tariff An official list or schedule setting forth the duties imposed by a government on imported or exported goods. tarif douanier tariffa doganale douanetarief Zolltarif commercial transaction The conduct or carrying on of trade, business or a financial matter to a conclusion or settlement. acte de commerce transazione commerciale handelsverrichting Handelsgeschäft pay policy A course of action or procedure regarding compensation or recompensation for work done or services rendered. politique des salaires politica salariale loonbeleid Lohnpolitik European Monetary System An organization established in Europe in 1979 to coordinate financial policy and exchange rates for the continent by running the Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) and assisting movement toward a common European currency and a central European bank. système monétaire européen Sistema monetario europeo Europees Monetair Stelsel Europäisches Währungssystem money market A financial market that trades Treasury bills, commercial paper and other short-term financial instruments. This market is often used by businesses when they need short-term funds to bridge the gap between paying operating costs and collecting revenue from product sales. As such, the term "money" in money market indicates that businesses are using highly liquid instruments to raise the money need for operating expenses. marché monétaire mercato monetario monetaire markt Geldmarkt exchange policy Course of action or procedure by government, business, or an individual concerning trade activities. politique des changes politica dei cambi deviezenbeleid Devisenpolitik credit policy An official course of action adopted by a business, financial institution or state to regulate, restrict or increase deferred payment arrangements for goods, services or money. politique de crédit politica creditizia kredietbeleid Kreditpolitik public debt The total amount of all government securities outstanding. This is also frequently termed government debt. dette publique debito pubblico overheidsschuld Öffentliche Schuld tax on consumption A sum of money demanded from businesses by a government, usually based on a percentage of total sales of select goods and services, and generally passed on to consumers with each individual purchase. impôt sur la consommation imposta di consumo verbruiksbelasting Verbrauchssteuer tax on capital A government imposed levy on the wealth or assets gained by an individual, firm, or corporation for the purpose of raising revenue to pay for services or improvements for the general public benefit. impôt sur le capital imposta sul capitale kapitaalbelasting Vermögenssteuer income tax A tax on the annual profits arising from property, business pursuits, professions, trades or offices. impôt sur le revenu imposta sul reddito inkomstenbelasting Einkommenssteuer taxation policy The use of government tax and spending policies to achieve desired macroeconomic goals. Accordingly, they involve discretionary efforts to adjust governmental tax and spending to induce changes in economic incentives and, hence, to stabilize fluctuations in aggregate demand. politique fiscale politica fiscale belastingbeleid Steuerpolitik farm price The amount of money or monetary rate at which agricultural goods and services can be bought or sold. prix agricole prezzo agricolo landbouwprijs Agrarpreis market price The price actually given in current market dealings; the actual price at which given stock or commodity is currently sold in the usual and ordinary course of trade and competition between sellers and buyers. prix de marché prezzo di mercato marktprijs Marktpreis transport cost The outlay or expenditure involved in moving goods from one place to another. prix de transport prezzo di trasporto vervoerskosten Beförderungsentgelt prices policy The guiding procedure, philosophy, or course of action for decisions regarding the monetary rate or value for goods and services. politique des prix politica dei prezzi prijsbeleid Preispolitik economic concentration The extent to which a market is taken up by producers within a given industry. concentration économique concentrazione economica economische concentratie Konzentration wirtschaftlicher Macht company structure The type of organization of a company. Three kinds of structure are usually recognized: centralized, formal or hierarchical. structure de l'entreprise struttura dell'impresa ondernemingsstructuur Unternehmensstruktur chemical risk Probability of harm to human health, property or the environment posed by contact with any substance of a defined molecular composition. risque chimique rischio chimico chemisch risico Chemierisiko financial management The management of acquisitions and the use of long- and short-term capital by a business. gestion financière gestione finanziaria financieel beheer Finanzgebaren management accounting The collection and processing of financial information to assist with the handling, direction, or control of an organization. gestion comptable gestione contabile bestuurlijke administratie Betriebliches Rechnungswesen business policy The guiding procedure, philosophy or course of action for an enterprise or company organized for commercial purposes. politique de l'entreprise politica dell'impresa ondernemingsbeleid Unternehmenspolitik restriction on competition Article 85(1) of the EEC Treaty prohibits all agreements between undertakings, decisions by associations of undertakings and concerted practices which may affect trade between member states and which have as their object or effect the prevention, restriction or distortion of competition within the common market. All such arrangements are automatically null and void under Article 85(2), unless exempted by the Commission pursuant to Article 85(3). The text of Article 85 is as follows: "1. The following shall be prohibited as incompatible with the common market: all agreements between undertakings, decisions by associations of undertakings and concerted practices which may affect trade between member states and which have as their object or effect the prevention, restriction or distortion of competition within the common market, and in particular those which: (a) directly or indirectly fix purchase or selling prices or any other trading conditions; (b) limit or control production, markets, technical development, or investment; (c) share markets or sources of supply; (d) apply dissimilar conditions to equivalent transactions with other trading parties, thereby placing them at a competitive disadvantage; (e) make the conclusion of contracts subject to acceptance by the other parties of supplementary obligations which, by their nature or according to commercial usage, have no connection with the subject of such contracts. restriction à la concurrence restrizione alla concorrenza concurrentiebeperking Wettbewerbsbeschänkung private international law The part of the national law of a country that establishes rules for dealing with cases involving a foreign element. droit privé international diritto privato internazionale internationaal privaatrecht Internationales Zivilrecht public international law The general rules and principles pertaining to the conduct of nations and of international organizations and with the relations among them. droit international public diritto pubblico internazionale internationaal publiekrecht Völkerrecht international economic law The recognized rules guiding the commercial relations of at least two sovereign states or private parties involved in cross-border transactions, including regulations for trade, finance and intellectual property. droit international économique diritto internazionale economico internationaal economisch recht internationales Wirtschaftsrecht criminal liability responsabilité pénale responsabilità penale strafrechtelijke aansprakelijkheid Strafrechtliche Verantwortlichkeit public contract Any contract in which there are public funds provided though private persons may perform the contract and the subject of the contract may ultimately benefit private persons. marché public contratto pubblico overheidsopracht Öffentlichkeit Auftrag chemical Any substance used in or resulting from a reaction involving changes to atoms or molecules. substance chimique sostanza chimica chemicalie Chemikalien customs regulation A body of rules or orders generally issued by the executive authority of a government to establish and direct the taxes, duties or tariffs payable upon merchandise exported or imported. réglementation douanière regolamentazione doganale douaneregelingen Zollvorschrift family law Branch of specialty of law, also denominated "domestic relations" law, concerned with such subjects as adoption, annulment, divorce, separation, paternity, custody, support and child care. droit de la famille diritto di famiglia familierecht Familienrecht traffic regulation A body of rules or orders prescribed by government or management for the safe and orderly movement of vehicles on land, sea or in the air. réglementation de la circulation regolamentazione del traffico verkeersvoorschrift Verkehrsvorschriften regulation of agricultural production A body of rules or orders prescribed by government, management or an international organization or treaty pertaining to the cultivation of land, raising crops, or feeding, breeding and raising livestock. réglementation de la production agricole regolamentazione della produzione agricola voorschriften voor de landbouwproductie Lenkung der Agrarproduktion law relating to prisons Binding rules and regulations pertaining to the construction, use and operation of jails, penitentiaries and other places of legal confinement and punishment. droit pénitentiaire diritto penitenziario penitentiair recht Strafvollzugsrecht estate rental The service provided by an owner agreeing to grant the temporary possession of specific housing in return for the payment of rent from the tenant. location immobilière locazione immobiliare verhuur van onroerend goed Immobilienvermietung data processing law droit de l'informatique legislazione sull'informatica informaticarecht Datenverarbeitungsrecht competition law That part of the law dealing with matters such as those arising from monopolies and mergers, restrictive trading agreements, resale price maintenance and agreements involving distortion of competition affected by EU rules. droit de la concurrence legislazione sulla concorrenza concurrentierecht Wettbewerbsrecht restrictive trade practice Business operation or action that confines or limits the free exchange of goods and services within a country or between countries, which may include discrimination, exclusive dealings, collusion agreements or price fixing. pratique commerciale restrictive patto di non concorrenza mededingingsregeling Kartellabsprache EC Treaty traité CE trattato CE EG-Verdrag EG-Vertrag chemicals act loi sur les produits chimiques legge sui prodotti chimici wet op chemicaliën Chemikaliengesetz transport regulation A rule or order prescribed by government or management for the safe and orderly conveyance of persons, materials or commodities over land, water or through the air. réglementation du transport regolamentazione dei trasporti vervoersvoorschrift Verkehrpolitische Regelung Community legal system The directly applicable legislation of the European Community regulating the relations of member states. ordre juridique communautaire ordinamento giuridico comunitario juridisch systeem van de Europese Gemeenschap Rechtsordnung der Gemeinschaft Community act acte communautaire atto comunitario gemeentewet Rechtsakt der Gemeinschaft ruling A judicial or administrative interpretation of a provision of a statute, order, regulation, or ordinance. May also refer to judicial determination of admissibility of evidence, allowance of motion, etc. décision juridique decisione (interpretazione amministrativa o giudiziaria) vonnis Regelung legal procedure Term includes all proceedings authorised or sanctioned by law, and brought or instituted in a court of legal tribunal, for the acquiring of a right or the enforcement of a remedy. procédure judiciaire procedura legale rechtsgang Gerichtsverfahren access to the courts The right of citizens to access to the organs of the governments where justice is administered. accès à la justice accesso alla giustizia toegankelijkheid van de rechtspleging Zugang zur Rechtspflege organisation (law) Term used in commercial law, including a corporation, government or governmental subdivision or agency, business trust, estate, trust, partnership or association, two or more persons having a joint or common interest, or any other legal or commercial entity. société (organisme) società (legge) organisatie Organisation legal profession A body of persons whose occupation is concerned with advising clients in matters of law, representing them in court or assisting them through the judicial process, including, in the first instance, lawyers and, by extension, judges, legal assistants and court employees. profession judiciaire professione giudiziaria juridische stand Organ der Rechtspflege legal system The organization and network of courts and other institutions, procedures and customs, officers and other personnel concerned with interpretation and enforcement of a country's law or with advice and assistance in matters pertaining to those laws. système judiciaire sistema giudiziario rechtsstelsel Rechtssystem administrative organisation organisation administrative organizzazione amministrativa administratieve organisatie Verwaltungsorganisation legislative procedure Any prescribed step or manner of proceeding that a law making body takes in proposing laws, resolutions or special acts before they can be enacted or passed. procédure législative procedura legislativa wetgevingsprocedure Gesetzesinitiative management technique systematic approach or method of performance for the accomplishment of administrative goals or tasks. technique de gestion tecnica di gestione beheerstechniek Managementtechnik institutional structure An organization's complex system of mutually connected and dependent elements or parts, which make up a definite manner of arrangement. structure institutionnelle struttura istituzionale institutionele structuur Institutionelle Struktur institutional activity The specific tasks, undertakings or functions that governments, businesses and other organizations perform. vie institutionnelle vita istituzionale institutionele activiteit Institutionelle Aktivität common commercial policy The set of uniform trade principles or practices established by an European Community customs union, which implements common tariff rates, tariff and trade agreements with non-member countries, import and export policies, and export promotion. politique commerciale commune politica commerciale comune gemeenschappelijk handelsbeleid Gemeinsame Handelspolitik common tariff policy A course of action adopted and pursued by member countries, in which it is agreed to impose a system of duties or tax charges on imports from non-member countries. politique tarifaire commune politica tariffaria comune gemeenschappelijk tariefbeleid Gemeinsamer Zolltarifpolitik research policy politique de la recherche politica della ricerca onderzoeksbeleid Forschungspolitik construction policy A course of action adopted and pursued by government, business or some other organization, which plans or organizes for the maintenance, development and erection of houses, offices, bridges or other building structures. politique de la construction politica edilizia bouwbeleid Baupolitik communication policy Measures and practices adopted by governments relating to the management of communication media. politique de la communication politica della comunicazione communicatiebeleid Kommunikationspolitik production policy Measures and activities promoted by governments aiming at the structural definition of the productive apparatus. politique de production politica di produzione productiebeleid Produktionspolitik chemical in the environment The presence in the environment of any solid, liquid or gaseous material discharged from a process and that may pose substantial hazard to human health and the environment. produits chimiques dans l'environnement prodotti chimici nell'ambiente chemicaliën in het milieu Umweltchemikalien space policy A course of action adopted and pursued by government or some other organization, which seeks to support research and the exploration of planets, asteroids and other elements in the region beyond earth's atmosphere or beyond the solar system. politique de l'espace politica dello spazio ruimtevaartbeleid Weltraumforschung economic region A district or an administrative division of a city or territory that is designed according to some material, distributive or productive criteria. région économique regione economica economisch gebied Wirtschaftsraum aid policy A course of action adopted and pursued by government or some other organization that promotes or determines the allocation of assistance, support or relief, often from one country to another. politique d'aide politica di aiuto hulpbeleid Beihilfepolitik humanitarian aid The support or relief given to save human lives or to alleviate suffering, including public health efforts and the provision of financial resources and food, often when governmental authorities are unable or unwilling to provide for such assistance. aide humanitaire aiuto umanitario humanitaire hulp Humanitäre Hilfe international conflict A controversy, disagreement, quarrel or warfare between or among two or more nations or countries, often requiring involvement or monitoring by other members of the global community. conflit international conflitto internazionale internationaal conflict internationaler Konflikt peacekeeping The activities to prevent, contain, moderate and/or terminate the hostilities between or within States, through the medium of an impartial third party intervention, organised and directed internationally. This intervention is conducted using military forces, police and civilians with the consent of the main belligerents, to complement the diplomatic conflict resolution process and, to restore and maintain peace. maintien de la paix mantenimento della pace handhaving van de vrede Erhaltung des Friedens pollution control measure Procedure or course of action taken to curb or reduce human-made or human-alteration of the physical, biological, chemical and radiological integrity of air, water and other media. mesure de lutte contre la pollution lotta contro l'inquinamento maatregel ter bestrijding van milieuverontreiniging Umweltschutzmaßnahme level of education A position along a scale of increasingly advanced training marking the degree or grade of instruction either obtained by an individual, offered by a some entity or necessary for a particular job or task. niveau d'études grado d'istruzione opleidingsniveau Bildungsstand general education Informal learning or formal instruction with broad application to human existence beyond the domain of any particular subject or discipline, often equated with liberal arts in the university setting and contrasted to courses required for a specific major or program. enseignement général istruzione generale algemeen onderwijs Allgemeinbildung schoolwork The material studied in or for an educational institution, comprising homework and work done in the classroom. travail scolaire compito scolastico schoolwerk Schularbeiten school life Any part or the sum of experiences had while attending an instructional institution, or the amount of time spent in such a program. vie scolaire vita scolastica schoolleven Schulisches Leben teaching material An article or device used to facilitate the learning process in an instructional setting. matériel d'enseignement materiale didattico onderwijsmateriaal Unterrichtsmaterial documentary system A coordinated assemblage of people, devices or other resources providing written, printed or digitized items that furnish or substantiate information or evidence. système documentaire sistema documentario documentatiesysteem Dokumentationssystem means of communication The agents, instruments, methods or resources used to impart or interchange thoughts, opinions or information. moyen de communication mezzi di comunicazione communicatiemiddelen Kommunikationsmittel communication system A coordinated assemblage of people, devices or other resources designed to exchange information and data by means of mutually understood symbols. système de communication sistema di comunicazioni communicatiesysteem Kommunikationssystem data processing system An assembly of computer hardware, firmware and software configured for the purpose of performing various operations on digital information elements with a minimum of human intervention. système informatique sistema informatico informatieverwerkend systeem Datenverarbeitungssystem social analysis analyse sociale analisi sociale sociale analyse Gesellschaftliche Analyse behavioural science The study of the behaviour of organisms. sciences du comportement scienze del comportamento gedragswetenschappen Verhaltenswissenschaften health care profession profession de la santé professione sanitaria beroep in de gezondheidszorg Medizinischer Beruf testing of chemicals The determination of the efficacy and the toxicity of chemical products. essai de produits chimiques prova di prodotti chimici testen van scheikundige stoffen Chemikalienprüfung artificial reproductive technique procréacion artificielle procreazione artificiale kunstmatige voortplanting Künstliche Fortpflanzung animal health santé animale sanità animale gezondheid van dieren Gesundheit der Tiere war victim A person that suffers from the destructive action undertaken as a result of an armed conflict between two or more parties, particularly death, injury, hardship, loss of property or dislocation. victime de guerre vittima di guerra oorlogsslachtoffer Kriegsopfer internal migration A population shift occurring within national or territorial boundaries, often characterized by persons seeking labor opportunities in more advantageous areas. migration intérieure migrazione interna binnenlandse migratie Binnenwanderung geographical distribution of population The number of inhabitants in or spread across designated subdivisions of an area, region, city or country. répartition géographique de la population distribuzione geografica della popolazione geografische verspreiding van de bevolking geographische Verteilung der Bevölkerung composition of population The constituent groupings and proportions of the total inhabitants of a given nation, area, region or city, as seen from various perspectives. composition de la population composizione della popolazione samenstelling van de bevolking Bevölkerungsaufbau rights of the individual Just claims, legal guarantees or moral principles accorded to each and every member of a group or state, including the freedom to do certain things and the freedom from certain intrusions imposed by the collective body. droits de l'individu diritti dell'individuo rechten van het individu Recht des Einzelnen chemical structure The arrangement of atoms in a molecule of a chemical compound. structure chimique struttura chimica chemische structuur Chemische Struktur economic rights The just claims and legal guarantees to access, participate in and profit from the production, distribution and use of property, intellectual property, income and wealth. droits économiques diritti economici economische rechten wirtschaftliche Rechte trend of opinion The general movement, drift or direction of change in a viewpoint collectively and purportedly held by a significant number of people. tendance d'opinion movimento di opinione opinietrend Politische Bewegung political ideology A belief system that explains and justifies a preferred economic and governmental order for society, offers strategies for its maintenance or attainment and helps give meaning to public events, personalities and policies. idéologie politique ideologia politica politieke ideologie Politische Ideologie marital status The standing of an individual with regard to a legally recognized conjugal relationship, either in the present or past. situation de famille situazione familiare gezinstoestand Familienstand socio-cultural group A collection of people who interact and share a sense of unity on account of a common ethnic, ancestral, generational or regional identity. groupe socio-culturel gruppo socioculturale socio-culturele groep Sozio-kulturelle Gruppe employment structure The organization and proportions of the various job types and skill levels in an enterprise or economy. structure de l'emploi struttura occupazionale werkgelegenheidsstructuur Beschäftigungsstruktur occupational status statut professionnel statuto professionale beroepsstatus Beruflicher Status termination of employment The act or instrument by which the binding force of a contract is terminated, irrespective of whether the contract is carried out to the full extent contemplated or is broken off before complete execution. résiliation de contrat de travail risoluzione di contratto beëindiging van een dienstverband Beendigung des Arbeitsverhältnisses working population engaged in agriculture The number of a particular region or nation's working population gainfully employed or otherwise occupied with the production of crops, livestock or poultry. population active agricole popolazione agricola attiva agrarische beroepsbevolking Landwirtschaftliche Erwerbsbevölkerung leave on social grounds congé social congedo per motivi sociali verlof om sociale redenen Urlaub aus sozialen Gründen labour force main-d'oeuvre forza lavoro beroepsbevolking Arbeitskräfte chemical treatment Processes that alter the chemical structure of the constituents of the waste to produce either an innocuous or a less hazardous material. Chemical processes are attractive because they produce minimal air emissions, they can often be carried out on the site of the waste generator, and some processes can be designed and constructed as mobile units. traitement chimique trattamento chimico chemische behandeling Chemische Aufbereitung chemical treatment of waste traitement chimique des déchets trattamento chimico di rifiuti chemische behandeling van afval Chemische Abfallbehandlung chemical waste Any by-product of a chemical process, including manufacturing processes. Often this by-product is considered a toxic or polluting substance. déchet chimique rifiuto chimico chemisch afval Chemikalienabfall chemical weapon Chemical agents of warfare include all gaseous, liquid or solid chemical substances which might be employed because of their direct toxic effects on man and animals. Chemical weapons also include the chemical's precursors, the munitions and devices designed to deliver them, and any equipment specifically designed for their use in warfare. Nerve agents (chemicals of the same family as organophosphorous insecticides) are the most lethal of the classical chemical warfare agents, killing by poisoning the nervous system and disrupting bodily functions. Other chemical weapons include blister agents, vesicants, choking agents, etc. arme chimique arma chimica chemisch wapen Chemische Waffen chemisorption The process of chemical adsorption. chimisorption chemiadsorbimento chemische adsorptie Chemisorption chemistry The scientific study of the properties, composition, and structure of matter, the changes in structure and composition of matter, and accompanying energy changes. chimie chimica chemie Chemie aerial photograph An image of the ground surface made on a light-sensitive material and taken at a high altitude from an aircraft, spacecraft or rocket. photographie aérienne fotografia aerea (immagine) luchtfoto Luftbild child A person below the age of puberty. enfant bambino kind Kind chimney A vertical structure of brick, masonry, or steel that carries smoke or steam away from a fire, engine, etc. cheminée camino schoorsteen Schornstein camp 1) A place where tents, cabins, or other temporary structures are erected for the use of military troops, for training soldiers, etc. 2) Tents, cabins, etc., used as temporary lodgings by a group of travellers, holiday-makers, Scouts, Gypsies, etc. campement accampamento kamp Lager bank (land) The sloping side of any hollow in the ground, especially when bordering a river. berge argine bank Ufer wood hauling The process of removing forest produce, particularly timber, fuelwood and bamboos, from its place of growth to some permanent or major delivery point, either for further transport or further manufacture, i.e. secondary conversion, or both. débardage esbosco lossen van hout Holzabladen royalty Compensation for the use of a person's property, based on an agreed percentage of the income arising from its use. redevance canone aandeel in de opbrengst Lizenzgebühr chart (act) A formal written record of transactions, proceedings, etc., as of a society, committee, or legislative body. charte carta (atto istituzionale) handvest Charta animal excrement Waste matter discharged from the body of an animal. déjection animale deiezione animale dierlijke uitwerpselen Tierfäkalien chimney height The appropriate height for chimneys serving industrial combustion plants in order to avoid unacceptable pollution. hauteur de cheminée altezza dei camini schoorsteenhoogte Schornsteinhöhe allowance allocation indennità toelage Finanzielle Zuwendung maintenance (technical) The upkeep of industrial facilities and equipment. maintenance manutenzione (tecnica) onderhoud (technisch) Instandhaltung paint room A portion of space within a commercial establishment that is used for applying coloring substances to certain products or materials, providing a decorative or protective coating. atelier de peinture officina di verniciatura verfkamer Malerwerkstatt salina A place where crystalline salt deposits are formed or found, such as a salt flat or pan, a salada, or a salt lick. marais salant salina zoutmeer Saline hiking trail A trail in the country along which one can walk, usually for pleasure or exercise. sentier de randonnée sentiero escursionistico wandelpad Wanderweg overflow (outlet) Any device or structure that conducts excess water or sewage from a conduit or container. déversoir sfioratore overloop Überlauf cutting (vegetative propagation) In plant propagation, young shoots or stems removed for the purpose of growing new plants by vegetatively rooting the cuttings. bouture talea stek [planten] Steckling eco-balance An eco-balance refers to the consumption of energy and resources and the pollution caused by the production cycle of a given product. The product is followed throughout its entire life cycle, from the extraction of the raw materials, manufacturing and use, right through to recycling and final handling of waste. écobilan bilancio ecologico (politica ambientale) ecologisch evenwicht Ökobilanz nitrogen oxide A colorless gas that, at room temperature, reacts with oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide; may be used to form other compounds. oxyde d'azote ossido d'azoto stikstofoxide Stickstoffoxid oven An enclosed heated compartment usually lined with a refractory material used for drying substances, firing ceramics, heat-treating, etc. four de cuisine forno bakoven Ofen chiropteran Order of placental mammals comprising the bats having the front limbs modified as wings. chiroptère chirotteri orde van de Chiroptera [vliegende zoogdieren] Flattertiere bovine bovins bovini runderachtigen Rind chloride A compound which is derived from hydrochloric acid and contains the chlorine atom in the -1 oxidation state. chlorure cloruro chloride Chlorid chlorinated hydrocarbon A class of persistent, broad-spectrum insecticides that linger in the environment and accumulate in the food chain. Among them are DDT, aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor, chlordane, lindane, endrin, mirex, hexachloride, and toxaphene. In insects and other animals these compounds act primarily on the central nervous system. They also become concentrated in the fats of organisms and thus tend to produce fatty infiltration of the heart and fatty degeneration of the liver in vertebrates. In fishes they have the effect of preventing oxygen uptake, causing suffocation. They are also known to slow the rate of photosynthesis in plants. Their danger to the ecosystem resides in their rate stability and the fact that they are broad-spectrum poisons which are very mobile because of their propensity to stick to dust particles and evaporate with water into the atmosphere. hydrocarbure chloré idrocarburi clorurati chloorkoolwaterstoffen Chlorkohlenwasserstoff approval approbation approvazione goedkeuring Genehmigung chlorination The application of chlorine to water, sewage or industrial wastes for disinfection or other biological or chemical purposes. chloration clorurazione chlor(er)en Chlorung cleansing The act or process of washing, laundering or removing dirt and other unwanted substances from the surface of an object, thing or place. nettoyage pulitura reiniging Reinigung chlorine A very reactive and highly toxic green, gaseous element, belonging to the halogen family of substances. It is one of the most widespread elements, as it occurs naturally in sea-water, salt lakes and underground deposits, but usually occurs in a safe form as common salt (NaCl). Commercially it is used in large quantities by the chemical industry both as an element to produce chlorinated organic solvents, like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and for the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride plastics, thermoplastic and hypochlorite bleaches. Chlorine was the basis for the organochlorine pesticides, like DDT and other agricultural chemicals that have killed wildlife. The reactivity of chlorine has proved disastrous for the ozone layer and has been the cause of the creation of the ozone hole, which was first detected in the Southern Hemisphere over Antarctica and then over the Northern Hemisphere. chlore cloro chloor Chlor inner city 1) Part of a city at or near the centre, especially a slum area where poor people live in bad housing. 2) City centres of many industrialized countries which exhibit environmental degradation. The numerous and highly competitive activities entailing land use overwhelm the limited space and create a situation of overcrowding, functional incompatibility and cultural degradation. Inner city areas have a high level of commercial specialization, a large number of offices and a sizeable daytime population. At the same time, city centres generally remain a sort of ghetto for a permanent, low-income population living in run-down housing and enjoying little in the way of public services and civic amenities. The concentration of service industries inevitably entails the replacement of traditional housing and shops by office blocks, the provision of basic utilities at the expense of civic amenities and the provision of major access roads which eat up urban space. Structures of historic origin are often unable to meet modern requirements and, notwithstanding their value, frequently face demolition. centre ville area urbana degradata binnenstad Innenstadt chloroethylene A flammable, explosive gas with an ethereal aroma; soluble in alcohol and ether, slightly soluble in water; boils at -14° C; an important monomer for polyvinyl chloride and its copolymers; used in organic synthesis and in adhesives. chloroéthylène cloroetilene chloorethenen Chlorethylen sluice-gate A valve or gate fitted to a sluice to control the rate of flow of water. porte d'écluse lente di paratoia piana sluisdeur Schleusentor chlorofluorocarbon Gases formed of chlorine, fluorine, and carbon whose molecules normally do not react with other substances; they are therefore used as spray can propellants because they do not alter the material being sprayed. chlorofluorocarbure clorofluorocarburi chloorfluorkoolstof Fluorchlorkohlenwasserstoff noise effect effet du bruit effetto del rumore geluidseffect Lärmwirkung CFC and halons prohibition An interdiction on the manufacture or use of products that discharge chlorofluorocarbons and bromine-containing compounds into the atmosphere, thereby contributing to the depletion of the ozone layer. interdiction des C.F.C. et haloalcalines messa al bando dei clorofluorocarburi e degli halons verbod op CFKs en halons FCKW-Halon-Verbot partially halogenated chlorofluorohydrocarbon Hydrocarbons whose hydrogen atoms have been partially substituted with chlorine and fluorine. They are used in refrigeration, air conditioning, packaging, insulation, or as solvents and aerosol propellants. Because they are not destroyed in the lower atmosphere they drift into the upper atmosphere where their chlorine components destroy ozone. hydrocarbures chlorofluorés idrocarburi clorofluorurati parzialmente alogenati HCFK H-FCKW chlorophenol Major group of chlorinated hydrocarbons, pesticides and biocides which account for a very high percentage of the non-agricultural pesticide use, such as anti-rotting agents in non-woollen textiles and wood preservatives. The chlorophenols act as biocides by inhibiting the respiration and energy-conversion processes of the microorganisms. They are toxic to man above 40 parts per million, to fish above 1 ppm, whilst concentrations as low as one part per thousand million can taint water. chlorophénol clorofenoli chloorfenol Chlorphenol chlorophyll A green pigment, present in algae and higher plants, that absorbs light energy and thus plays a vital role in photosynthesis. Except in Cyanophyta (blue-green algae), chlorophyll is confined to chloroplasts. There are several types of chlorophyll, but all contain magnesium and iron. Some plants (e.g., brown algae, red algae, copper beech trees) contain additional pigments that masks the green of their chlorophyll. chlorophylle clorofilla chlorofyl Chlorophyll deciduous wood arbre à feuilles caduques bosco di caducifoglie loofverliezend bos Laubholz mixed woodland forêt mixte bosco misto gemengd bos Mischwald chlorosis A disease condition of green plants seen as yellowing of green parts of the plants. chlorose clorosi bleekzucht Chlorose penal sanction Punishment for the commission of a specific crime, such as fines, restitution, probation and imprisonment. sanction pénale sanzione penale straf Strafsanktion coniferous tree conifère conifera naaldboom Nadelbaum chromatographic analysis The analysis of chemical substances that are poured into a vertical glass tube containing an adsorbent where the various components of the substance move through the adsorbent at different rates of speed according to their degree of attraction to it, thereby producing bands of color at different levels of the adsorption column. analyse chromatographique analisi cromatografica chromatografische analyse Chromatographische Analyse chromatography A method of separating and analyzing mixtures of chemical substances by selective adsorption in a column of powder or on a strip of paper. chromatographie cromatografia chromatografie Chromatografie chromium A hard grey metallic element that takes a high polish, occurring principally in chromite: used in steel alloys and electroplating to increase hardness and corrosion-resistance. chrome cromo chroom Chrom chrysophyta The golden-brown and orange-yellow algae; a diverse group of microscopically small algae which inhabit fresh and salt water, many being planktonic. They contain carotenoid pigments and may be unicellular, colonial, filamentous or amoeboid. chrysophycées crisofite goudwieren Chrysophyten emergency lodging Housing or dwelling space provided for victims of a sudden, urgent and usually unexpected occurrence, especially when harm has been done to human life, property or the environment. hébergement d'urgence alloggio di emergenza schuilplaats Notunterkunft sorting at source The classification and separation of solid waste, according to type, at the location where it is generated. tri sélectif à la source cernita alla fonte gescheiden ophaling aan de bron Abfalltrennung durch den Verursacher church A building for religious activities. église chiesa kerk Kirche coastal management Measures by way of planning, prior approval of works, prohibition of some activities, physical structures, and restoration efforts to protect the coastline against the ravages of nature and haphazard and unplanned developments. gestion du littoral gestione delle zone costiere kustbeheer Küstenzonenmanagement ministry building Any structure or edifice occupied by a body of top government administrators or other high ranking public officials selected or appointed by a head of state to manage certain aspects of a state's affairs. immeuble ministériel ministero (edificio) overheidsgebouw Ministeriumsgebäude aerial photography photographie aérienne fotografia aerea (procedimento) luchtfotografie Luftbildfotographie citizen awareness State of citizens of being aware of their civic obligations. conscience civique senso civico het bewustzijn van de burger Bürgerbewußtstein swamp A permanently waterlogged area in which there is often associated tree growth, e.g. mangroves in hot climates. marais palude (clima caldo) moeras Sumpf legislative process The entire course of action necessary to bring a law, resolution or special act to an authoritative, legally binding status. processus législatif processo legislativo wetgevend proces Gesetzgebung city Term used generically today to denote any urban form but applied particularly to large urban settlements. There are, however, no agreed definitions to separate a city from the large metropolis or the smaller town. ville città (grandi dimensioni) stad Großstadt city centre The central part of a city. centre ville centro città binnenstad Innenstadt returnable container Container whose return from the consumer or final user is assured by specific means (separate collection, deposits, etc.), independently on its final destination, in order to be reused, recovered or subjected to specific waste management operations. emballage consigné contenitore a rendere terugneembare verpakking Mehrwegpackung waste gas dispersion The process of breaking up and producing a diffuse distribution of the unusable aeriform fluid or suspension of fine particles in air resulting from a manufacturing process or the burning of a substance in an enclosed area. dispersion des effluents gazeux dispersione degli inquinanti gassosi afvalgassenverspreiding Abgasausbreitung intermediate product Product that has undergone a partial processing and is used as raw material in a successive productive step. produit intermédiaire prodotto intermedio (prodotti) tussenproduct Zwischenprodukt mutagenic substance Agents that induce a permanent change in the genetic material. substance mutagène sostanza mutagena mutagene stof Mutagener Stoff municipal dumping Place where a town's refuse is disposed of after it has been collected. décharge municipale scarico urbano gemeentelijk (vuil)stortplaats Städtische Müllkippe aerobic condition Life common to the majority of animal and plants species requiring the presence of oxygen. aérobiose condizione aerobica aërobe voorwaarden Aerobe Bedingung civil air traffic Air traffic pertaining to or serving the general public, as distinguished from military air traffic. navigation aérienne civile traffico aereo civile burgerluchtvaart Zivilluftverkehr teratogenic substance Substances capable of causing abnormal development of the embryo and congenital malformations. substance teratogène sostanza teratogena teratogene stoffen Teratogener Stoff civil engineering The planning, design, construction, and maintenance of fixed structures and ground facilities for industry, transportation, use and control of water or occupancy. génie civil ingegneria civile weg- en waterbouwkunde Bautechnik civilian protection The organization and measures, usually under governmental or other authority depending on the country, aimed at preventing, abating or fighting major emergencies for the protection of the civilian population and property, particularly in wartime. protection civile protezione civile burgerbescherming Zivilschutz civil law Law inspired by old Roman Law, the primary feature of which was that laws were written into a collection; codified, and not determined, as is common law, by judges. The principle of civil law is to provide all citizens with an accessible and written collection of the laws which apply to them and which judges must follow. droit civil diritto civile burgerlijk recht Zivilrecht municipal heating network System of heating all houses in a urban district from a central source (as from hot springs in Iceland or by cooling water from a power station). réseau de chauffage urbain rete di riscaldamento urbano gemeentelijk verwarmingsnetwerk Stadtwerke (Wärmeversorgung) claim for restitution A legal remedy in which a person or party may demand or assert the right to be restored to a former or original position prior to loss, damage or injury. demande de remboursement richiesta di rimborso schadeloosstellingseis Erstattungsanspruch class action suits law Legal action initiated by a single person or a few people on behalf of a group with similar claim or claims. loi sur les recours collectifs azione legale di categoria wet inzake het instellen van (principeel) processen tegen of uit naam van e Verbandsklagerecht classification An arrangement or organization of persons, items or data elements into groups by reason of common attributes, characteristics, qualities or traits. classification classificazione classificatie Klassifikation clay A loose, earthy, extremely fine-grained, natural sediment or soft rock composed primarily of clay-size or colloidal particles and characterized by high plasticity and by a considerable content of clay mineral and subordinate amounts of finely divided quartz, decomposed feldspar, carbonates, ferruginous matter, and other impurities; it forms a plastic, moldable mass when finely ground and mixed with water, retains its shape on drying, and becomes firm, rocklike and permanently hard on heating or firing. argile argilla klei Lehm excise accise imposta di fabbricazione verbruiksbelasting Verbrauchsteuer dipteran diptères ditteri tweevleugeligen [insecten] Zweiflügler coniferous wood bois de conifères bosco di conifere naaldbos Nadelholz cleaning up The process of bringing desert, marsh, sea coast or other waste or unproductive land into use or cultivation. nettoyage bonifica saneren Sanierung cleansing department A division, usually within municipal government, responsible for providing services that remove dirt, litter or other unsightly materials from city or town property. service de nettoiement dipartimento di nettezza urbana reinigingsdienst Stadtreinigung cleansing product produit de nettoyage prodotto per la pulitura reinigingsproduct Reinigungsmittel underground railway An electric passenger railway operated in underground tunnels. métro linea metropolitana metro Untergrundbahn government contracting marché public contratto di appalto overheidscontract Öffentliche Auftragsvergabe aerobic process A process requiring the presence of oxygen. processus aérobie processo aerobico aëroob proces Aerober Prozess clean technology Industrial process which causes little or no pollution. technologie propre tecnologia pulita schone technologie Saubere Technologie genetically modified organism An organism that has undergone external processes by which its basic set of genes has been altered. organisme génétiquement modifié organismo modificato geneticamente genetisch gewijzigd organisme Gentechnisch Veränderte Organismen pleasure cruising The activity of rowing, sailing or using a boat over a particular region of water, for amusement or enjoyment. croisière de plaisance navigazione da diporto pleziervaart Kreuzfahrt surface active compound Any soluble substance composed of two or more unlike atoms held together by chemical bonds that reduces interfacial tension between liquids or a liquid and a solid, often used as detergents, wetting agents and emulsifiers. composé tensio-actif composto tensioattivo element dat inwerkt op de oppervlakte Oberflächenaktive Verbindung climate The average weather condition in a region of the world. Many aspects of the Earth's geography affect the climate. Equatorial, or low, latitudes are hotter than the polar latitudes because of the angle at which the rays of sunlight arrive at the Earth's surface. The difference in temperature at the equator and at the poles has an influence on the global circulation of huge masses of air. Cool air at the poles sinks and spreads along the surface of the Earth towards the equator. Cool air forces its way under the lower density warmer air in the lower regions, pushing the lighter air up and toward the poles, where it will cool and descend. climat clima klimaat Klima pH-value valeur pH valore del pH zuurtegraad pH-Wert climatic effect Climate has a central influence on many human needs and activities, such as agriculture, housing, human health, water resources, and energy use. The influence of climate on vegetation and soil type is so strong that the earliest climate classification schemes where often based more on these factors than on the meteorological variables. While technology can be used to mitigate the effects of unfavorable climatic conditions, climate fluctuations that result in significant departures from normal cause serious problems for modern industrialized societies as much as for primitive ones. The goals of climatology are to provide a comprehensive description of the Earth's climate, to understand its features in terms of fundamental physical principles, and to develop models of the Earth's climate that will allow the prediction of future changes that may result from natural and human causes. effet climatique effetto climatico de invloed van veranderingen in het klimaat Klimawirkung craft industry industrie manufacturière industria dell'artigianato bedrijfstak Handwerksbetrieb animal remain Any substances or components left over from animal life, including body parts and, later, decomposed materials. restes d'animaux resti di animali dierlijke resten Tierkadaver climate protection Precautionary actions, procedures or installations undertaken to prevent or reduce harm from pollution to natural weather conditions or patterns, including the prevailing temperature, atmospheric composition and precipitation. protection du climat protezione del clima klimaatbescherming Klimaschutz chart (nautical) A map for navigation that delineates a portion of the sea, indicating the outline of the coasts and the position of rocks, sandbanks and other parts of a sea. charte nautique carta nautica zeekaart Seekarte climate resource ressource climatique risorse climatiche van het klimaat afhankelijke natuurlijke hulpbronnen Klimaressourcen nature conservation policy politique de protection de la nature politica di conservazione della natura beleid inzake natuurbehoud Naturschutzpolitik climate type Weather conditions typical of areas roughly corresponding to lines of latitude. type de climat tipo di clima klimaattype Klimatyp climatic alteration The slow variation of climatic characteristics over time at a given place. This may be indicated by the geological record in the long term, by changes in the landforms in the intermediate term, and by vegetation changes in the short term. altération climatique alterazione del clima klimaatschommeling Klimaentwicklung climatic change The long-term fluctuations in temperature, precipitation, wind, and all other aspects of the Earth's climate. External processes, such as solar-irradiance variations, variations of the Earth's orbital parameters (eccentricity, precession, and inclination), lithosphere motions, and volcanic activity, are factors in climatic variation. Internal variations of the climate system, e.g., changes in the abundance of greenhouse gases, also may produce fluctuations of sufficient magnitude and variability to explain observed climate change through the feedback processes interrelating the components of the climate system. changement climatique cambiamento del clima klimaatverandering Klimaänderung environmental sanitation hygiène environnementale risanamento ambientale gezondmaking van het milieu Umweltsanierung climatic experiment Experiments conducted to estimate future climatic conditions employing modelling of the physical processes underlying climatic change and variability; also, assessments are required of uncertain future man-made inputs such as increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide and other green-house gases. test climatique esperimento sul clima klimaatexperiment Klimaexperiment climatic factor Physical conditions that determine the climate in a given area, e.g. latitude, altitude, ocean streams, etc. facteur climatique fattore climatico klimaatfactor Klimafaktor climatic zone A belt of the earth's surface within which the climate is generally homogeneous in some respect; an elemental region of a simple climatic classification. zone climatique zona climatica klimaatzone Klimazone climatology That branch of meteorology concerned with the mean physical state of the atmosphere together with its statistical variations in both space and time as reflected in the weather behaviour over a period of many years. climatologie climatologia klimatologie Klimatologie aerobiology The study of the atmospheric dispersal of airborne fungus spores, pollen grains, and microorganisms; and, more broadly, of airborne propagules of algae and protozoans, minute insects such as aphids, and pollution gases and particles which exert specific biologic effects. aérobiologie aerobiologia aërobiologie Aerobiologie climax A botanical term referring to the terminal community said to be achieved when a sere (a sequential development of a plant community or group of plant communities on the same site over a period of time) achieves dynamic equilibrium with its environment and in particular with its prevailing climate. Each of the world's major vegetation climaxes is equivalent to a biome. Many botanists believe that climate is the master factor in a plant environment and that even if several types of plant succession occur in an area they will all tend to converge towards a climax form of vegetation. climax climax climax Klimax climbing plant (wall) A plant that lacks rigidity and grows upwards by twining, scrambling, or clinging with tendrils and suckers. plante grimpante (mur) pianta rampicante klimplant [muur] Mauervegetation clinical symptom Any objective evidence of disease or of a patient's condition founded on clinical observation. symptôme clinique sintomi clinici ziektesymptoom Krankheitsbild green fiscal instrument instruments de fiscalité "verte" strumento fiscale verde milieuheffingen Umweltabgaben mining The act, process or industry of extracting coal, ores, etc. from the earth. activité minière attività mineraria mijnbouw Bergbau cloning The production of genetically identical individuals from a single parent. Cloning plants usually involves plant cell culture. Cloning animals is more difficult and relays on some manipulation of their normal reproductive cycle. A clone is a group of organisms of identical genetic constitution, unless mutation occurs, produced from a single individual by asexual reproduction, parthenogenesis or apomixis. clonage clonazione het klonen Klonen Black Sea Mer noire Mar Nero Zwarte Zee Schwarzes Meer Caspian Sea mer caspienne Mar Caspio Kaspische Zee Kaspisches Meer Mediterranean Sea The largest inland sea between Europe, Africa and Asia, linked to the Atlantic Ocean at its western end by the Strait of Gibraltar, including the Tyrrhenian, Adriatic, Aegean and Ionian seas, and major islands such as Sicily, Sardina, Corsica, Crete, Malta and Cyprus. Mer méditerranée Mar Mediterraneo Middellandse Zee Mittelmeer indigenous knowledge Local knowledge that is unique to a given culture or society, which is the basis for local-level decision making in agriculture, health care, education and other matters of concern in rural communities. connaissances indigènes conoscenza indigena inheemse kennis Einheimisches Wissen professional society A group of persons engaged in the same profession, business, trade or craft that is organized or formally structured to attain common ends. syndicat professionnel società professionale beroepsleven Berufsgenossenschaft subject sujet soggetto onderwerp Thema persistant organic pollutant Organic pollutants that do not break down chemically and remain in the environment. Pollutants with higher persistence may produce more harmful environmental effects. polluant organique persistant inquinante organico persistente niet goed afbreekbare organisch verontreinigende stoffen Persistenter organischer Schadstoff sediment mobilisation The transport or setting in motion by wind or water of insoluble particulate matter. mobilisation de sédiments mobilizzazione dei sedimenti sedimentbeweging Sedimentmobilisierung habitat destruction Destruction of wildlife habitats by increasing pressure for land by fast-growing human populations, pollution and over-exploitation. Whole species or populations of plants and animals have disappeared causing a loss of genetic resource that is not only regrettable from an aesthetic or philosophical point of view but also threatens man's food supply. Habitat loss takes several forms: outright loss of areas used by wild species; degradation, for example, from vegetation removal and erosion, which deprive native species of food, shelter, and breeding areas; and fragmentation, when native species are squeezed onto small patches of undisturbed land surrounded by areas cleared for agriculture and other purposes. destruction de l'habitat distruzione di habitat vernietiging van het natuurlijk woongebied Zerstörung des Lebensraums land-based activity activité terrestre attività a terra vanaf het land gestuurde activiteit Terrestrische Aktivität physical alteration Any change in a body or substance that does not involve an alteration in its chemical composition. altération physique alterazione fisica lichamelijke verandering Physikalische Veränderung sectoral assessment appréciation sectorielle valutazione settoriale beoordeling per sector Sektorale Bewertung information infrastructure The basic, underlying framework and features of a communications system supporting the exchange of knowledge, including hardware, software and transmission media. infrastructure de l'information infrastruttura per l'informazione informatieinfrastructuur Informationsinfrastruktur geo-referenced information Data delimiting a given object, either physical or conceptual, in terms of its spatial relationship to the land, usually consisting of points, lines, areas or volumes defined in terms of some coordinate system. informations géoréférencées informazione geo-referenziata informatie met geografische componenten Geographisch kodierte Information data centre An organization established primarily to acquire, analyze, process, store, retrieve, and disseminate one or more types of data. centre de données centro dati gegevenscentrum Datenzentrum internet service provider A business or organization that supplies connections to a part of the Internet, often through telephone lines. fournisseur de services internet provider di servizi internet Internetprovider Internet-Provider closing down The cessation, discontinuation or breaking-off of a business transaction, lease, contract or employment arrangement, usually before its anticipated or stipulated end. fermeture chiusura sluiting Stillegung electronic information network A system of interrelated computer and telecommunications devices linked to permit the exchange of data in digital or analog signals. réseau électronique d'information rete elettronica di informazioni elektronische informatienetwerk Elektronisches Informationsnetz wide area network A system of interrelated computer and telecommunications devices linking two or more computers separated by a great distance for the exchange of electronic data. réseau grande distance rete su area geografica uitgebreid netwerk Fernnetz Internet A global consortium of local computer networks that uses the TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) protocol to connect machines to each other, providing access to the World Wide Web, Gopher, electronic mail, remote login and file transfer. internet internet Internet Internet World Wide Web A graphical, interactive, hypertext information system that is cross-platform and can be run locally or over the global Internet. The Web consists of Web servers offering pages of information to Web browsers who view and interact with the pages. Pages can contain formatted text, background colors, graphics, as well as audio and video clips. Simple links in a Web page can cause the browser to jump to a different part of the same page or to a page on a Web server halfway around the world. Web pages can be used to send mail, read news, and download files. A Web address is called a URL. Web World Wide Web wereldwijde web World Wide Web homepage The preset document that is displayed after starting a World Wide Web browser, or the main World Wide Web document in a series of related documents. page d'accueil homepage homepage Homepage hypertext The organization of information units typically containing visible links that users can select or click with a mouse pointer or some other computer device to automatically retrieve or display other documents. hypertexte ipertesto hypertext Hypertext bulletin board system An assemblage of computer hardware and software that can be linked by computer modem dialing for the purpose of sharing or exchanging messages or other files. tableau électronique d'affichage et d'information bacheca elettronica prikbordsysteem Schwarzes Brett (Internet) newsgroup A discussion group on a specific topic maintained on a computer network, frequently on the Internet. forum newsgroup nieuwsgroep Nachrichtengruppe electronic mail Information or computer stored messages that are transmitted or exchanged from one computer terminal to another, through telecommunication. courrier électronique posta elettronica elektronische post Elektronische Post multimedia technology Any technical means used to combine text, sound, still or animated images and video in computers and electronic products, often allowing audience interactivity. technologie multimédia tecnologia multimediale multimedia technologie Multimediatechnologie closing down of firm The termination or shutdown, temporary or permanent, of a corporation, factory or some other business organization. fermeture d'une entreprise chiusura di un'azienda een onderneming sluiten Betriebsschliessung audio-visual presentation An exhibition, performance, demonstration or lecture utilizing communication media directed at both the sense of sight and the sense of hearing. présentation audio-visuelle presentazione con audiovisivi audiovisuele voordracht Audiovisuelle Darstellung information kit A set or collection of materials compiled to convey knowledge on some subject and usually placed in some type of container. cahier de documentation kit per l'informazione informatieset Informationsausstattung exhibit A display of an object or collection of objects for general dissemination of information, aesthetic value or entertainment. pièce d'exposition esibizione tentoonstellen Ausstellungsstück newsletter A printed periodical bulletin circulated to members of a group. lettre d'informations newsletter nieuwsbrief Mitteilungsblatt radio programme A performance or production transmitted in sound signals with electromagnetic waves. programme radio programma radio radioprogramma Radiosendung television programme A performance or production transmitted in audiovisual signals with electromagnetic waves. programme télévisé programma televisivo televisieprogramma Fernsehsendung public relations The methods and activities employed by an individual, organization, corporation, or government to promote a favourable relationship with the public. relation publique relazioni pubbliche public relations Öffentlichkeitsarbeit bibliographic information system A coordinated assemblage of people, devices or other resources organized for the exchange of data pertaining to the history, physical description, comparison, and classification of books and other works. système de renseignements bibliographiques sistema di informazioni bibliografiche bibliografische informatiesysteem Bibliographisches Informationssystem bibliographic information Data pertaining to the history, physical description, comparison, and classification of books and other works. information bibliographique informazione bibliografica bibliografische informatie Bibliographische Information referral information system A coordinated assemblage of people, devices or other resources organized to provide directions leading people to sources known to provide knowledge or assistance on a specified topic or request. système d'informations de référence sistema di informazioni di riferimento verwijzingsinformatiesysteem Verweisinformationssystem referral information Directions leading someone to another source that is known to provide knowledge or assistance on the specified topic or request. information d'orientation informazione di riferimento verwijzingsinformatie Verweisinformation statistical information system A coordinated assemblage of people, devices or other resources enabling the exchange of numerical data that has been collected, classified or interpreted for analysis. système d'informations statistiques sistema di informazione statistica statistische informatiesysteem Statistisches Informationssystem statistical information Knowledge pertaining to the collection, classification, analysis and interpretation of numerical data. informations statistiques informazione statistica statistische informatie Statistische Information library service The duties of an establishment, or a public institution, charged with the care and organizing of a collection of printed and other materials, and the duty of interpreting such materials to meet the informational, cultural, educational, recreational or research needs of its clients. service de bibliothèque servizi di biblioteca bibliotheekdienst Bibliotheksdienst reference service The provision of aid by library staff trained to interpret library materials and library organizational structures to meet the informational, educational, cultural, recreational or research needs of the library's clients. service de référence servizio di consultazione referentiedienst Informationsvermittlungsdienst indexing of documentation A service which creates a special contents list, containing titles, authors, abstracts, subject headings and other information, to describe a large number of publications and to be used in searchable, machine-readable (or printed) look-up tables. indexation de la documentation indicizzazione di documenti het indexeren van informatie Dokumentenindexierung document lending The service provided by a library in which the library's clients are temporarily allowed to use books and other printed materials outside the library. prêt de document prestito di documenti het uitlenen van documenten Dokumentenausleihe inter-library loan The service provided by one library in which a second library's clients are temporarily allowed to use books and other printed materials belonging to the first library; and consequently the system providing rules and infrastructure for this service to a group of libraries. prêt inter-bibliothèques prestito tra biblioteche interbibliothecair leenverkeer Fernleihe selective dissemination of information A service provided by a library or other agency that periodically notifies users of new publications, report literature or other data sources in subjects in which the user has specified an interest. diffusion sélective de l'information disseminazione selettiva delle informazioni selectieve verspreiding van informatie Selektive Informationsverbreitung clothing Clothes considered as a group. habillement vestiario kleding Bekleidung CD-ROM search service The provision of special aid by library staff trained to query bibliographic or other information contained on an electronic storage medium, usually to meet the research needs of the library's clients. service de recherche sur CD-ROM servizio di ricerca su CD-ROM Cd-rom zoekdienst CD-ROM Suchdienst internet search service The provision of special aid by library staff trained to query bibliographic or other information contained on the Internet, a large distributed electronic system, usually to meet the research needs of the library's clients. service de recherche sur Internet servizio di ricerca su internet Internetzoekoptie Internet-Suchdienst information clearing-house A central institution or agency for the collection, maintenance, and distribution of materials or data compiled to convey knowledge on some subject. bourse d'informations centro di informazione informatiedistributiecentrum Informationsvermittlungsstelle decision-support system A coordinated assemblage of people, devices or other resources that analyzes, typically, business data and presents it so that users can make business decisions more easily. système d'aide à la décision sistema di supporto alla decisione beslissingsondersteunend systeem Entscheidungshilfesystem software development développement logiciel sviluppo di software softwareontwikkeling Softwareentwicklung information exchange A reciprocal transference of data between two or more parties for the purpose of enhancing knowledge of the participants. échange d'informations scambio di informazioni informatie-uitwisseling Informationsaustausch relational database A collection of digital information items organized as a set of formally described tables from which the information can be accessed or reassembled in different ways without reorganizing the tables. base de données relationnelle base di dati relazionale relationele database Relationale Datenbank multispectral scanner A remote sensing term referring to a scanning radiometer that simultaneously acquires images in various wavebands at the same time. A multispectral scanner can be carried aboard an aircraft or satellite. The Landsat multispectral scanner records images in four wavebands of visible and near infrared electromagnetic radiation to enable objects with different reflectance properties to be distinguished. scanner à spectres multiples scanner multispettrale multispectrale scanner Multispektralscanner resolution (parameter) A remote sensing term which has three separate applications: a) spatial resolution, which refers to the ability of a sensor to distinguish between objects that are spatially close to each other. It is a measure of the smallest angular or linear separation between two objects. b) Spectral resolution which refers to the ability of a sensor to distinguish between objects which are spectrally similar. It is a measure of both the discreteness of wavebands and the sensitivity of the sensor to distinguish between electromagnetic radiation intensity levels. c) Thermal resolution which refers to the ability of a sensor to distinguish between objects with a similar temperature. résolution (paramètres) risoluzione (parametro) resolutie Auflösung clothing industry industrie de l'habillement industria dell'abbigliamento kledingindustrie Bekleidungsindustrie pixel A contraction of the words 'picture element'. The smallest unit of information in an image or raster map. Referred to as a resolution cell in an image or grid. pixel pixel beeldpunt Pixel spectral band Closely grouped bands of lines characteristic of molecular gases of chemical compounds (spectroscopy). bande spectrale bande dello spettro spectraalband Spektralband scene identification A numeric string which uniquely identifies an image component of a geographical information system database. identification du lieu (SIG) identificazione della scena landschapsherkenning Ortsbestimmung image processing digital system A coordinated assemblage of computer devices designed to capture and manipulate pictures stored as data in discrete, quantized units or digits. système numérique de traitement d'images sistema digitale di elaborazione immagini digitaal beeldverwerkingssysteem Digitales Bildverarbeitungssystem digital image processing technique Techniques employed in the calibration of image data, the correction or reduction of errors occurring during capture or transmission of the data and in various types of image enhancement-operations which increase the ability of the analyst to recognize features of interest. technique de traitement numérique des images tecniche digitali di elaborazione delle immagini digitale beeldverwerkingstechniek Digitale Bildverarbeitung pattern recognition A remote sensing term referring to an automated process through which unidentified patterns can be classified into a limited number of discrete classes through comparison with other class-defining patterns or characteristics. Pattern recognition is an essential part of the classification of remotely sensed images and is used as an aid to image interpretation. reconnaissance de formes riconoscimento del modello patroonherkenning Mustererkennung mosaic A composite photograph consisting of separate aerial photographs of overlapping surface areas, producing an overall image of a surface area too large to be depicted in a single aerial photograph. mosaïque mosaico (immagine) mozaïek Mosaik image filtering A remote sensing term related to image enhancement that refers to the removal of a spatial component of electromagnetic radiation. filtrage d'image filtrazione dell'immagine filteren van een beeld Bildgebendes Filtern image enhancement In remote sensing, the filtering of data and other processes to manipulate pixels to produce an image that accentuates features of interest or visual interpretation. amélioration de l'image rinforzo dell'immagine beeldversterking Bildverbesserung geometric correction A remote sensing term referring to the adjustment of an image for geometric errors. correction géométrique correzione geometrica geometrische correctie Geometrische Korrektur cloud Suspensions of minute water droplets or ice crystals produced by the condensation of water vapour. nuage nube wolk Wolke image registration The process of linking map coordinates to control points with known earth-surface coordinates. Related term: coordinate systems. enregistrement d'images registrazione delle immagini beeldopslag Bildüberlagerung image classification Processing techniques which apply quantitative methods to the values in a digital yield or remotely sensed scene to group pixels with similar digital number values into feature classes or categories. classification d'image classificazione delle immagini beeldclassificatie Bildklassifikation supervised image classification A graphical representation processing technique by which an analyst selects groups of pixels, determines their spectral response signature and trains a computer system to recognize pixels based on this spectral response pattern. classification contrôlée d'images classificazione guidata delle immagini beeldclassificatie onder toezicht Kontrollierte Bildklassifikation unsupervised image classification Unsupervised classification is a kind of classification which takes place with minimum input from the operator; no training sample is available and subdivision of the feature space is achieved by identifying natural groupings of the measurement vectors. classification d'images non-contrôlée classificazione non guidata delle immagini beeldclassificatie zonder toezicht Nichtkontrollierte Bildklassifikation colour composition A remote-sensing term referring to the process of assigning different colours to different spectral bands. The colour picture formed by this process is called a "colour composite" (a colour image produced through optical combination of multiband images by projection through filters) and is produced by assigning a colour to an image of the Earth's surface recorded in a particular waveband. For a Landsat colour composite, the green waveband is coloured blue, the red waveband is coloured green and the infrared waveband is coloured red. This produces an image closely approximating a false colour photograph. Colour composite images are easier to interpret than separate images recording different wavebands. US national experimental crop inventories are based upon visual interpretation of Landsat colour composites. composition de couleurs composizione dei colori kleursamenstelling Farbzusammensetzung atmospheric correction The removal from the remotely sensed data of the atmospheric effects caused by the scattering and absorption of sunlight by particles; the removal of these effects improves not only the quality of the observed earth surface imaging but also the accuracy of classification of the ground objects. correction atmosphérique correzione atmosferica atmosferische correctie Atmosphärische Korrektur GIS digital system An organized collection of computer hardware, software, geographic data, and personnel designed to efficiently capture, store, update, manipulate, analyze, and display all forms of geographically referenced information that can be drawn from different sources, both statistical and mapped. système numérique SIG sistema digitale GIS GIS digitaal systeem GIS Digitalsystem GIS digital format The digital form of data collected by remote sensing. format électronique de données géo-référencées formato digitale GIS GIS digitaal formaat GIS Digitalformat vector One of the two major types of internal data organization used in GIS. Vector systems are based primarily on coordinate geometry and take advantage of the convenient division of spatial data into point, line, and polygon types. Vector structures are especially suited to storing definitions of spatial objects for which sharp boundaries exist or can be imposed. vecteur vettore vector Vektor point A position on a reference system determined by a survey. point punto punt Punkt line Term used in GIS technologies in the vector type of internal data organization: spatial data are divided into point, line and polygon types. In most cases, point entities (nodes) are specified directly as coordinate pairs, with lines (arcs or edges) represented as chains of points. Regions are similarly defined in terms of the lines which form their boundaries. Some vector GIS store information in the form of points, line segments and point pairs; others maintain closed lists of points defining polygon regions. Vector structures are especially suited to storing definitions of spatial objects for which sharp boundaries exist or can be imposed. ligne linea lijn Linie polygon In the vector type of GIS internal data organization spatial data are conveniently divided into point, line and polygon types. Some vector GIS store information in the form of points, line segments and point pairs; others maintain close lists of points defining polygon regions. polygone poligono veelhoek Polygon raster One of the two major types of internal data organization used in GIS. Raster systems superimpose a regular grid over the area of interest and associate each cell-or pixel, to use the image term- with one or more data records. The values associated with each grid cell may represent either real values or any scalar or nominal data values associated with the cell coordinates. Among the strengths of the raster method is its ability to accept data directly from remote sensing systems and to represent transitional information. Raster systems tend to be relatively storage-intensive and this imposes practical limits on the area of coverage, the resolution, or both of these. Capacity constraints are, however, becoming less significant as computer memory and storage become more powerful and as data compression techniques become more readily available. trame raster raster Raster attribute A distinctive feature of an object. In mapping and GIS applications, the objects are points, lines, or polygons that represent features such as sampling locations, section corners (points); roads and streams (lines); lakes, forest and soil types (polygons). These attributes can be further divided into classes such as tree species Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine) for forest types and paved and gravel for road types. Multiple attributes are generally associated with objects that are located on a single map layer. attribut attributo eigenschap Eigenschaft GIS digital technique The transformation to digital form of data collected by remote sensing, traditional field and documentary methods and of existing historical data such as paper maps, charts, and publications. technique digitale SIG tecnica digitale GIS GIS digitale techniek GIS Digitalverfahren interpolation A process used to estimate an intermediate value of one (dependent) variable which is a function of a second (independent) variable when values of the dependent variable corresponding to several discrete values of the independent variable are known. interpolation interpolazione interpolatie Interpolation gridding A system of uniformly spaced perpendicular lines and horizontal lines running north and south, and east and west on a map, chart, or aerial photograph; used in locating points. maillage grigliatura raster Gitternetz raster to vector Methods to convert remotely sensed raster data to vector format. A number of raster-to-vector and vector-to-raster conversion procedures have been developed and introduced to current releases of many GIS packages. trame en vecteur da raster a vettore van raster- naar vectorformaat Raster zu Vektor vector to raster Methods to convert remotely sensed raster data to vector format. A number of vector-to-raster and raster-to-vector conversion procedures have been developed and introduced to current releases of many GIS packages. vecteur en trame da vettore a raster van vector- naar rasterformaat Vektor zu Raster national boundary The line demarcating recognized limits of established political units. frontière nationale confine nazionale landsgrens Staatsgrenze sub-national boundary The line demarcating a territory located within the limits of a State. frontière infranationale confine sub-nazionale binnengrens Innerstaatliche Grenze administrative boundary A limit or border of a geographic area under the jurisdiction of some governmental or managerial entity. limite administrative confine amministrativo bestuurlijke grens Verwaltungsgrenze geo-referenced data données géoréférencées dati geo-referenziati gegevens met geografische componenten Geographisch kodierte Daten geographical projection A representation of the globe constructed on a plane with lines representative of and corresponding to the meridians and parallels of the curved surface of the earth. projection géographique proiezione geografica geografische projectie Geographische Projektion co-ordinate system A reference system used to measure horizontal and vertical distances on a planimetric map. A coordinate system is usually defined by a map projection, a spheroid of reference, a datum, one or more standard parallels, a central meridian, and possible shifts in the x- and y-directions to locate x, y positions of point, line, and area features. A common coordinate system is used to spatially register geographic data for the same area. système de coordonnées sistema di coordinate coordinatenstelsel Koordinatensystem latitude An angular distance in degrees north or south of the equator (latitude 0°), equal to the angle subtended at the centre of the globe by the meridian between the equator and the point in question. latitude latitudine breedtegraad (geografisch) Breitengrad longitude Distance in degrees east or west of the prime meridian at 0° measured by the angle between the plane of the prime meridian and that of the meridian through the point in question, or by the corresponding time difference. longitude longitudine lengtegraad (geografisch) Längengrad remote sensing centre Centre where remote sensing data are stored, handled and analyzed. centre de télédétection centro per il remote sensing remote-sensingcentrum Fernerkundungszentrum GIS laboratory A laboratory where GIS data drawn from different sources are stored, handled, analyzed and updated. laboratoire SIG laboratorio GIS GIS laboratorium GIS-Labor on-line service Service providing an active connection with a communications network. service en ligne servizi online on-linedienst(verlening) Online-Dienst underground dump Any subterranean or below-ground site in which solid, or other, waste is deposited without environmental controls. décharge souterraine discarica sotterranea ondergrondse opslag Deponieuntergrund business economics The art of purchasing and selling goods from an economics perspective or a perspective involving the scientific study of the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. économie des affaires economia aziendale bedrijfseconomie Betriebswirtschaft deterrence Punishment aiming at deterring the criminal from repeating his offences or deterring others from committing similar acts. dissuasion deterrenza afschrikking Abschreckung old hazardous site Abandoned or disused dumps and refuse tips, stockpiles and landfill sites, disused petrol service stations, closed-down coking plants and former industrial and commercial premises, etc., from which considerable risks not only to the soil and to the groundwater, but also to humans and nature, can arise. site ancien dangereux discarica dismessa oud stort voor gevaarlijk afval Altlast outer space (allocation plan) Area out of closed settlements or building. espace périurbain spazio esterno (piano d'assetto) ruimte (uitrustingsprogramma) Aussenbereich deep sea mining The most valuable of the marine mineral resources is petroleum. About 15% of the world's oil is produced offshore, and extraction capabilities are advancing. One of the largest environmental impacts of deep sea mining are discharged sediment plumes which disperse with ocean currents and thus may negatively influence the marine ecosystem. Coal deposits known as extensions of land deposits , are mined under the sea floor in Japan and England. activité d'extraction off-shore attività mineraria in mare profondo diepzeemijnbouw Tiefseebergbau semi-liquid manure fumier semi-liquide concime semiliquido mengmest Gülle electrical goods industry Economic activity for manufacturing electric material and devices. indutrie des biens électroménagers industria di materiali elettrici elektrotechnische industrie Elektrowarenindustrie services providing company activité de service aziende per la fornitura di servizi dienstverlenende bedrijvigheid Dienstleistungsgewerbe restoration of water Any treatment process in which contaminated water is cleansed or corrected, particularly by use of a pump-and-treat approach. restauration de l'eau ripristino dell'acqua herstel van de waterkwaliteit Gewässersanierung local heat supply The provision of heating fuel, coal or other heating source materials, or the amount of heating capacity, for the use of a specific local community. fourniture locale de chaleur fornitura locale di calore plaatselijke warmtevoorziening Nahwärmeversorgung forwarding agent A person or business that specializes in the shipment and receiving of goods. transporteur spedizioniere expediteur Spediteur waste avoidance All measures by which production and consumption processes are caused to generate less (or no waste), or to generate only those wastes that can be treated without causing problems. réduction des déchets à la source astensione dalla produzione di rifiuti afvalvoorkoming Abfallvermeidung natural independence law The inviolable, moral claim of non-human organisms and their habitats to exist unharmed or unchanged by human activity as postulated by certain environmental ethicists. loi sur l'indépendance naturelle diritto sulla indipendenza della natura wet van de natuurlijke onafhankelijkheid Natureigenrecht offence against the environment Unlawful acts against the environment, such as water contamination, hazardous waste disposal, air contamination, unpermitted installation of plants, oil spills, etc. atteinte à l'environnement reato ambientale milieu-overtreding Umweltdelikt provincial/regional law (D) législation régionale legislazione provinciale/regionale (D) provinciale wetgeving Landesrecht provincial/regional authority (D) The power of a government agency or its administrators to administer and implement laws and government policies applicable to a specific political subdivision or geographical area within the state. autorité régionale autorità provinciale/regionale (D) provinciaal gezag Landesbehörde international transaction Any agreement or act involving two or more countries in which business dealings, negotiations or other affairs are settled or concluded. comparaison internationale transazione internazionale internationale vergelijking Internationaler Vergleich road setting The establishing of boulevards, turnpikes, highways and other routes on land. implantation des routes definizione dei percorsi weginrichting Fahrwegfestlegung air quality monitoring Regular checking and recording of air quality in a given area. The following pollutants must be considered: carbon monoxide, benzene, butadiene, lead, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and particulates. contrôle de la qualité de l'air monitoraggio della qualità dell'aria toezicht op de kwaliteit van de lucht Immissionsüberwachung citizen initiative initiative du citoyen iniziativa da parte dei cittadini burgerinitiatief Bürgerinitiative area under stress Areas that are flooded by rising number of tourists or other kinds of pressure and suffer from insufficient or inappropriate planning and management. Damage frequently arises from a lack of understanding or interest of the value of such sites. zone sous tension (environnementale) area sotto stress onder druk staand gebied Belastungsgebiet storage (process) A series of actions undertaken to deposit or hold goods, materials or waste in some physical location, as in a facility, container, tank or dumping site. stockage deposito (processo) opslag Speicherung mountain refuge Any shelter or protection from distress or danger located in a predominantly mountainous area. refuge de montagne rifugio di montagna berghut Bergrückzugsgebiet space research Research involving studies of all aspects of environmental conditions beyond the atmosphere of the earth. recherche spatiale ricerca spaziale ruimte-onderzoek Weltraumforschung red list The series of publications produced by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). They provide an inventory on the threat to rare plants and animal species. Information includes status, geographical distribution, population size, habitat and breeding rate. The books also contain the conservation measures, if any, that have been taken to protect the species. There are five categories of rarity status: endangered species; vulnerable organisms, which are those unlikely to adapt to major environmental effects; rare organisms, which are those at risk because there are few of them in the world, such as plants which only grow on mountain peaks or on islands; out of danger species, which were formerly in the above categories, but have had the threat removed because of conservation actions; and indeterminate species, which are the plants and animals probably at risk, although not enough is known about them to assess their status. liste rouge lista rossa rode lijst Rote Liste coagulation A separation or precipitation from a dispersed state of suspensoid particles resulting from their growth; may result from prolonged heating, addition of an electrolyte, or from a condensation reaction between solute and solvent. coagulation coagulazione stolling Koagulation coal The natural, rocklike, brown to black derivative of forest-type plant material, usually accumulated in peat beds and progressively compressed and indurated until it is finally altered in to graphite-like material. charbon carbone steenkool Kohle coal-based energy Power generated by the steam raised by burning coal in fire-tube or water-tube boilers. énergie à base de charbon energia da carbone steenkoolenergie Energie auf Kohlebasis insulating material Material that prevents or reduces the transmission of electricity, heat, or sound to or from a body, device or region. matériau isolant materiale isolante isolerend materiaal Dämmstoff decantation Sizing or classifying particulate matter by suspension in a fluid (liquid or gas), the larger particulates tending to separate by sinking. décantation decantazione klaring van een vloeistof Dekantieren wood resource fishing fleet coal-fired power plant Power plant which is fuelled by coal. centrale à charbon centrale a carbone steenkoolcentrale Kohlekraftwerk emission to air air quality impact climate change mitigation climate change adaptation process of preparing to cope with living in a changing climate adaptation au changement climatique processus d'adaptation à la vie dans des conditions de changement climatique adattamento ai cambiamenti climatici processo di preparazione inteso ad affrontare la vita in un clima che cambia aanpassing aan klimaatverandering het proces waarbij men zich voorbereidt op het leven in veranderende klimaatomstandigheden Anpassung an den Klimawandel Vorbereitung auf die Lebensumstände in einem sich verändernden Klima alternative fuel material flow non-mineral waste waste prevention other waste above-ground biomass all living biomass above the soil including stem, stump, branches, bark, seeds and foliage biomasse aérienne toute biomasse vivante au-dessus du sol, y compris les tiges, les souches, les branches, l’écorce, les graines et le feuillage biomassa aerea Tutta la biomassa vivente che si trova in superficie, compresi steli, ceppi, rami, cortecce, semi e fogliame bovengrondse biomassa de totale hoeveelheid bovengronds organisch materiaal, met inbegrip van stammen, stronken, takken, schors, zaden, naalden en bladeren oberirdische Biomasse die gesamte lebende Biomasse oberhalb des Erdbodens einschließlich Stamm, Stumpf, Ästen, Rinde, Samen und Blattwerk above-ground biomass growth oven-dry weight of net annual increment (s.b) of a tree, stand or forest plus oven-dry weight of annual growth of branches, twigs, foliage, top and stump above-ground non-tree biomass all living matter above-ground excluding trees with trees defined as generally five cm or greater diameter at breast height (4.3 feet above ground) above-ground tree biomass all living matter composed of trees defined as generally five cm or greater diameter at breast height (4.3 feet above ground) adaptation strategy The process of adjustment to actual or expected climate and its effects. In human systems, adaptation seeks to moderate or avoid harm or exploit beneficial opportunities. In some natural systems, human intervention may facilitate adjustment to expected climate and its effects. adaptive capacity The property of a system to adjust its characteristics or behaviour, in order to expand its coping range under existing climate variability, or future climate conditions. ACC definition: The ability of systems, institutions, humans, and other organisms to adjust to potential damage, to take advantage of opportunities, or to respond to consequences. agricultural bioenergy production oil crops which are converted into biofuels production de bioénergie fondée sur l'agriculture oléagineux transformés en biocarburants produzione di bioenergia da prodotti agricoli colture oleaginose convertite in biocarburanti productie van bio-energie uit landbouwgewassen oliehoudende gewassen die worden omgezet in biobrandstoffen Erzeugung von Bioenergie in der Landwirtschaft Herstellung von Biokraftstoffen aus Ölpflanzen agronomic fertiliser additive any substance added to a fertiliser, soil improver or growing medium to improve the agronomic efficacy of the final product, or modify the environmental fate of the nutrients released by the fertilisers additif agronomique pour engrais toute substance ajoutée à un engrais, un amendement du sol ou un milieu de culture pour renforcer l'efficacité agronomique du produit final, ou pour modifier le devenir dans l'environnement des nutriments libérés par les engrais additivo agronomico qualsiasi sostanza aggiunta a un fertilizzante, ammendante o substrato colturale inteso a migliorare l'efficacia agronomica del prodotto finale o a modificare il destino ambientale dei nutrienti rilasciati dai fertilizzanti landbouwmeststofadditief elke stof die wordt toegevoegd aan een meststof, bodemverbeteraar of groeimiddel om de landbouwefficiëntie van het eindproduct te verbeteren of om het lot in het milieu van de door de meststof afgegeven voedingsstoffen te wijzigen agronomischer Düngemittel Zusatz alle Substanzen, die einem Düngemittel, Bodenverbesserungsmittel oder Nährsubstrat beigefügt werden, um die agronomische Effizienz des Enderzeugnisses zu verbessern oder das Verhalten der von den Düngemitteln freigesetzten Nährstoffe in der Umwelt zu verändern air pollutant emission inventory guidebook joint EMEP/EEA guidebook supporting the reporting of emissions data, under the UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) and the EU National Emission Ceilings Directive, in providing expert guidance on how to compile an atmospheric emissions inventory guide des inventaires des émissions de polluants atmosphériques guide commun EMEP/AEE à l'appui de la communication des données relatives aux émissions, au titre de la Convention sur la pollution atmosphérique transfrontière à longue distance (CPATLD) et de la directive de l'UE sur les plafonds d'émission nationaux, fournissant des orientations d'experts sur la façon de dresser un inventaire des émissions atmosphériques guida per gli inventari delle emissioni di inquinanti atmosferici guida congiunta EMEP/AEA a sostegno della comunicazione dei dati sulle emissioni, nel quadro della convenzione UNECE sull’inquinamento atmosferico transfrontaliero a grande distanza e della direttiva UE relativa ai limiti nazionali di emissione, che ha lo scopo di fornire orientamenti di esperti sulla compilazione di un inventario delle emissioni atmosferiche inventarisatiegids emissie van luchtverontreinigende stoffen gemeenschappelijke gids van EMEP en EMA, op grond van het VN-ECE-verdrag betreffende grensoverschrijdende luchtverontreiniging over lange afstand (CLRTAP) en de EU-Richtlijn Nationale Emissieplafonds, met deskundig advies voor het samenstellen van een inventaris van emissies naar de lucht Air Pollutant Emission Inventory Guidebook (Leitfaden zum Inventar der Luftschadstoffemissionen) ein gemeinsamer Leitfaden von EMEP und EUA, der die Berichterstattung über Emissionsdaten im Rahmen des UNECE-Übereinkommens über weiträumige grenzüberschreitende Luftverunreinigung (CLRTAP) und der EU-Richtlinie über nationale Emissionshöchstmengen unterstützt, indem er fachliche Anleitung zur Zusammenstellung einer Luftemissionsinventarisierung bietet coal gasification Process of conversion of coal to a gaseous product which is used as fuel in electric power stations. gazéification du charbon gassificazione del carbone steenkoolvergassing Kohlevergasung air quality directive Directive that define the legislative basis for the assessment and management of air quality in Member States directives sur la qualité de l'air directives qui définissent la base législative de l'évaluation et de la gestion de la qualité de l'air dans les États membres direttive relative alla qualità dell'aria direttive che stabiliscono il quadro legislativo per la valutazione e la gestione della qualità dell'aria negli Stati membri richtlijnen luchtkwaliteit richtlijnen die de wettelijke grondslag vormen voor de analyse en het beheer van de luchtkwaliteit in de lidstaten Luftqualitätsrichtlinien Richtlinien, in denen die Rechtsgrundlage für die Bewertung und Verwaltung der Luftqualität in den Mitgliedstaaten festgelegt ist albedo Ratio of the radiation (radiant or luminous energy) reflected by a surface to that incident on it. algae-based biofuel production any algae-based biofuel ambient air quality The quality of outdoor air in our surrounding environment. It is typically measured near ground level, away from direct sources of pollution. anaerobic digestion A naturally occurring biochemical process in which organic material is broken down by bacteria in an oxygen-free environment. anaerobic lagoon type of liquid storage system designed and operated to combine waste stabilization and storage with varying lengths of storage (up to a year or greater), depending on the climate region, the volatile solids loading rate, and other operational factors animal waste management proper handling, storage, and utilization of wastes generated from animal confinement operations, including means of collecting, scraping, or washing wastes from confinement areas into appropriate waste storage structures gestion des déchets animaux traitement, stockage et utilisation appropriés des déchets résultant des opérations de confinement d'animaux, y compris les moyens de collecter, de gratter ou de laver les déchets présents dans les zones de confinement pour les stocker dans des structures appropriées gestione dei rifiuti animali operazioni corrette di manipolazione, immagazzinamento e utilizzo dei rifiuti generati dalle operazioni di confinamento degli animali, compresi i mezzi di raccolta, raschiamento o lavaggio di rifiuti da aree di confinamento in strutture adeguate per l'immagazzinamento dei rifiuti beheer van dierlijk afval correcte hantering, opslag en benuting van afval dat afkomstig is van dieren in gevangenschap, waaronder middelen om het afval te verzamelen, af te schrapen of weg te wassen van de huisvestingsruimten naar geschikte afvalopslagstructuren Bewirtschaftung von tierischen Abfällen ordnungsgemäße Handhabung, Lagerung und Verwertung von Abfällen, die bei der Unterbringung von Tieren entstehen, einschließlich Verfahren zum Sammeln, Ausschaben und Herauswaschen von Abfällen aus Unterbringungsbereichen, in angemessenen Strukturen zur Lagerung des Abfalls animal waste management systems combination of structural and nonstructural practices serving a feedlot that provides for the collection, treatment, storage or land applications of animal waste anthropogenic greenhouse gas Emissions of greenhouse gases, greenhouse gas precursors, and aerosols caused by human activities. These activities include the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, land use changes, livestock production, fertilization, waste management, and industrial processes. aquatic system group of interacting organisms dependent on one another and their water environment for nutrients (e.g., nitrogen and phosphorus) and shelter coal liquefaction The process of preparing a liquid mixture of hydrocarbons by destructive distillation of coal. liquéfaction du charbon liquefazione del carbone steenkooliquefactie Kohleverflüssigung Arctic sea ice loss artificial land total of built-up areas plus artificial non-built-up areas sols artificialisés total des zones bâties et des zones artificialisées non bâties superficie artificiale totale delle aree edificate e delle aree artificiali non edificate artificiële oppervlakte totaal van bebouwde oppervlakten en niet-bebouwde kunstmatige oppervlakten künstliche Flächen Gesamtheit aller bebauten Flächen und künstlicher nicht bebauter Flächen atmospheric aerosol loading suspensions of solids and/or liquid particles in the air that we breathe, as dust, smoke and haze, measured by the mass concentration of aerosol particles or by an optical measure atmospheric carbon dioxide primary source of carbon in life on Earth and its concentration in Earth's pre-industrial atmosphere since late in the Precambrian was regulated by photosynthetic organisms and geological phenomena atmospheric nitrogen load Atmospheric deposition or flux of total reactive nitrogen (N) to the Earth’s surface, calculated for example as kilograms N per hectare and year (kg N ha-1 yr-1). Reactive N from the atmosphere can be deposited as gases (= dry deposition) and in precipitation (= wet deposition). Total reactive N includes oxidised N compounds as well as reduced N compounds. Oxidised compounds are here mainly nitrogen oxides (NOx; gases) and nitrate (NO3-; in precipitation). The main reduced compounds are ammonia (NH3; gas) and ammonium (NH4+; in precipitation) Barents Sea area between Novaya Zemlia, in the east, and the line Norway–Bear Island–South Spitsbergen, in the west area mer de Barents zone située entre la Nouvelle-Zemble, à l'est, et la ligne Norvège-Île aux Ours-Sud Spitzberg à l'ouest mare di Barents zona compresa tra Novaja Zemlja, a est, e la linea che unisce la Norvegia, l'Isola degli Orsi e la parte meridionale di Spitzbergen, a ovest Barentszzee gebied gelegen tussen Nova Zembla in het oosten en de lijn Noorwegen–Bereneiland–Zuid-Spitsbergen in het westen Barentssee Gebiet zwischen Nowaja Semlja im Osten und der Achse Norwegen–Bäreninsel–Südspitzbergen im Westen bathing water directive rules laid down by the European Union (EU) for the monitoring, assessment and management of the quality of bathing water, and for the provision of information on that quality to reduce and prevent the pollution of bathing water and to inform European citizens of the degree of pollution directive sur les eaux de baignade règles fixées par l'Union européenne (UE) pour la surveillance, l'évaluation et la gestion de la qualité des eaux de baignade ainsi que la fourniture d'informations sur la qualité de ces eaux afin de réduire et prévenir la pollution des eaux de baignade et d'informer les Européens sur leur degré de pollution direttiva sulle acque di balneazione disposizioni stabilite dall'Unione Europea (UE) per il monitoraggio, la valutazione e la gestione della qualità delle acque di balneazione e per la fornitura di informazioni su tale qualità al fine di ridurre e prevenire l'inquinamento delle acque di balneazione e informare i cittadini europei del grado di inquinamento zwemwaterrichtlijn regels die zijn vastgelegd door de Europese Unie (EU) voor het monitoren, analyseren en beheren van de kwaliteit van het zwemwater alsmede voor het verstrekken van informatie over deze kwaliteit, teneinde de verontreiniging van zwemwater te beperken en te voorkomen en de Europese burgers te informeren over de mate van verontreiniging Badegewässerrichtlinie Rechtsvorschriften der Europäischen Union (EU) bezüglich der Überwachung, Bewertung und Bewirtschaftung der Qualität der Badegewässer sowie der Information der Öffentlichkeit über diese Qualität zur Verringerung und Vermeidung der Verschmutzung von Badegewässern und zur Information europäischer Bürger über den Grad der Verschmutzung bathing water legislation European legislation aimed at safeguarding public health and protecting the aquatic environment in coastal and inland areas from pollution législation sur les eaux de baignade législation européenne visant à sauvegarder la santé publique et à protéger de la pollution le milieu aquatique aussi bien en zones côtières que fluviale legislazione in materia di acque di balneazione legislazione europea intesa a salvaguardare la salute pubblica e a proteggere dall'inquinamento l'ambiente acquatico delle zone costiere e delle acque interne zwemwaterwetgeving Europese wetgeving die tot doel heeft de volksgezondheid en het aquatisch milieu zowel aan de kust als in het binnenland te beschermen tegen verontreiniging Rechtsvorschriften für Badegewässer EU-Rechtsvorschriften zur Wahrung der öffentlichen Gesundheit und zum Schutz vor Verschmutzung der Küsten- und Binnengewässer behavioural change Transformation or modification of human behavior below-ground biomass all living biomass of live roots biomasse souterraine toute biomasse de racines vivantes biomassa ipogea biomassa costituita dalle radici vive ondergrondse biomassa alle levende biomassa bestaande uit levende wortels unterirdische Biomasse die gesamte lebende Biomasse aus lebenden Wurzeln coal mining The technical and mechanical job of removing coal from the earth and preparing it for market. extraction de charbon estrazione di carbone steenkoolmijnbouw Kohlebergbau below-ground biomass growth Growth in below-ground biomass including coarse roots and root collar croissance de la biomasse souterraine croissance de la biomasse souterraine, y compris les racines grossières et le collet de la racine sviluppo della biomassa ipogea crescita della biomassa ipogea che include anche grosse radici e colletto ondergrondse biomassa-aangroei aangroei van ondergrondse biomassa, met inbegrip van grove wortels en wortelhals Wachstum der unterirdischen Biomasse Wachstum unterirdischer Biomasse einschließlich grober und feiner Wurzeln sowie des Wurzelhalses bio desulfurization ambient temperature under mild reaction conditions and use of special aerobic anaerobic microorganisms biocapacity The capacity of ecosystems to regenerate what people demand from those surfaces. The biocapacity of a particular surface represents its ability to renew what people demand. Biocapacity is therefore the ecosystems' capacity to produce biological materials used by people and to absorb waste material generated by humans, under current management schemes and extraction technologies. Biocapacity can change from year to year due to climate, management, and also what portions are considered useful inputs to the human economy. biodiversity conservation Planned management (i.e. preservation, maintenance, sustainable use, recovery, enhancement) of a natural resources or of a particular ecosystem to halt, reverse or slow-down the loss of biodiversity from impacts of exploitation, pollution etc. to ensure the future usability of the resource, resilience of communities, and ecosystem integrity. biodiversity loss Long term or permanent qualitative or quantitative reduction in components of biodiversity and their potential to provide goods and services, to be measured at global, regional and national levels biodiversity protection conserving the resilience and vitality of natural ecosystems both for their intrinsic value and also for the benefits that they provide to human society as healthy ecosystems constitute our best defence against the worst extremes of weather associated with climate change bioenergy production New and quickly developing branch of industry in most of European countries to find different efficient solution of energy conversion from different biomass recourses biofuel production Conversion of biomass to biofuel biological diversity The variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems Biologically degradable waste Any organic matter in waste which can be broken down into carbon dioxide, water, methane or simple organic molecules by micro-organisms and other living things using composting, aerobic digestion, anaerobic digestion or similar processes biomass burning Biomass burning is the burning of living and dead vegetation biomass feedstock Plant and algal materials used to derive fuels like ethanol, butanol, biodiesel, and other hydrocarbon fuels biotic interactions effects that the organisms in a community have on one another that are fundamental to the survival of that organism and the functioning of the ecosystem as a whole blue carbon Carbon captured by the world's oceans and coastal ecosystems.The carbon captured by living organisms in oceans is stored in the form of biomass and sediments from mangroves, salt marshes, seagrasses and potentially algae. blue growth long-term EU strategy to support growth in the maritime sector as a whole croissance bleue stratégie à long terme visant à soutenir la croissance durable dans le secteur maritime dans son ensemble crescita blu strategia a lungo termine per sostenere una crescita sostenibile nei settori marino e marittimo blauwe groei langetermijnstrategie van de EU ter ondersteuning van groei in de gehele maritieme sector Blaues Wachstum langfristige EU-Strategie zur Unterstützung des Wachstums in allen maritimen Wirtschaftszweigen boreal forest dieback phenomena of a stand of trees losing health and dying without an obvious cause carbon balance Process of identifying and quantifying carbon in form of carbon dioxide (CO2) added to or removed from the earth's atmosphere, natural and human activity carbon economy economy based on low carbon power sources that therefore has a minimal output of greenhouse gas emissions into the environment biosphere, but specifically refers to the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide. carbon emission gas that contributes to the greenhouse effect by absorbing infrared radiation carbon leakage The situation that may occur if, for reasons of costs related to climate policies, businesses were to transfer production to other countries with laxer emission constraints. This could lead to an increase in their total emissions. The risk of carbon leakage may be higher in certain energy-intensive industries. coal refining The processing of coal to remove impurities. raffinage de la houille raffinazione del carbone het raffineren van kolen Kohleveredelung carbon mass balance total of carbon emissions and carbon sequestration over a period of time for a defined area, project or sector carbon sequestration biological process that absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and contains it in living organic matter, soil, or aquatic ecosystems carbon stock quantity of carbon in a “pool”, meaning a reservoir or system which has the capacity to accumulate or release carbon stock de carbone quantité de carbone dans un «bassin», à savoir un réservoir ou un système pouvant accumuler ou libérer le carbone stock di carbonio quantità di carbonio accumulato in un "pool", ossia in un serbatoio o (agro)sistema che ha la capacità di accumulare o rilasciare carbonio koolstofvoorraad de hoeveelheid koolstof in een "pool", zijnde een compartiment of een systeem dat koolstof kan verzamelen of vrijgeven Kohlenstoffbestand Menge an Kohlenstoff in einem „Pool“, also einem Speicher oder System, der Kohlenstoff ansammeln oder freisetzen kann carrying capacity maximum supply of biological products and services that can be provided by the natural environment so that renewable resources are not depleted faster than they can be regenerated and that ecological systems remain viable capacité de charge quantité maximale de produits et services biologiques que l'environnement naturel peut fournir sans que les ressources renouvelables ne soient utilisées à un rythme supérieur à leur rythme de regénération et en garantissant la viabilité des systèmes écologiques capacità portante quantità massima di servizi e prodotti biologici che l'ambiente naturale può fornire affinché le risorse rinnovabili non si esauriscano più rapidamente di quanto possano rigenerarsi e affinché si garantisca la vitalità dei sistemi ecologici draagkracht maximale hoeveelheid biologische producten en diensten die de natuurlijke omgeving kan leveren, zonder dat hernieuwbare hulpbronnen sneller worden opgebruikt dan ze regenereren, zodat de ecosystemen levensvatbaar blijven Tragfähigkeit Angebot biologischer Produkte und Dienstleistungen, das maximal über die Natur bereitgestellt werden kann, damit erneuerbare Ressourcen nicht schneller erschöpft werden, als sie wieder aufgebaut werden können, und Ökosysteme lebensfähig bleiben chemical commercial waste waste arising from any trade or business, industrial or commercial activities déchets chimiques commerciaux déchets résultant de tout commerce ou entreprise, de toute activité industrielle ou commerciale rifiuti chimici da attività commerciali rifiuti derivanti da qualsiasi attività professionale, aziendale, commerciale o industriale chemisch bedrijfsafval alle afval dat afkomstig is van een handel of bedrijf, van industriële of commerciële activiteiten Abfälle der chemischen Industrie Abfälle aus Handel, Gewerbe, Industrie- oder Geschäftstätigkeiten circular economy An economy in which the value of products, materials and resources is maintained in the economy for as long as possible, and the generation of waste minimised climate change impact Consequences of climate change on natural and human systems effets du changement climatique conséquences du changement climatique sur les systèmes naturels et humains impatto dei cambiamenti climatici le conseguenze del cambiamento climatico sui sistemi naturali e umani gevolgen van klimaatverandering gevolgen van de klimaatverandering voor natuurlijke en menselijke systemen Folgen des Klimawandels Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf Umwelt und Menschen climate policy government or private actions designed to lower anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, or to adapt to climate change politique en matière de changement climatique actions prises par les gouvernements ou des entités privées pour diminuer les émissions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre (GES), ou pour s'adapter au changement climatique politica in materia di cambiamenti climatici azioni governative o private volte a ridurre le emissioni di gas a effetto serra (GHG) di origine antropica oppure ad adattarsi ai cambiamenti climatici klimaatbeleid overheids- of particuliere maatregelen ter verlaging van door de mens veroorzaakte broeikasgasemissies of ter aanpassing aan de klimaatverandering Klimapolitik Maßnahmen der Regierung oder des Privatsektors zur Senkung der anthropogenen Treibhausgasemissionen oder zur Anpassung an den Klimawandel climate regulation Influence of land cover and biological mediated processes that regulate atmospheric processes and weather patterns which in turn create the microclimate in which different plants and animals (including humans) live and function climate zone any of the eight principal zones, roughly demarcated by lines of latitude, into which the earth can be divided on the basis of climate zone climatique chacune des huit zones principales de la Terre, délimitées de manière approximative par les lignes de latitude, qui se distingue par son climat zona climatica una delle otto zone principali, delimitate approssimativamente da linee di latitudine, in cui è possibile dividere la Terra sulla base del clima klimaatzone een van de acht grote zones, ruwweg afgebakend door breedtecirkels, waarin de aarde kan worden verdeeld op basis van het klimaat Klimazone eine beliebige der acht Hauptzonen, die grob durch Längengrade gekennzeichnet sind, in die sich die Erde anhand klimatischer Bedingungen einteilen lässt aerodynamic noise Acoustic noise caused by turbulent airflow over the surface of a body. bruit aérodynamique rumore aerodinamico aërodynamisch geluid Aerodynamisches Geräusch clinical waste any waste that consists wholly or partly of Human or animal tissue, Blood or bodily fluids, Excretions, Drugs or other pharmaceutical products, Swabs or dressings, Syringes, needles or other sharp instruments which, unless rendered safe, may prove hazardous to any person coming into contact with it coal gas desulfurization coastal flooding Flooding of normally dry, low-lying coastal land, primarily caused by severe weather events along the coast, estuaries, and adjoining rivers. collaborative consumption ways that allow consumers to obtain products or services more effectively and resource-efficiently, involving fundamentally changing the ways that consumer demands are met, including shifting from individual decisions to organised or collective demand consommation collaborative moyens permettant aux consommateurs d'obtenir des produits ou des services de manière plus efficace et en utilisant au mieux les ressources, qui impliquent un changement fondamental dans la réponse à la demande des consommateurs, y compris le fait de passer de décisions individuelles à une demande organisée ou collective consumo collaborativo modalità che consentono ai consumatori di ottenere prodotti o servizi in maniera più efficace ed efficiente in termini di risorse, che prevedono un cambiamento radicale dei modi in cui le richieste dei consumatori sono soddisfatte, nonché il passaggio da decisioni individuali a una domanda organizzata o collettiva samenwerkingsconsumptie manieren die consumenten in staat stellen om doeltreffender en hulpbronefficiënter producten of diensten te verkrijgen, waarbij op een fundamenteel andere manier in de behoeften van de consument wordt voorzien, onder andere door een verschuiving van individuele beslissingen naar een georganiseerde of collectieve vraag gemeinschaftlicher Konsum Möglichkeiten für Verbraucher, effektiver und ressourceneffizienter an Produkte oder Dienstleistungen zu gelangen, wobei sich die Art und Weise, wie die Nachfrage der Verbraucher gedeckt wird, grundlegend ändert, indem etwa individuelle Entscheidungen zunehmend von organisierter oder gemeinsamer Nachfrage abgelöst werden commercial waste Waste from premises used mainly for the purposes of a trade or business or for the purpose of sport, recreation, education or entertainment, but excluding household, agricultural or industrial waste construction waste mineral materials occurring in the process of demolition, renovation and alteration works on edifices and building parts déchets de construction matériaux minéraux provenant de travaux de démolition, d’assainissement ou de transformation d’ouvrages ou d’éléments de construction rifiuti da costruzione materiali minerali risultanti dai lavori di demolizione, ristrutturazione e trasformazione di edifici e parti di edifici bouwafval minerale materialen die als afval ontstaan bij het slopen, renoveren en verbouwen van gebouwen en delen daarvan Bauabfälle mineralische Stoffe, die bei Abriss-, Renovierungs- oder Umbauarbeiten an Gebäuden und Gebäudeteilen anfallen consumption behaviour study of individuals, groups, or organizations and the processes they use to select, secure, use, and dispose of products, services, experiences, or ideas to satisfy needs and the impacts that these processes have on the consumer and society covered anaerobic lagoon Anaerobic lagoon covered with a flexible membrane to capture methane produced during the digestion process crop residue Materials left in an agricultural field or orchard after the crop has been harvested. These residues include stalks and stubble (stems), leaves, and seed pods. The residue can be ploughed directly into the ground, or burned first. Good management of field residues can increase efficiency of irrigation and control of erosion. cropland management any activity resulting from a system of practices applicable to land on which agricultural crops are grown and on land that is set aside or temporarily not being used for crop production gestion des terres cultivées toute activité résultant d'un ensemble de pratiques applicables sur des terres où l'on pratique l'agriculture et sur des terres qui font l'objet d'un gel ou qui ne sont temporairement pas utilisées pour la production de cultures gestione delle terre coltivate qualsiasi attività risultante da un sistema di pratiche applicabili a un terreno adibito a colture agricole e a un terreno ritirato dalla produzione o temporaneamente non adibito alla produzione di colture akkerlandbeheer elke activiteit die resulteert uit een systeem van praktijken die worden toegepast op grond waarop landbouwgewassen worden geteeld en grond die braak ligt of tijdelijk niet wordt gebruikt voor gewasteelt Ackerbewirtschaftung jede Tätigkeit im Rahmen eines flächenbaulichen Systems zur Bewirtschaftung von Anbauflächen, stillgelegten Flächen oder vorübergehend brach liegenden Flächen coal technology The processing of coal to make gaseous and liquid fuels. technologie du charbon tecnologia del carbone kolentechnologie Kohletechnologie cultivated species Species in which the evolutionary process has been influenced by humans to meet their needs cultural ecosystem services Non-material benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, reflection, recreation and aesthetic experience dead organic matter matter composed of organic compounds that has come from the remains of organisms such as plants and animals and their waste products in the environment decoupling The use of less resources per unit of economic output and reducing the environmental impact of any resources that are used or economic activities that are undertaken degradable plastic waste waste designed to degrade under environmental conditions or in municipal and industrial biological waste treatment facilities degradable waste waste not subject to or capable of degradation or decomposition development policy policy of the European Union which has as a primary objective the eradication of poverty in the context of sustainable development, including pursuit of the MDGs, as well as the promotion of democracy, good governance and respect for human rights politique de développement politique de l'Union européenne qui a pour principal objectif l'éradication de la pauvreté dans le contexte du développement durable, notamment la réalisation des OMD, ainsi que la promotion de la démocratie, de la bonne gouvernance et du respect des droits de l'homme politica di sviluppo politica dell'Unione europea che ha come obiettivo primario l'eliminazione della povertà nel contesto dello sviluppo sostenibile, anche attraverso il perseguimento degli obiettivi di sviluppo del millennio, oltre alla promozione della democrazia, del buon governo e del rispetto dei diritti umani ontwikkelingsbeleid beleid van de Europese Unie met als voornaamste doel de uitroeiing van armoede tegen de achtergrond van duurzame ontwikkeling, met inbegrip van verwezenlijking van de millenniumdoelstellingen (MDG's) en de bevordering van democratie, goed bestuur en eerbiediging van de mensenrechten Entwicklungspolitik Politik der Europäischen Union, zu deren obersten Zielen die Verringerung der Armut im Rahmen einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung gehört, wozu auch die Verwirklichung der Millenniums-Entwicklungsziele sowie die Förderung der Demokratie, der verantwortungsvollen Staatsführung und der Achtung der Menschenrechte zählen direct greenhouse gas emissions Emissions from sources that are owned or controlled by the reporting entity disaster risk convergence of hazards with the vulnerability of those exposed to them risque de catastrophe convergence d'aléas et des conditions de vulnérabilité des personnes y étant exposées rischio di disastri combinazione della probabilità che si produca un evento e le sue conseguenze negative rampenrisico convergentie van gevaren en kwetsbaarheid van degenen die eraan zijn blootgesteld Katastrophenrisiko Konvergenz von Gefahren und der Anfälligkeit derjenigen, die ihnen ausgesetzt sind dissolved inorganic nitrogen The sum of nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium coast A line or zone where the land meets the sea or some other large expanse of water. côte costa kust Küste domestic material consumption total amount of materials directly used in the economy minus the materials that are exported consommation intérieure de matières quantité totale de matières directement utilisées dans l'économie, diminuée des matières exportées consumo interno di materiale quantità totale di materiali impiegati direttamente nell'economia meno i materiali che vengono esportati binnenlands materiaalverbruik totale hoeveelheid materiaal die direct wordt gebruikt in de economie minus het materiaal dat wordt uitgevoerd inländischer Materialverbrauch Gesamtentnahme an direkt verwertetem Material innerhalb einer Volkswirtschaft abzüglich der physischen Ausfuhren domesticated species Species in which the evolutionary process has been influenced by humans to meet their needs dry manure management system solid storage, dry feedlots, deep pit stacks, and daily spreading of the manure, as well as unmanaged manure from animals grazing on pasture dynamical ice loss ice sheet disintegration via sliding towards the sea accelerated by warming and precipitaion increase amounts earth observation gathering of information about planet Earth’s physical, chemical and biological systems via remote sensing technologies, usually involving satellites carrying imaging devices observation de la Terre collecte d'informations à propos des systèmes physiques, chimiques et biologiques de la planète Terre au moyen de technologies de télédétection, généralement des satellites munis de dispositifs de prise de vues osservazione della Terra raccolta di informazioni sui sistemi fisici, chimici e biologici del pianeta Terra attraverso le tecnologie di telerilevamento, solitamente utilizzando satelliti dotati di dispositivi di acquisizione delle immagini aardobservatie het verzamelen van informatie over de fysieke, chemische en biologische systemen van de planeet Aarde via teledetectietechnologie, meestal met behulp van satellieten die voorzien zijn van beeldvormingsapparatuur Erdbeobachtung Zusammentragen von Informationen über die physikalischen, chemischen und biologischen Systeme auf dem Planeten Erde mit Hilfe von Fernerkundungstechnologien, meist unter Einsatz von Satelliten mit Bildaufnahmegeräten ecological capacity ecosystems' capacity to produce biological materials used by people and to absorb waste material generated by humans, under current management schemes and extraction technologies capacité écologique capacité des écosystèmes à produire des ressources biologiques utilisées par les individus ainsi qu'à absorber les déchets générés par l'activité humaine, dans le cadre des programmes de gestion actuels et des techniques d'extraction existantes biocapacità la capacità degli ecosistemi di produrre materia biologica utile e di assorbire rifiuti generati dall’uomo, usando le pratiche agricole dominanti e la tecnologia prevalente biocapaciteit het vermogen van een ecosysteem om biologische materialen te produceren die worden gebruikt door mensen en om het door mensen geproduceerde afval op te nemen, volgens de actuele beheersystemen en extractietechnieken ökologische Kapazität Kapazität des Ökosystems, biologische Materialien herzustellen, die von Menschen verbraucht werden, und Abfallmaterialien zu absorbieren, die von Menschen erzeugt werden, unter Berücksichtigung aktueller Managementsysteme und Extraktionstechnologien ecological civilisation balancing economic development and the protection of nature civilisation écologique trouver le juste équilibre entre le développement économique et la protection de la nature civiltà ecologica il giusto equilibrio fra sviluppo economico e tutela della natura ecologische beschaving evenwicht tussen economische ontwikkeling en de bescherming van de natuur ökologische Zivilisation Streben nach einem Gleichgewicht zwischen Wirtschaftsentwicklung und Naturschutz ecological corridor A corridor as a narrow, linear (or near-linear) piece of habitat that connects two larger patches of habitat that are surrounded by a nonhabitat matrix, thereby facilitating movements of animals and dispersal of plants and other organsisms. ecological footprint area of productive land and water ecosystems required to produce the resources that the population consumes and assimilate the wastes that the population produces, wherever on Earth the land and water is located empreinte écologique surface de terre productive et d'écosystèmes aquatiques nécessaires à la production des ressources utilisées et à l'assimilation des déchets produits par la population, quel que soit l'endroit sur la planète où se situent ces terres et écosystèmes impronta ecologica area totale di terreni produttivi ed ecosistemi acquatici richiesta per produrre le risorse che la popolazione umana consuma ed assimilare i rifiuti che la popolazione stessa produce, in ogni parte del pianeta terra ecologische voetafdruk oppervlakte aan productieve land- en waterecosystemen die nodig is om de hulpbronnen te produceren die de bevolking gebruikt en het afval dat die bevolking produceert, te kunnen verwerken, waar op aarde de grond en het water zich ook bevinden ökologischer Fußabdruck Bereich produktiver Land- und Wasserökosysteme, die zur Herstellung der von der Bevölkerung verbrauchten Ressourcen und zur Aufnahme der von der Bevölkerung erzeugten Abfälle notwendig sind, ohne Berücksichtigung der Lage dieser Land- und Wasserflächen auf der Erde ecological resilience ability of an ecological or socio-ecological system and its components to anticipate, reduce, accommodate, or recover from the effects of a hazardous event or trend in a timely and efficient manner résilience écologique capacité d'un système écologique ou socio-écologique et de ses composantes à anticiper, réduire, s'adapter à ou surmonter les effets d'un évènement ou d'une tendance présentant un danger de façon rapide et efficace resilienza ecologica la capacità di un sistema ecologico o socio-ecologico e dei suoi componenti di anticipare, ridurre, accogliere o riprendersi dagli effetti di tendenze o eventi pericolosi in modo tempestivo ed efficiente ecologische veerkracht vermogen van een ecologisch of sociaalecologisch systeem en de componenten ervan om tijdig en efficiënt de gevolgen van een gevaarlijke gebeurtenis of tendens te voorzien, te beperken, ermee om te gaan of ervan te herstellen ökologische Widerstandsfähigkeit Fähigkeit eines ökologischen oder sozioökologischen Systems und seiner Bestandteile, die Auswirkungen gefährlicher Ereignisse oder Entwicklungen schnell und effizient vorherzusehen, zu reduzieren, auf sie zu reagieren und sich von ihnen zu erholen coastal area The areas of land and sea bordering the shoreline and extending seaward through the breaker zone. zone côtière zona costiera kustgebied Küstengebiet ecological status Expression of the quality of the structure and functioning of aquatic ecosystems associated with surface waters, classified in accordance with Annex V of the Water Framework Directive. economic resilience Ability of an economy to withstand or recover from the effects of exogeneous shocks ecosystem assessment Social process through which the findings of science concerning the causes of ecosystem change, their consequences for human well-being, and management and policy options are brought to bear on the needs of decision-makers ecosystem boundary Spatial delimitation of an ecosystem, typically based on discontinuities in the distribution of organisms, the biophysical environment (soil types, drainage basins, depth in a water body), and spatial interactions (home ranges, migration patterns, fluxes of matter) confine di ecosistema la delimitazione spaziale di un ecosistema, che si basa in genere sulla discontinuità nella distribuzione degli organismi, l'ambiente biofisico (tipi di suolo, bacini di drenaggio, profondità di un corpo idrico) e le interazioni spaziali (home range, modelli di migrazione, flussi di materia) ecosysteemgrenzen ruimtelijke afbakening van een ecosysteem, doorgaans gebaseerd op onderbrekingen in de verspreiding van organismen, de biofysische omgeving (bodemtypes, stroomgebieden, diepte in een waterlichaam) en ruimtelijke interacties (activiteitsgebieden, migratiepatronen, materiestromen) Ökosystemgrenze räumliche Abgrenzung eines Ökosystems, in der Regel basierend auf Unterbrechungen in der Verteilung der Organismen, der biophysikalischen Umgebung (Bodenarten, Einzugsgebiete, Tiefe eines Wasserkörpers) und den räumlichen Interaktionen (Reviere, Wanderverhalten, Stoffflüsse) ecosystem interaction exchanges of materials, energy, and information within and among ecosystems interactions des écosystèmes échange de matière, d'énergie et d'informations au sein des écosystèmes et entre ceux-ci interazione ecosistemica scambi di materiali, energia e informazioni all'interno di un ecosistema e tra ecosistemi ecosysteeminteractie uitwisselingen van materialen, energie en informatie in en tussen ecosystemen Ökosysteminteraktion Austausch von Materialien, Energie und Informationen innerhalb und zwischen Ökosystemen ecosystem management integrated process to conserve and improve ecosystem health that sustains ecosystem services ecosystem process intrinsic ecosystem characteristic whereby an ecosystem maintains its integrity ecosystem resilience capacity of an ecosystem to tolerate disturbance without collapsing into a qualitatively or quantitatively different state that is controlled by a different set of processes ecosystem services benefits that people obtain from ecosystems contributing to human well-being services écosystémiques bienfaits que les hommes obtiennent des écosystèmes et qui contribuent au bien-être humain servizi ecosistemici i vantaggi che gli ecosistemi forniscono alle persone contribuendo al loro benessere ecosysteemdiensten voordelen die mensen genieten van ecosystemen die bijdragen aan het menselijk welzijn Ökosystemdienstleistungen Vorteile, die Menschen dadurch erhalten, dass Ökosysteme zu ihrem Wohl beitragen ecosystem stability system's ability to minimize dynamic fluctuation and to defy change focusing on the ability to resist exotic species, temporal stability, resistance and resilience ecosystem vulnerability Exposure to contingencies and stress, and the difficulty in coping with them vulnérabilité des écosystèmes exposition à des imprévus et à du stress, et difficulté à y faire face vulnerabilità ecosistemica esposizione a rischi e stress e la difficoltà nel farvi fronte ecosysteemkwetsbaarheid blootstelling aan risico's en stress en de moeilijkheid daarmee om te gaan Ökosystemanfälligkeit Exposition gegenüber unvorhergesehenen Ereignissen und Beanspruchung und die Schwierigkeit beim Umgang mit ihnen ecosystem-based approach strategy for the integrated management of land, water, and living resources that promotes conservation and sustainable use based on the application of appropriate scientific methods focused on levels of biological organization, which encompass the essential structure, processes, functions, and interactions among organisms and their environment ecosystem-based management approach to maintaining or restoring the composition, structure, function, and delivery of services of natural and modified ecosystems for the goal of achieving sustainability, based on an adaptive, collaboratively developed vision of desired future conditions that integrates ecological, socioeconomic, and institutional perspectives, applied within a geographic framework, and defined primarily by natural ecological boundaries effectiveness evaluation comparing the effects of a measure, its outcomes and/or impacts, to its explicitly stated objectives évaluation de l'efficacité comparaison des effets d'une mesure, de ses résultats et/ou de son incidence avec ses objectifs explicites valutazione dell'efficacia mettere a confronto gli effetti di una misura, i suoi risultati e/o impatti, con gli obiettivi dichiarati esplicitamente effectiviteitsbeoordeling het vergelijken van de effecten van een maatregel, de resultaten en/of gevolgen, met de uitdrukkelijk gestelde doelstellingen ervan Effektivitätsbewertung Vergleich der Auswirkungen einer Maßnahme, ihrer Ergebnisse und/oder Folgen mit ihren ausdrücklich festgelegten Zielen efficient material use providing material services with less material through recyclability, element reusability and waste reduction emission allowance entitlement to emit a tonne of carbon dioxide, or an amount of any other greenhouse gas with an equivalent global warming potential, during a specified period quota d'émission autorisation d'émettre une tonne de dioxyde de carbone, ou de tout autre gaz à effet de serre présentant un potentiel de réchauffement planétaire équivalent, au cours d'une période spécifiée quota di emissione il diritto di emettere una tonnellata di biossido di carbonio, o una quantità di qualsiasi altro gas serra con un potenziale equivalente di riscaldamento globale, per un periodo determinato emissierecht recht om gedurende een bepaalde periode één ton kooldioxide, of een hoeveelheid van een ander broeikasgas met een gelijkwaardig aardopwarmingspotentieel, uit te stoten Emissionsberechtigung Anspruch auf Emission einer Tonne Kohlendioxid oder einer Menge eines beliebigen anderen Treibhausgases mit einem gleichwertigen Treibhauspotenzial während eines bestimmten Zeitraums emission allowance trading Tradable-permit system in which a greenhouse gases emitter (firm or country under obligation to limit its total air pollution emissions to a specified level) can buy/sell permission to emit a certain amount of emissions from/to other emitters (who are below/above their limit) emission estimation the process of calculating emissions and/or removals emission levels quantified emission limitation or reduction commitments, expressed in tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent, for the purpose of determining the emission levels allocated to the Community and its Member States subject to Article 4 of the Kyoto Protocol quantités d'émissions engagements chiffrés de limitation ou de réduction des émissions, expri- més en tonnes équivalent dioxyde de carbone, afin d'établir les quantités d'émissions attri- buées respectivement à la Communauté européenne et à ses États membres conformément à l'article 4 du proto- cole de Kyoto livello di emissione impegni quantificati di limitazione o riduzione delle emissioni, espressi in tonnellate di CO2 equivalente, allo scopo di stabilire i livelli di emissione rispettivamente assegnati all'Unione europea e ai suoi Stati membri in conformità dell'articolo 4 del protocollo di Kyoto emissieniveau gekwantificeerde verplichtingen inzake emissiebeperking of -reductie, uitgedrukt in ton kooldioxide-equivalent, voor de vaststelling van de respectieve emissieniveaus die met inachtneming van artikel 4 van het Protocol van Kyoto aan de Europese Gemeenschap en haar lidstaten zijn toegewezen Emissionsmengen quantifizierte Emissionsbegrenzungs- und -reduktionsverpflichtungen, die als Tonnen Kohlendioxidäquivalent ausgedrückt werden, zur Bestimmung der Emissionsmengen, die der Gemeinschaft und ihren Mitgliedstaaten entsprechend Artikel 4 des Kyoto-Protokolls zugeteilt werden emissions trading scheme key policy tool to ensure that Europe and other countries reach their greenhouse reduction targets, with the least cost, by changing pricing systems, essential for triggering the resource‑efficient green economy transformation process with the EU Emissions Trading Scheme(EU ETS) as the pillar of the future global carbon market système d'échange de quotas d'émission instrument politique clé destiné à veiller à ce que les pays européens et les pays tiers atteignent leurs objectifs de réduction des gaz à effet de serre à moindre coût, en modifiant les systèmes de tarification, ce qui est essentiel pour déclencher le processus de transformation vers une économie verte utilisant efficacement les ressources, le système d'échange de quotas d'émission de l'Union européenne (SEQE-UE) constituant le pilier du futur marché mondial du carbone sistema di scambio di quote di emissione strumento politico chiave per garantire che l'Europa e altri paesi conseguano i loro obiettivi di riduzione dei gas a effetto serra, al minor costo e modificando i sistemi di fissazione dei prezzi, indispensabili per innescare il processo di trasformazione verso un'economia sostenibile ed efficiente in materia di gestione delle risorse, con i sistemi di scambio di quote di emissioni (EU ETS) come pilastro del futuro mercato globale del carbonio regeling voor de emissiehandel belangrijk beleidsinstrument om ervoor te zorgen dat Europa en andere landen tegen zo laag mogelijke kosten hun nagestreefde broeikasgasemissiereductie halen door de beprijzingsstelsels aan te passen, wat van essentieel belang is om het hulpbronnenefficiënt transformatieproces van de groene economie met de EU-regeling voor de emissiehandel (EU ETS) als de pijler van de toekomstige mondiale koolstofmarkt in gang te zetten Emissionshandelssystem zentrales politisches Instrument, mit dem sichergestellt wird, dass Europa und andere Länder ihre Zielvorgaben für die Treibhausgasreduktion durch die Veränderung von Preissystemen möglichst kostengünstig erfüllen, was unverzichtbar ist, um den Umwandlungsprozess in eine ressourcenschonende, umweltgerechte Wirtschaft auszulösen, wobei das Emissionshandelssystem der EU (EU-EHS) als Grundpfeiler des zukünftigen weltweiten Kohlenstoffmarktes dient coastal development Concentration of human settlements, infrastructures and economical activities along the coasts, being these areas very favourable for trade, communication and marine resources exploitation; the impact of the accelerated population growth and of the industrial and touristic development in these areas has caused the disruption of the ecological integrity of the coastal zones. développement du littoral sviluppo lungo la costa kustontwikkeling Küstenentwicklung energy intake total number of calories taken in daily whether ingested or by parenteral routes environment action programme programme which provides the framework for European Union action in the field of the environment programme d'action pour l'environnement programme qui définit le cadre de l'action de l'Union européenne dans le domaine de l'environnement programma di azione per l’ambiente programma che istituisce un quadro per l’azione dell'UE in materia di ambiente milieuactieprogramma programma dat het kader verschaft voor het milieuoptreden van de Europese Unie Umweltaktionsprogramm Programm, das den Rahmen für die Tätigkeit der Europäischen Union im Umweltbereich bildet environment reporting presentation of unbiased scientific data and information relating to the environment, providing insights into the state of the environment, to provide the basis for informed decision making so that individuals and policy-makers can take positive action environmental burden any activity affecting the environment or any consequence of such activity which, exclusively or simultaneously, has caused or continues to cause environmental pollution, environmental risk or the use of a natural asset environmental degradation Environmental degradation is a process through which the natural environment is compromised in some way, reducing biological diversity and the general health of the environment. This process can be entirely natural in origin, or it can be accelerated or caused by human activities. Many international organizations recognize environmental degradation as one of the major threats facing the planet, since humans have only been given one Earth to work with, and if the environment becomes irreparably compromised, it could mean the end of human existence. environmental footprint environmental impact of a product, a service, and/or a company, over its lifecycle empreinte environnementale impact environnemental d'un produit, d'un service et/ou d'une entreprise tout au long de son cycle de vie impronta ambientale impatto ambientale dei prodotti, dei servizi e/o delle aziende nel corso del loro ciclo di vita milieuvoetafdruk de milieueffecten van een product, dienst en/of onderneming gedurende zijn/haar levenscyclus Auswirkungen auf die Umwelt Umwelteinfluss eines Produktes, einer Dienstleistung und/oder eines Unternehmens während des gesamten Lebenszyklus environmental governance rules, processes and behaviour that affect the way powers are exercised at European level in the field of environmental policies, particularly as regards openness, participation, accountability, effectiveness and coherence gouvernance environnementale règles, processus et comportements qui affectent l'exercice du pouvoir au niveau européen dans le domaine des politiques environnementales, en particulier en ce qui concerne l'ouverture, la participation, la responsabilité, l'efficacité et la cohérence governance ambientale norme, processi e comportamenti che influiscono sul modo in cui viene esercitato il potere a livello europeo nell'ambito delle politiche ambientali, in particolare per quanto riguarda apertura, partecipazione, responsabilità, efficacia e coerenza ecologisch bestuur regels, processen en gedragingen die van invloed zijn op de manier waarop bevoegdheden op Europees niveau worden uitgeoefend op het vlak van milieubeleid, met name wat betreft openheid, betrokkenheid, verantwoordingsplicht, doeltreffendheid en samenhang Umweltmanagement Regeln, Prozesse und Verhaltensweisen, die, vor allem im Hinblick auf Offenheit, Teilnahme, Rechenschaftspflicht, Effizienz und Kohärenz, die Ausübung von Befugnissen auf europäischer Ebene im Bereich Umweltpolitik beeinflussen environmental health risks any environmental factor that might give rise to the damage of human or animal health environmental liability regulations EU law Directive on enforcement of claims to improve the environment environmental management system Set of processes and practices that enable an organization to reduce its environmental impacts and increase its operating efficiency coastal ecosystem Marine environments bounded by the coastal land margin (seashore) and the continental shelf 100-200 m below sea level. Ecologically, the coastal and nearshore zones grade from shallow water depths, influenced by the adjacent landmass and input from coastal rivers and estuaries, to the continental shelf break, where oceanic processes predominate. Among the unique marine ecosystems associated with coastal and nearshore waterbodies are seaweed-dominated communities, coral reefs and upwellings. écosystème côtier ecosistema litoraneo kustecosysteem Küstenökosystem environmental pressure Pressures resulting from human activities which bring about changes in the state of the environment environmental regulation laws to reduce the damages to ecosystems, resources, or people more generally, arising from human activity règlements environnementaux lois destinées à réduire les dommages causés par l'activité humaine aux écosystèmes, aux ressources ou, de manière plus générale, à l'humanité normativa ambientale leggi intese a ridurre i danni nei confronti degli ecosistemi, delle risorse o, più in generale, delle persone e derivanti dalle attività umane milieuvoorschriften wetten om de schade aan ecosystemen, hulpbronnen of mensen in het algemeen, die het gevolg is van menselijke activiteit, te beperken Umweltvorschriften Rechtsvorschriften zur Reduzierung von Schäden an Ökosystemen, Ressourcen oder Personen im Allgemeinen, die durch menschliche Tätigkeiten entstehen environmental space quantity of energy, water, land, non-renewable raw materials and wood used in a sustainable fashion espace environnemental quantité d'énergie, d'eau, de terres, de matières premières non renouvelables et de bois utilisés de manière durable spazio ambientale quantità di energia, acqua, suolo, legno e materie prime non rinnovabili utilizzati in maniera sostenibile milieugebruiksruimte hoeveelheid energie, water, grond, niet-hernieuwbare grondstoffen en hout die op een duurzame manier wordt gebruikt Umweltraum Menge an Energie, Wasser, Fläche, nicht erneuerbaren Rohstoffen und Holz, die nachhaltig genutzt werden kann environmental sustainability A state in which the demands placed on the environment can be met without reducing its capacity to allow all people to live well, now and in the future. EU emissions trading scheme largest cap-and-trade scheme in the world and the core instrument for Kyoto compliance in the EU, launched in January 2005 système d'échange de quotas d'émission de l'Union européenne plus important système de plafonnement et d'échange dans le monde et principal instrument de mise en conformité avec les objectifs de Kyoto dans l'UE, lancé en janvier 2015 sistema di scambio di quote di emissione dell'UE il più grande sistema al mondo per la limitazione e lo scambio di carbonio e lo strumento principale dell'UE per rispettare l'accordo di Kyoto; è stato avviato nel gennaio 2005 EU-regeling voor de emissiehandel s werelds omvangrijkste regeling inzake uitstootbeperking en emissiehandel, het kerninstrument om de naleving van het Protocol van Kyoto in de EU te waarborgen, van start gegaan in januari 2005 Emissionshandelssystem der EU weltweit größtes Handelssystem mit festen Emissionsobergrenzen und das zentrale Instrument für die Einhaltung des Kyoto-Protokolls in der EU, im Januar 2005 eingeführt European Environmental Information and Observation Network partnership network of the European Environment Agency (EEA) and its member and cooperating countries aiming to provide timely and quality-assured data, information and expertise for assessing the state of the environment in Europe and the pressures acting upon it by enabling policy-makers to decide on appropriate measures for protecting the environment at national and European level and to monitor the effectiveness of policies and measures implemented réseau européen d'information et d'observation pour l'environnement réseau de partenariat de l'Agence européenne pour l'environnement (AEE) et de ses pays membres et coopérants qui vise à fournir des données, des informations et une expertise de qualité et en temps opportun pour évaluer l'état de l'environnement en Europe et les pressions subies par celui-ci en permettant aux décideurs politiques d'adopter des mesures appropriées pour la protection de l'environnement au niveau national et européen et d'évaluer l'efficacité des politiques et des mesures mises en place Rete europea di informazione e osservazione ambientale rete di partenariato dell'Agenzia europea dell'ambiente (AEA) e dei suoi membri e paesi cooperanti intesa a fornire dati tempestivi e di qualità garantita, informazioni e competenze per la valutazione dello stato dell'ambiente in Europa e le pressioni che agiscono su di esso, consentendo ai responsabili politici di decidere le misure appropriate al fine di proteggere l'ambiente a livello nazionale ed europeo e monitorare l'efficacia delle politiche e delle misure attuate Europees milieuobservatie- en informatienetwerk samenwerkingsverband tussen het Europees Milieuagentschap (EMA) en de aangesloten en samenwerkende landen, met het doel actuele en correcte gegevens, informatie en deskundigheid te leveren om de toestand van het milieu in Europa en de bedreigingen waaraan het onderhevig is, te evalueren door beleidsmakers in staat te stellen passende maatregelen te nemen om het milieu op nationaal en Europees niveau te beschermen en de effectiviteit van maatregelen en beleid te bewaken Europäisches Umweltinformations- und Umweltbeobachtungsnetz Partnerschaftsnetzwerk der Europäischen Umweltagentur (EUA) sowie ihrer Mitgliedsländer und teilnehmenden Länder, das das Ziel hat, aktuelle und qualitätsgesicherte Daten, Informationen und Fachkenntnisse zur Bewertung des Zustands und der Belastungen der Umwelt in Europa bereitzustellen, indem es politischen Entscheidungsträgern ermöglicht, über geeignete Maßnahmen für den Schutz der Umwelt auf nationaler und europäischer Ebene zu entscheiden und die Effektivität durchgeführter Strategien und Maßnahmen zu überwachen ex-situ conservation Conservation of components of biological diversity outside their natural habitats conservation ex situ conservation d'éléments de la diversité biologique en dehors de leur milieu naturel conservazione ex situ conservazione degli elementi della diversità biologica al di fuori dei loro habitat naturali behoud ex situ behoud van bestanddelen van de biologische diversiteit buiten hun natuurlijke habitats Ex-situ-Erhaltung Erhaltung von Bestandteilen der biologischen Vielfalt außerhalb ihrer natürlichen Lebensräume feedback loop vicious or virtuous circle accelerating or decelerating a warming trend in climate change fertiliser consumption Sum of nitrogen (N), phosphate (P2O5) and potash (K2O) used in agriculture consommation d'engrais total d'azote (N), de phosphate (P2O5) et de potasse (K2O) utilisé dans l'agriculture consumo di fertilizzanti somma di azoto (AND), fosfato (P2O5) e ossido di potassio (K2O) utilizzati in agricoltura messtofgebruik totale hoeveelheid stikstof (N), fosfaat (P2O5) en kaliumcarbonaat (K2O) die wordt gebruikt in de landbouw Düngemittelverbrauch Summe an Stickstoff (N), Phosphat (P2O5) und Kaliumoxid (K2O), die in der Landwirtschaft verwendet werden fishing revenue income from catching, taking or harvesting of fish coastal environment The areas where the land masses meet the seas. Coastal environments include tidal wetlands, estuaries, bays, shallow near-shore waters, mangrove swamps, and in-shore reef systems. The critical habitats of these zones are: feeding, breeding, nursery, and resting areas. Coastal areas throughout the world are under enormous environmental stress, which is caused by a wide range of factors, including pollution and the destruction and deterioration of marine habitats. environnement côtier ambiente costiero kustmilieu Küstenregion flash flood A flood of short duration with a relatively high peak discharge usually having less than 6 hours between the occurrence of the rainfall and the peak. flood hazard combination of the probability of flooding and corresponding exposure characteristics such as flood depth, velocity, duration, rise rate, period of occurrence and water quality risque d'inondation combinaison de la probabilité d'inondation et des caractéristiques d'exposition correspondantes telles que la hauteur d'eau, la vitesse du courant, la durée, la vitesse de montée des eaux, la fréquence et la qualité des eaux pericolosità da alluvione combinazione della probabilità di alluvione e delle corrispondenti caratteristiche di esposizione come la profondità, la velocità, la durata dell'alluvione, la velocità di salita, il periodo e la qualità dell'acqua overstromingsgevaar combinatie van de waarschijnlijkheid van een overstroming en de daarmee verbonden blootstellingskenmerken, zoals overstromingsdiepte, snelheid, duur, stijgsnelheid, periode en waterkwaliteit Hochwassergefahr Kombination aus der Hochwasserwahrscheinlichkeit und den entsprechenden Risikomerkmalen, wie Höhe des Wassers, Geschwindigkeit, Dauer, Anstiegsrate, Ereigniszeitraum und Wasserqualität flood prevention preventing damage caused by floods by avoiding the construction of houses and industries in present and future flood-prone areas, as well as by adapting future developments to the risk of flooding and by promoting appropriate land-use, agricultural and forestry practices prévention des inondations prévention de dommages causés par les inondations en évitant la construction de maisons et d'industries dans des zones actuelles et futures qui sont sensibles aux inondations ainsi qu'en adaptant les développements futurs aux risques d'inondation et en promouvant une utilisation des sols appropriée et des pratiques agricoles et forestières prevenzione delle inondazioni prevenire i danni causati da inondazioni, evitando la costruzione di case e industrie in aree che presentano attualmente un rischio d'inondazione o possono presentarlo in futuro, nonché adattando i futuri sviluppi al rischio di inondazioni e promuovendo pratiche agricole, forestali e di uso del suolo appropriate overstromingspreventie het voorkomen van schade ten gevolge van overstromingen door geen huizen en bedrijfsgebouwen in actuele en toekomstige overstromingsgevoelige gebieden te bouwen en toekomstige ontwikkelingen aan te passen aan het overstromingsrisico en door gepaste praktijken inzake bodemgebruik, land- en bosbouw te bevorderen Hochwasservermeidung Vermeidung von Hochwasserschäden, indem möglichst keine Häuser oder Industrien in aktuell und zukünftig hochwassergefährdeten Gebieten gebaut werden, zukünftige Projekte an das Hochwasserrisiko angepasst werden und geeignete Flächennutzungspraktiken sowie land- und forstwirtschaftliche Verfahren gefördert werden flood risk management continuous and holistic societal analysis, assessment and reduction of flood risk gestion des risques d'inondation analyse sociétale, évaluation et réduction continue et globale des risques d'inondation gestione del rischio di alluvione analisi continua e olistica della società, la valutazione e la riduzione del rischio di alluvione overstromingsrisicobeheer voortdurende en allesomvattende maatschappelijke analyse, beoordeling en vermindering van het overstromingsrisico Management von Hochwasserrisiken kontinuierliche und ganzheitliche Gesellschaftsanalyse, Bewertung und Verringerung des Hochwasserrisikos food waste waste composed of raw or cooked food materials and includes food materials discarded before, during or after food preparation, in the process of manufacturing, distribution, retail or food service activities, and includes materials such as vegetable peelings, meat trimmings, and spoiled or excess ingredients or prepared food déchets alimentaires déchets composés d'aliments crus ou cuits, dont des aliments jetés avant, pendant ou après la préparation dans le cadre de la fabrication, de la distribution, de la vente au détail ou des activités de restauration, et qui comprennent des éléments tels qu' épluchures de légumes, des abats de boucherie, des ingrédients avariés ou en excédent ou des aliments préparés rifiuto alimentare rifiuti composti da alimenti cotti o crudi, che comprendono materiali alimentari scartati prima, durante o dopo la preparazione dei cibi, durante il processo di produzione, distribuzione, vendita al dettaglio o servizi di ristorazione, e comprendenti materiali come bucce di vegetali, ritagli di carne, e ingredienti o alimenti preparati deteriorati o in eccesso voedselafval afval bestaande uit rauwe of bereide voedingsmaterialen, waaronder levensmiddelen die worden weggegooid voor, tijdens of na de voedselbereiding bij productie-, distributie-, retail- of voedingsdienstactiviteiten, waaronder substanties als groenteschillen, vleesafsnijdsels en bedorven of overtollige ingrediënten of bereid voedsel Lebensmittelabfälle Abfall, der aus rohen oder zubereiteten Lebensmitteln besteht, einschließlich Lebensmitteln, die vor, während oder nach der Zubereitung, beim Herstellungsprozess, im Vertrieb, im Einzelhandel oder in der Gastronomie entsorgt werden, darunter Gemüseschalen, Fleischabschnitte sowie verdorbene oder überschüssige Zutaten oder Lebensmittelzubereitungen forest biodiversity all life forms found within forested areas and the ecological roles they perform biodiversité forestière toutes les formes de vie trouvées dans les zones forestières et leur rôle dans la nature biodiversità forestale tutte le forme di vita presenti all'interno di aree boschive e il ruolo ecologico che le stesse svolgono bosbiodiversiteit alle levensvormen in bosgebieden en de ecologische functies die ze vervullen Biodiversität im Wald alle Lebensformen in bewaldeten Flächen und ihre ökologischen Funktionen forested land under cultivated land or non-cultivated stands of trees of a size of more than 0.5 hectares with crown cover of more than 10 per cent and on which trees are able to grow to a height of 5 metes or more at maturity terre boisée Terre sous-cultivé ou peuplée d'arbres non cultivés de plus de 0,5 hectares dont le couvert est de plus de 10 pour cent et sur lequel les arbres peuvent grandir jusqu'à une hauteur de 5 mètres ou plus à maturité terreno boschivo terre insufficientemente coltivate o non coltivate con alberi, di dimensioni superiori a 0,5 ettari con una copertura arborea superiore al 10 percento e su cui gli alberi possono crescere fino a un'altezza di 5 metri o più una volta raggiunta la maturità bebost gebied ondergecultiveerd gebied of niet-gecultiveerde bomengroep met een oppervlakte van meer dan 0,5 hectare en met een kroonbedekking van meer dan 10 %, waarop bomen staan die in volwassen staat een hoogte van minimaal vijf meter kunnen bereiken forstwirtschaftlich genutzte Flächen kultivierte Flächen oder nicht kultivierte Baumbestände mit einer Fläche von mehr als 0,5 ha, wobei die Baumkronen mehr als 10 % bedecken und Bäume 5 m hoch oder höher werden können fossil fuel consumption total of the petroleum, coal and natural gas consumption consommation de combustibles fossiles consommation totale de pétrole, de charbon et de gaz naturel consumo di combustibili fossili consumo totale di petrolio, carbone e gas naturale verbruik van fossiele brandstoffen totale verbruik van aardolie, steenkool en aardgas Verbrauch fossiler Brennstoffe Gesamtverbrauch an Erdöl, Kohle und Erdgas fossil fuel gas freshwater quality Set of parameters considered to characterize the chemical, physical, and biological properties of freshwater fuel gas any one of a number of fuels that under ordinary conditions are gaseous functional food food that is taken as part of the usual diet and has beneficial effects that go beyond traditional nutritional effects aliment fonctionnel aliments ingérés dans le cadre de l'alimentation normale et possédant des bienfaits allant au-delà des effets nutritionnels traditionnels alimento funzionale cibo consumato nell'ambito della dieta abituale e ha effetti benefici che vanno oltre i tradizionali effetti nutrizionali functionele voeding voedsel dat genuttigd wordt als onderdeel van het normale dieet en heilzame effecten heeft die de traditionele voedingseffecten overstijgen funktionelle Lebensmittel Lebensmittel, die über die normale Ernährung aufgenommen werden und positive Auswirkungen haben, die über die herkömmliche ernährungsphysiologische Wirkung hinausgehen gas desulphurisation tbc emission inventory Dataset of all emission estimates, typically expressed by source for a particular pollutant, for a particular location and for a defined time span genetic material genes and other hereditary material in any biological material that can be transferred to other organisms with or without the help of technology, except for human genetic material global climate Climate is the average weather, or more rigorously, the statistical description in terms of the mean and variability of relevant quantities over a period of time ranging from months to thousands or millions of years. The classical period for averaging these variables is 30 years, as defined by the World Meteorological Organization. IPCC 2013 global mean temperature increase Gradual increase in global surface temperature, observed or projected, as one of the consequences of radiative forcing caused by anthropogenic emissions. global megatrends a widespread and long-term social, economic, environmental, political or technological change, occurring at the global scale, that is slow to form but has a major impact once in place global temperature increase good chemical status the chemical status required to meet the environmental objectives for surface waters established in Article 4(1)(a), that is the chemical status achieved by a body of surface water in which concentrations of pollutants do not exceed the environmental quality standards established in Annex IX and under Article 16(7), and under other relevant Community legislation setting environmental quality standards at Community level. coastal erosion The gradual wearing away of material from a coast by the action of sea water. érosion côtière erosione della costa kusterosie Küstenerosion good ecological status Status, when the values of the biological quality elements for the surface water body type show low levels of distortion resulting from human activity, but deviate only slightly from those normally associated with the surface water body type under undisturbed conditions. green economy economy in which policies and innovations enable society to use resources efficiently, enhancing human well‑being in an inclusive manner, while maintaining the natural systems that sustain us économie verte économie dans laquelle les politiques et les innovations permettent à la société d'utiliser les ressources de manière efficace, ce qui contribue à renforcer le bien-être humain d'une manière globale tout en préservant les systèmes naturels qui pourvoient à notre subsistance economia verde economia in cui le politiche e le innovazioni permettono alla società di utilizzare le risorse in modo efficiente, migliorando il benessere umano in maniera inclusiva, pur mantenendo i sistemi naturali che ci sostengono groene economie economie waarin beleid en innovaties het doeltreffend gebruik van hulpbronnen in de samenleving mogelijk maken, het menselijke welzijn op inclusieve wijze verbeteren en tegelijk de natuurlijke systemen die ons ondersteunen, in stand houden umweltgerechte Wirtschaft Wirtschaft, in der politische Maßnahmen und Innovationen der Gesellschaft ermöglichen, Ressourcen effizient zu nutzen, wodurch das menschliche Wohlbefinden auf integrative Art und Weise gesteigert wird und gleichzeitig die natürlichen Systeme, von denen die Menschheit abhängt, erhalten werden greenhouse gas emissions emissions covered by the Kyoto Protocol including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and three fluorinated gases, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) émissions de gaz à effet de serre émissions couvertes par le protocole de Kyoto comprenant les émissions de de dioxyde de carbone (CO2), de méthane (CH4), de protoxyde d'azote (N2O) et de trois gaz fluorés: les hydrocarbures fluorés (HFC), les perfluorocarbures (PFC) et l'hexafluorure de soufre (SF6) emissione di gas a effetto serra emissioni contemplate dal protocollo di Kyoto che includono biossido di carbonio (CO2), metano (CH4), protossido di azoto (N2O) e tre gas fluorurati, gli idrofluorocarburi (HFC), i perfluorocarburi (PFC) e l'esafluoruro di zolfo (SF6) broeikasgasemissie emissies waarop het Protocol van Kyoto betrekking heeft, waaronder van kooldioxide (CO2), methaan (CH4), stikstofoxide (N2O) en drie gefluoreerde gassen, fluorkoolwaterstoffen (HFK's), perfluorkoolstoffen (PFK's) en zwavelhexafluoride (SF6) Treibhausgasemissionen Emissionen, die im Kyoto-Protokoll aufgeführt sind, einschließlich Kohlendioxid (CO2), Methan (CH4) und Distickstoffoxid (N2O) sowie drei fluorierte Gase, teilhalogenierte Fluorkohlenwasserstoffe (HFKW), perfluorierte Kohlenwasserstoffe (FKW) und Schwefelhexafluorid (SF6) greenhouse gas protocol international accounting tool for government and business leaders to understand, quantify, and manage greenhouse gas emissions ground biomass All living biomass above the soil including stem, stump, branches, bark, seeds and foliage. biomasse aérienne toute biomasse vivante au-dessus du sol, y compris les tiges, les souches, les branches, l’écorce, les graines et le feuillage biomassa di superficie tutta la biomassa vivente che si trova in superficie, compresi steli, ceppi, rami, cortecce, semi e foglie bovengrondse biomassa de totale hoeveelheid bovengronds organisch materiaal, met inbegrip van stammen, stronken, takken, schors, zaden, naalden en bladeren oberirdische Biomasse die gesamte lebende Biomasse oberhalb des Erdbodens einschließlich Stamm, Stumpf, Ästen, Rinde, Samen und Blattwerk ground-level ozone Ozone in the lowermost part of the troposphere habitat loss loss of suitable habitat for a given species such that the particular species no longer occurs in that area habitats directive Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora that ensures the conservation of a wide range of rare, threatened or endemic animal and plant species, as well as rare and characteristic habitat types for conservation in their own right directive «Habitats» directive 92/43/CEE du Conseil du 21 mai 1992 concernant la conservation des habitats naturels ainsi que de la faune et de la flore sauvages, qui garantit la conservation d'un large éventail d'espécèces animales et végétales rares, menacées ou endémiques, ainsi que des habitats caractéristiques pour une conservation à part entière direttiva Habitat direttiva 92/43/CEE del Consiglio, del 21 maggio 1992, relativa alla conservazione degli habitat naturali e della flora e fauna selvatiche, che garantisce la conservazione di una vasta gamma di specie rare, minacciate o di specie endemiche animali e vegetali, nonché di tipi di habitat rari e caratteristici per la loro conservazione in quanto tali habitatrichtlijn Richtlijn 92/43/EEG van de Raad van 21 mei 1992 inzake de instandhouding van de natuurlijke habitats en de wilde flora en fauna, die de instandhouding verzekert van een brede waaier zeldzame, bedreigde of endemische dier- en plantsoorten, alsmede zeldzame en karakteristieke typen habitats wegens hun intrinsieke waarde Habitatrichtlinie Richtlinie 92/43/EWG des Rates vom 21. Mai 1992 zur Erhaltung der natürlichen Lebensräume sowie der wildlebenden Tiere und Pflanzen, die die Erhaltung einer Vielzahl seltener, bedrohter oder endemischer Tier- und Pflanzenarten sowie seltener und charakteristischer Lebensraumtypen selbst sicherstellt health risks any environmental factors (including physical, chemical, biological or socio-economic) that have harmful consequences for human health and the environment heat stress condition in which crop performance or survival is compromised by periods of exposure to high temperatures stress thermique conditions dans lesquelles la rentabilité ou la survie des cultures est compromise par des périodes d'exposition à des températures élevées stress da calore condizione in cui il rendimento o la sopravvivenza delle colture è compromesso da periodi di esposizione ad alte temperature warmtestress omstandigheid waarin de prestatie of het overleven van een gewas in gevaar gebracht wordt door perioden van blootstelling aan hoge temperaturen Wärmebelastung Zustand, bei dem die Ertragsleistung oder die Lebensfähigkeit von Anbaupflanzen beeinträchtigt wird, indem sie zeitweise hohen Temperaturen ausgesetzt werden coastal fishing Fishing in an area of the sea next to the shoreline. pêche côtière pesca costiera kustvisserij Küstenfischerei heavy fuel oil any petroleum-derived liquid fuel, excluding marine fuel fiouls lourds tout combustible liquide dérivé du pétrole, à l'exclusion des combustibles marins olio combustibile pesante qualsiasi combustibile liquido derivato dal petrolio, escluso il combustibile marino zware stookolie elke van aardolie afgeleide vloeibare brandstof, met uitzondering van scheepsbrandstof Schweröl sämtliche flüssige Brennstoffe aus Erdöl, ausgenommen Schiffskraftstoff human well-being secure and adequate livelihoods, enough food at all times, shelter, clothing, and access to goods: health, feeling well and healthy physical environment, such as clean air and clean water, good social relations, social cohesion, mutual respect, the ability to help others and provide for children; security, including secure access to natural and other resources, personal safety, and security from natural and human-made disasters; freedom of choice and action, including the opportunity to achieve individual values hydrodesulphurisation any process that removes sulphur compounds by converting them to hydrogen sulphide, which is then easily extrated and destroyed ice cap dome-shaped glacier with radial flow, usually covering a highland area. calotte glaciaire glacier en forme de dôme à écoulement radial, couvrant généralement une région montagneuse calotta glaciale ghiacciaio a forma di cupola con flusso radiale che, di solito, copre un'area montagnosa ijskap koepelvormige gletsjer met radiale stroom, meestal in hoogland Polkappe kuppelförmiger Gletscher mit radialer Strömung, der gewöhnlich ein Hochlandgebiet bedeckt ice loss range of interdependent processes, including ocean circulation, temperature, weather, and the earth’s albedo that contribute to reducing the sea or land ice fonte des glaces ensemble de processus interdépendants, notamment la circulation océanique, la température, les conditions météorologiques et l'albédo de la Terre, qui contribuent à la réduction de la banquise ou des glaces terrestres perdita di ghiaccio gamma di processi interdipendenti, compresi circolazione oceanica, temperatura, tempo atmosferico e albedo della Terra, che contribuiscono alla riduzione del ghiaccio marino o terrestre ijsverlies reeks onderling verbonden processen, waaronder oceaancirculatie, temperatuur, weer en albedo van de aarde, die bijdragen tot de afname van de ijsmassa in zee en aan land Eisverlust Reihe von Prozessen, wie der ozeanische Strömungsprozess, die Temperatur, das Wetter und die Erdalbedo, die sich gegenseitig beeinflussen und zum Rückgang des Meer- und Küsteneises beitragen ice sheet permanent layer of ice covering an extensive tract of land, especially a polar region inlandsis couche de glace permanante couvrant une très vaste étendue de terres, en particulier une région polaire crosta ghiacciata strato permanente di ghiaccio che ricopre un ampio tratto di terreno, in particolare una regione polare ijslaag permanente laag ijs die een grote landoppervlakte bedekt, met name in een poolgebied Eisschild permanente Eisschicht, die eine ausgedehnte Fläche, vor allem in einem Polargebiet, bedeckt ice sheet mass balance speed of ice loss and most important indicator of ice sheet change équilibre de masse des calottes vitesse de la fonte des glaces et plus important indicateur de l'évolution des calottes glaciaires bilancio di massa della crosta ghiacciata velocità della perdita di ghiaccio e indicatore più importante del cambiamento relativo alla crosta ghiacciata massabalans van de ijslaag snelheid van ijsverlies en belangrijkste indicator voor een verandering van de ijslaag Massenbilanz eines Eisschildes Geschwindigkeit des Eisverlusts und wichtigster Indikator für eine Veränderung des Eisschildes indicator-based assessment assessment method useful for synthesizing information and assessing progress towards quantified targets taking into account positive, negative, neutral qualification of an indicator based on the comparison between its observed evolution and/or status, and the desired evolution set for the indicator by means of a frame of reference indirect greenhouse gas emissions emissions that are a consequence of the activities of the reporting entity, but occur at sources owned or controlled by another entity indoor air quality nature of air that affects the health and well-being of the individuals or beings occupying a particular space industrial waste water treatment treatment of water discharged after being used in, or produced by, industrial processes and which is of no further immediate value to these processes infectious waste waste that poses a ‘known or suspected’ risk of infection, regardless of the level of infection posed integrated environmental assessment interdisciplinary process of identification, analysis and appraisal of all the relevant natural and human processes and their interactions which determine both the current and future state of environmental quality, and resources, on appropriate spatial and temporal scales, thus facilitating the framing and implementation of policies and strategies karst area terrains with a complex geology and very special hydrological characteristics land degradation process which lowers the current and/or potential capability of soil to produce goods and services that can be limited, reversed and avoided through the appropriate management of land dégradation des sols diminution de la capacité actuelle et/ou future des sols à produire des produits et des services qui peut être limitée, inversée ou évitée grâce à une gestion des terres appropriée degrado del suolo processo che riduce la capacità attuale e/o potenziale del suolo di produrre beni e servizi; tale processo può essere limitato, invertito ed evitato attraverso una gestione adeguata del terreno bodemdegradatie proces waarbij het actuele en/of potentiële vermogen van de bodem om goederen en diensten te produceren afneemt en dat kan worden beperkt, omgekeerd en voorkomen door een gepast bodembeheer Bodenverschlechterung Prozess, bei dem sich die aktuelle und/oder zukünftige Fähigkeit von Böden zur Erzeugung von Waren und Dienstleistungen verringert, und der durch die angemessene Bewirtschaftung begrenzt, umgekehrt und verhindert werden kann landfill directive directive that defines the different categories of waste (municipal waste, hazardous waste, non-hazardous waste and inert waste) and applies to all landfills whose aim is to prevent or reduce negative effects on the environment, in particular on surface water, groundwater, soil, air, and on human health by introducing stringent technical requirements for waste and landfills directive concernant la mise en décharge directive qui définit les différentes catégories de déchets (déchets municipaux, déchets non dangereux et déchets inertes) et s'applique à toutes les décharges. Son objectif est de prévenir ou de réduire les effets négatifs sur l'environnement, et notamment la pollution des eaux de surface, des eaux souterraines, du sol et de l'air, et sur la santé humaine en introduisant des exigences techniques strictes applicables aux déchets et aux décharges direttiva relativa alle discariche di rifiuti direttiva che definisce le diverse categorie di rifiuti (rifiuti urbani, pericolosi, non pericolosi e inerti) e si applica a tutte le discariche il cui scopo è quello di prevenire o ridurre gli effetti negativi sull'ambiente, in particolare su acque superficiali, acque sotterranee, suolo, aria e sulla salute umana attraverso l'introduzione di rigidi requisiti tecnici per i rifiuti e le discariche richtlijn betreffende het storten van afvalstoffen Richtlijn waarin de verschillende categorieën afval worden gedefinieerd (gemeentelijk afval, gevaarlijke afvalstoffen, ongevaarlijke afvalstoffen en inerte afvalstoffen) die geldt voor alle stortplaatsen en die bedoeld zijn negatieve gevolgen voor het milieu, met name voor het oppervlaktewater, het grondwater, de bodem, de lucht en de menselijke gezondheid te beperken of te voorkomen, door strenge technische eisen in te voeren voor afvalstoffen en stortplaatsen Abfalldeponierichtlinie Richtlinie, in der die verschiedenen Arten von Abfällen (Siedlungsfälle, gefährliche Abfälle, nicht gefährliche Abfälle und Inertabfälle) definiert werden, und die für alle Abfalldeponien gilt, deren Zweck darin besteht, negative Auswirkungen auf die Umwelt, insbesondere auf das Oberflächenwasser, das Grundwasser, den Boden, die Luft und die menschliche Gesundheit durch die Einführung strenger technischer Anforderungen in Bezug auf Abfalldeponien und Abfälle zu vermeiden oder zu verringern linear economy traditional economy model based on a 'take-make-consume-throw away' approach of resources liquid manure management system uses water to facilitate manure handling, including tanks and lagoons which store manure until it is applied to cropland, and creates the ideal anaerobic environment for methane production long-term transition Multi-dimensional and fundamental process that requires a move away from the current economic models as well as profound changes in institutions, practices, technologies, policies, lifestyles and thinking low carbon economy economy based on low carbon power sources that has a minimal output of greenhouse gas emissions into the environment biosphere, but specifically refers to the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide low carbon society tbc manure management system system that stabilizes or stores livestock manure, or does both marine biodiversity number of species types in a particular ecosystem in the world's oceans and seas marine biota organisms living in either the pelagic environment (plankton and nekton) or the benthic environment (benthos) marine diesel oil any marine fuel as defined for DMB grade in Table I of ISO 8217 with the exception of the reference to the sulphur content marine fuel any fuel intended for marine use combustible marin tout combustible destiné à être utilisé par un bateau ou un navire combustibile per uso marittimo qualsiasi combustibile per uso marittimo scheepsbrandstof alle brandstof die is bestemd voor de scheepvaart Schiffskraftstoff jeder Kraftstoff, der für den Schifffahrtsbereich vorgesehen ist marine fuel oil mixture of marine-gas-oil and residual fuel oil marine gas oil obtained from the atmospheric distillate of crude and designed to be used in diesel engines which operate under high performance conditions in altitudes under 2000 meters above sea level to generate electric and mechanical power in burners, furnaces, boilers and marine engines Marine Strategy Framework Directive EU Directive with the aim to contribute to coherence between, and to ensure the integration of environmental concerns into, the different policies, agreements and legislative measures which have an impact on the marine environment directive-cadre «stratégie pour le milieu marin» directive de l'UE visant à contribuer à la cohérence entre les différentes politiques, accords et mesures législatives qui ont une incidence sur le milieu marin, et vise à assurer l’intégration des préoccupations environnementales dans ces domaines direttiva quadro sulla strategia per l'ambiente marino direttiva UE intesa a contribuire alla coerenza tra le diverse politiche, i vari accordi e misure legislative che hanno un impatto sull'ambiente marino, nonché a garantire l'integrazione degli aspetti ambientali nell'ambito degli stessi kaderrichtlijn mariene strategie EU-richtlijn die bijdraagt tot de samenhang van de verschillende beleidsmaatregelen, overeenkomsten en wetgevende maatregelen die van invloed zijn op het mariene milieu, en ernaar streeft de integratie van de milieudimensie daarin te waarborgen Meeresstrategie-Rahmenrichtlinie EU-Richtlinie, die zur Kohärenz zwischen den verschiedenen Politikbereichen beitragen und die Einbeziehung der Umweltbelange in die verschiedenen politischen Maßnahmen, Vereinbarungen und Rechtsetzungsmaßnahmen sicherstellen soll, die einen Einfluss auf die Meeresumwelt haben megatrend a widespread and long-term social, economic, environmental, political or technological change that is slow to form but has a major impact once in place coastal pollution The presence, release or introduction of polluting substances in or onto the seashore or the land near it. pollution du littoral inquinamento della costa kustvervuiling Küstenverschmutzung mine gas emission total gas from coal seam and dropping coal (rocks) pouring into the wind in unit time mineral fertiliser chemical (synthetic) fertiliser containing simple, inorganic plant nutrients or naturally occurring mined minerals municipal waste generation waste collected by or on behalf of municipalities, originating mostly from households, although waste from commerce and trade, office buildings, institutions and small businesses is also included production des déchets municipaux déchets collectés par ou pour les municipalités, provenant principalement des ménages, bien que les déchets provenant du commerce, des immeubles de bureaux, des institutions et des petites entreprises soient également inclus produzione di rifiuti urbani rifiuti raccolti dai o per conto dei comuni e provenienti in prevalenza da abitazioni, sebbene siano anche inclusi i rifiuti commerciali e aziendali, di uffici, istituzioni e piccole imprese gemeentelijke afvalproductie afval dat wordt verzameld door of namens gemeenten en grotendeels afkomstig is van huishoudens, maar ook afval afkomstig van handelszaken, kantoorgebouwen, instellingen en kleine ondernemingen kan bevatten Siedlungsabfallaufkommen Abfälle, die von oder im Namen von Gemeinden eingesammelt werden und in erster Linie aus Haushalten stammen, wobei auch Abfälle aus Handel und Wirtschaft, Bürogebäuden, Institutionen und kleinen Unternehmen inbegriffen sind municipal waste water wastewater collected by or on behalf of municipalities originating mostly from households eaux urbaines résiduaires eaux usées collectées par ou pour les municipalités, provenant principalement des ménages acque reflue urbane acque reflue raccolte dai o per conto dei comuni provenienti in prevalenza da abitazioni gemeentelijk afvalwater afvalwater dat wordt verzameld door of namens gemeenten, grotendeels afkomstig van huishoudens kommunales Abwasser Abwasser, das von oder im Namen von Gemeinden gesammelt wird und in erster Linie aus Haushalten stammt natural capital all the things that nature provides for our existence, i.e. the basic building blocks of our society, the healthy soils that give us food, the raw materials we need for buildings and clothes, the fresh water we drink and the clean air we breathe. natural capital accounts detailed statistics for better management of the economy, like accounts for the sectoral inputs of water and energy and outputs of pollution needed to model green growth scenarios. natural gas consumption total consumption of natural gas (industrial, residential/service and production of electricity) and most important means of reducing CO2 and other greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions natural sustainable development pursuit of a better quality of life for both present and future generations by linking economic development, protection of the environment and social justice night noise environmental noise occurring during the night period with a harmful effect, expressed in decibels (dB) nitrate directive Directive prescribing the maximum amounts of nitrogen that can be applied to land in the form of animal manure in order to prevent further nitrate pollution directive nitrates directive imposant les quantités maximales d'azote pouvant être apportées au sol sous la forme de fumier afin de juguler la pollution par les nitrates direttiva sui nitrati direttiva che prescrive le quantità massime di azoto che possono essere utilizzate sul terreno sotto forma di concime animale al fine di prevenire un ulteriore inquinamento da nitrati nitraatrichtlijn richtlijn die voorschrijft hoeveel stikstof er maximaal mag worden uitgereden op de bodem in de vorm van dierlijke mest, om verdere nitraatverontreiniging te voorkomen Nitratrichtlinie Richtlinie, in der zur Vorbeugung weiterer Verunreinigungen durch Nitrat die maximalen Werte für Stickstoff festgelegt sind, der in Form von tierischem Dünger auf den Boden aufgebracht werden darf nitrogen load mass of nitrogen per unit of time, usually measured in pounds or kilograms per day, calculated by multiplying concentrations by flow, such as the treatment plant effluent flow or river streamflow non-energy use total consumption of fossil fuels as feedstock in the chemical industry, refinery and coke oven products consumed in various economic sectors, as well as the use of solid carbon for the production of metals and inorganic chemicals non-forested land lands not qualifying as forested, such as those which are primarily rock, ice or water non-hazardous waste all waste that is not defined as hazardous non-renewable natural resource resource that does not renew itself at a sufficient rate for sustainable economic extraction in meaningful human time-frames objective well-being factors such as wealth, health and employment, which are associated with a good life ocean acidification input of anthropogenic CO2 to surface oceans from the atmosphere, leading to shifts in carbon chemistry that can cause changes to rates and fates of primary production and calcification of marine organisms and communities organic certification certification process for producers of organic food and other organic agricultural products organic fertiliser fertiliser which consists of organic materials of biological origin organic soil improver substance containing carbonaceous materials designed to increase the content of organic matter in soil amendement organique pour sols substance contenant des matières carbonées dont la fonction est d'augmenter la teneur en matière organique du sol ammendante organico sostanza contenente materiali carboniosi concepita per aumentare il contenuto di sostanza organica del suolo organische bodemverbeteraar stof die koolstofhoudende materialen bevat en bedoeld is om het gehalte aan organische stoffen in de bodem te verhogen organisches Bodenverbesserungsmittel Stoff, der kohlenstoffhaltige Substanzen enthält und entwickelt wurde, um den Anteil an organischer Bodensubstanz zu erhöhen organisation environmental footprint result of an Organisation Environmental Footprint study based on the Organisation Environmental Footprint method. organisation environmental footprint method general method to measure and communicate the potential life cycle environmental impact of an organisation méthode de l’empreinte environnementale d'organisation méthode générale pour mesurer et indiquer l’impact environnemental potentiel d’une organisation tout au long de son cycle de vie metodo relativo all’impronta ambientale delle organizzazioni metodo generale per misurare e comunicare il potenziale impatto ambientale nel ciclo di vita di un'organizzazione milieuvoetafdrukmethode voor organisaties algemene methode voor het meten en bekendmaken van het potentiële milieueffect van een organisatie gedurende haar levenscyclus Methode für die Berechnung des Umweltfußabdrucks von Organisationen allgemeine Methode zur Messung und Offenlegung der möglichen Umweltauswirkungen einer Organisation während des Lebenszyklus organo-mineral fertiliser fertiliser obtained by combining inorganic fertilisers and organic fertilisers or soil improvers orphan disease disease affecting a small patient population (less than 1 in 2,000 citizens) for which it is not commercially viable to develop treatments outdoor air pollution release of several substances, called air pollutants, into the atmosphere, in concentrations that threaten the wellbeing of living organisms or disrupt the function of the environment as a system leading to human health damages in various ways ozone depletion steady decline of the ozone concentration in the stratosphere and a decrease in stratospheric ozone in the Polar Regions appauvrissement de la couche d’ozone baisse régulière de la concentration d'ozone dans la stratosphère et diminution de l'ozone stratosphérique dans les régions polaires riduzione dello strato di ozono riduzione continua della concentrazione di ozono nella stratosfera e diminuzione dell'ozono stratosferico nelle regioni polari aantasting van de ozonlaag geleidelijke afname van het ozongehalte in de stratosfeer en daling van het stratosferisch ozon in de poolgebieden Ozonabbau stetige Abnahme der Ozonkonzentration in der Stratosphäre und Rückgang des Ozons in der Stratosphäre der Polargebiete ozone precursor Substances which contribute to the formation of ground-level ozone pandemics epidemic so widely spread that vast numbers of people in different countries are affected park waste biodegradable green waste from parks, gardens including water and wood (lignocellulosis, grass clippings, bush and tree cuttings, leaves, flowers) déchets de parc déchets verts biodégradables provenant de parcs, de jardins, y compris l'eau et le bois (lignocellulose, tontes de gazons, débroussaillages et coupes d'arbres, feuilles, fleurs) rifiuti di parchi rifiuti verdi biodegradabili di parchi e giardini, che includono acqua e legno (lignocellulosa, residui d'erba, sfalci di cespugli e alberi, foglie e fiori) plantsoenafval biologisch afbreekbaar groenafval van plantsoenen en tuinen, met inbegrip van water en hout (lignocellulose, gemaaid gras, snoeisel van bomen en struiken, bladeren, bloemen) Parkabfälle biologisch abbaubare Grünabfälle aus Parks und Gärten, einschließlich Wasser und Holz (Lignozellulose, Grasschnitt, Baum- und Strauchabfälle, Blätter, Blüten) physiological change change in the normal function of a living organism coastal water Coastal waters are typically characterized by a shallow continental shelf, gently sloping seaward to a continental slope, which drops relatively abruptly to the deep ocean. The proximity of coastal water to land also influences the water circulation. In the vicinity of freshwater inflows, the nearshore circulation is altered by the presence of density-driven motions. Coastal waters are under enormous environmental stress, caused by a wide range of factors including pollution and the destruction and deterioration of marine habitats. eaux côtières acqua costiera kustwater Küstengewässer plant biostimulant material which contains substances and/or microorganisms whose function when applied to plants or the rhizosphere is to stimulate natural processes to benefit nutrient uptake, nutrient efficiency, tolerance to abiotic stress, and/or crop quality, independently of its nutrient content biostimulant des végétaux matière qui contient des substances et/ou micro-organismes dont la fonction, lorsqu'elle est appliquée sur les végétaux ou la rhizosphère, est de stimuler les processus pour améliorer l'absorption des éléments nutritifs, l'efficacité des éléments nutritifs, la tolérance au stress abiotique et/ou la qualité des cultures, indépendamment de sa teneur en éléments nutritifs biostimolante delle piante prodotto che, indipendentemente dal suo tenore di nutrienti, contiene sostanze e/o microrganismi che, se applicati su piante o rizosfera, hanno la funzione di stimolarne i processi naturali al fine di migliorare l'assorbimento dei nutrienti, l’efficienza dei nutrienti, la tolleranza allo stress abiotico e/o la qualità delle colture biostimulant middel dat stoffen en/of micro-organismen bevat die, wanneer toegepast op planten of de wortelzone, natuurlijke processen stimuleren ter verbetering van de nutriëntenopname, nutriëntefficiëntie, weerstand tegen abiotische stress en/of de gewaskwaliteit, ongeacht het gehalte aan voedingsstoffen Pflanzenhilfsmittel Stoff, der Substanzen und/oder Mikroorganismen enthält, die bei Anwendung an Pflanzen oder im Wurzelbereich die natürlichen Prozesse anregen sollen, um die Nährstoffaufnahme, die Nährstoffeffizienz, die Resistenz gegenüber abiotischen Stressfaktoren und/oder die Qualität von Anbaupflanzen unabhängig von ihrem Nährstoffgehalt zu verbessern plant-specific release Any introduction of pollutants into the environment from a specific industrial facility or location, as a result of any human activity, whether deliberate or accidental, routine or non-routine, including spilling, emitting, discharging, injecting, disposing or dumping, or through sewer systems without final waste-water treatment; policy framework evidence and longer-term objectives agreed and implemented in cooperation with relevant stakeholders established in a single policy document or in a set of inter-linked policy documents cadre d'action éléments et objectifs à long terme convenus et mis en œuvre en coopération avec les acteurs concernés, établis dans un document politique unique ou un ensemble de documents politiques liés quadro politico prove e obiettivi a lungo termine concordati e attuati in collaborazione con le parti interessate, definiti in un unico documento politico o in una serie di documenti politici correlati beleidskader bewijsmiddelen en doelstellingen op langere termijn die worden overeengekomen en geïmplementeerd in samenwerking met belanghebbenden, als vastgelegd in één enkel beleidsdocument of een reeks met elkaar samenhangende beleidsdocumenten politischer Rahmen Nachweise und längerfristige Ziele, die in Zusammenarbeit mit relevanten Interessengruppen vereinbart und umgesetzt werden und in einem einzigen oder mehreren, miteinander verknüpften, Strategiedokumenten festgehalten sind policy implementation process whereby programmes are carried out, thereby putting plans into practice mise en œuvre des politiques processus par lequel des programmes sont réalisés, en mettant les plans en pratique attuazione delle politiche processo attraverso il quale vengono eseguiti i programmi e, di conseguenza, vengono attuati i piani tenuitvoerlegging van het beleid proces waarbij programma's worden uitgevoerd en derhalve plannen in de praktijk worden gebracht Umsetzung politischer Maßnahmen Prozess, mit dem Programme durchgeführt und Pläne verwirklicht werden pollution reduction lowering of pollutant releases into the environment measured on the basis of validated information subsequently published in a pollutant release inventory primary atmospheric aerosol Fine particulate and/or aerosol matter directly emitted to the atmosphere primary energy energy contained in fossil fuels, and renewable energy sources, not subject to any conversion or transformation process énergie primaire énergie contenue dans des combustibles fossiles et des sources d'énergie renouvelables n'ayant subi aucun processus de conversion ou de transformation energia primaria l'energia contenuta nei combustibili fossili e in fonti d'energia rinnovabile, non soggetta ad alcun processo di conversione o trasformazione primaire energie energie in fossiele brandstoffen en hernieuwbare energiebronnen die geen conversie- of transformatieproces heeft ondergaan Primärenergie Energie aus fossilen Brennstoffen und erneuerbaren Quellen, die keinerlei Umwandlung oder Veränderung unterzogen wurde product environmental footprint result of a Product Environmental Footprint study based on the Product Environmental Footprint method product environmental footprint method general method to measure and communicate the potential environmental impact of the lifecycle of a product méthode de l'empreinte environnementale de produit méthode générale pour mesurer et indiquer l’impact environnemental potentiel d’un produit tout au long de son cycle de vie metodologia dell'impronta ambientale del prodotto metodo generale per misurare e comunicare il potenziale impatto ambientale nel ciclo di vita di un prodotto milieuvoetafdrukmethode voor producten algemene methode voor het meten en bekendmaken van het potentiële milieueffect van een product gedurende zijn levenscyclus Methode für die Berechnung des Umweltfußabdrucks von Produkten allgemeine Methode zur Messung und Offenlegung der möglichen Umweltauswirkungen des Lebenszyklus eines Produktes prosumerism type of collaborative consumption that reduces the distinction between producer and consumer prosumérisme type de consommation collaborative qui réduit la distinction entre producteur et consommateur prosumerismo tipo di consumo collaborativo che riduce la distinzione tra produttore e consumatore prosumerisme soort van collaboratieve consumptie waarbij het onderscheid tussen producent en consument vervaagt Prosumismus Art gemeinschaftlichen Konsums, der die Grenzen zwischen Produzenten und Konsumenten verschwimmen lässt coastal zone planning The objective of coastal management and planning is the preservation of coastal resources whilst simultaneously satisfying the sometimes conflicting interests and requirements of protection, development, usage and conservation. aménagement de la zone littorale pianificazione delle zone costiere planning van de kustzone Küstengebietsplanung rare earth one of a set of seventeen chemical elements in the periodic table, specifically the fifteen lanthanides plus scandium and yttrium renewable energy Energy derived from natural processes (e.g. sunlight and wind) that are replenished at a faster rate than they are consumed. Solar, wind, geothermal, hydro, and some forms of biomass are common sources of renewable energy. renewable energy directive legislation establishing an overall policy for the production and promotion of energy from renewable sources in the EU, requiring Member States to submit national renewable energy Action Plans with detailed roadmaps of how each Member State expects to reach its legally binding 2020 target for the share of renewable energy in their final energy consumption directive sur les sources d'énergie renouvelables législation établissant une politique globale pour la production et la promotion d'énergie provenant de sources renouvelables dans l'UE. Elle exige des États membres qu'ils soumettent des plans d’action nationaux en matière d’énergies renouvelables accompagnés de feuilles de route détaillées quant à la façon dont chaque État membre compte atteindre son objectif 2020 juridiquement contraignant pour la part d'énergie renouvelable dans leur consommation finale d'énergie direttiva sulle energie rinnovabili normativa che istituisce una politica globale per la produzione e la promozione di energia da fonti rinnovabili nell'UE, che impone agli Stati membri di presentare piani di azione nazionali in materia di energie rinnovabili con tabelle di marcia dettagliate al fine di indicare come ogni Stato membro prevede di raggiungere il proprio obiettivo vincolante per il 2020 in relazione alla quota di energia da fonti rinnovabili nel consumo finale di energia richtlijn hernieuwbare energie richtlijn waarin een algemeen beleid wordt vastgesteld voor het produceren en het bevorderen van energie uit hernieuwbare bronnen in de EU, waarbij de lidstaten worden opgeroepen om nationale actieplannen voor hernieuwbare energie in te dienen met daarin een gedetailleerd stappenplan om het wettelijk bindend streefcijfer voor het aandeel van energie uit hernieuwbare bronnen in het eindverbruik tegen uiterlijk 2020 te halen Richtlinie Erneuerbare Energien Rechtsvorschriften für eine allgemeine Strategie bezüglich der Erzeugung und Förderung von Energie aus erneuerbaren Quellen in der EU, nach denen die Mitgliedstaaten nationale Aktionspläne für erneuerbare Energien mit detaillierten Fahrplänen vorlegen müssen, wie in jedem Mitgliedstaat die rechtsverbindlichen Ziele für 2020 zum Anteil erneuerbarer Energien am Endenergieverbrauch erreicht werden sollen renewable natural resource Renewable natural resources are natural resources that, after exploitation, can return to their previous stock levels by natural processes of growth or replenishment. residual fuel oil general classification for the heavier oils that remain after the distillate fuel oils and lighter hydrocarbons are distilled away in refinery operations resilience The ability of a system, community or society exposed to hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate to and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and efficient manner, including through the preservation and restoration of its essential basic structures and functions. resource efficiency supply-side measures that tackle inefficiencies across supply chains; overuse of resources and waste when products and services are produced. Being more material resource efficient means using less to produce the same level of output resource productivity ratio between gross domestic product (GDP) and domestic material consumption (DMC) productivité des ressources rapport entre le produit intérieur brut (PIB) et la consommation intérieure de matières (DMC) produttività delle risorse rapporto tra prodotto interno lordo (PIL) e consumo interno di materiale (CIM) hulpbronnenproductiviteit verhouding tussen het bruto binnenlands product (bbp) en het binnenlands materiaalverbruik (bmv) Ressourcenproduktivität Verhältnis des Bruttoinlandprodukts (BIP) zum inländischen Materialverbrauch (DMC) resource scarcity dearth or rarity of resources, can be also caused by decline in the quality, availability or productivity of natural resources and lead to reduction in economic well-being resource use appropriation and use of resources, ecosystems and naturally occurring materials, such as soil, wood, water, and minerals coastguard A maritime force which aids shipping, saves lives at sea, prevents smuggling, etc. It also responds to emergencies involving oil spills and other discharges at sea and takes the lead in enforcing the law, including assessing penalties for environmental violations. garde-côtière guardia costiera kustwacht Küstenwacht resource-efficient economy an economy which creates more with less, delivering greater value with less input, using resources in a sustainable way and minimising their impacts on the environment. river basin area of land from which all surface run‑off flows through a sequence of streams, rivers or lakes into the sea at a single river mouth, estuary or delta bassin hydrographique zone dans laquelle toutes les eaux de ruissellement convergent à travers un réseau de rivières, fleuves et éventuellement de lacs vers la mer, dans laquelle elles se déversent par une seule embouchure, estuaire ou delta bacino idrografico territorio nel quale scorrono tutte le acque superficiali attraverso una serie di torrenti, fiumi ed eventualmente laghi per sfociare al mare in un’unica foce, a estuario o delta stroomgebied een gebied waarvan al het overtollige water afvloeit via stromen, rivieren of meren in de zee via één riviermond, estuarium of delta Flusseinzugsgebiet Gebiet, aus welchem über Bäche, Flüsse oder Seen der gesamte Oberflächenabfluss an einer einzigen Flussmündung, einem Ästuar oder Delta ins Meer gelangt river basin management management of the sustainable use of water resources in a river basin, comprising the main river, all its tributaries and ground water, so as to provide for the social, cultural and economic development by taking into account the basics of ecology road traffic noise environmental noise generated from vehicles using roads and highways caused by rolling and propulsion bruit routier bruit dans l'environnement généré par des véhicules utilisant des routes et autoroutes, causé par le roulage et la propulsion rumore del traffico stradale rumore ambientale generato dai veicoli che percorrono strade e autostrade, causato da rotolamento e propulsione wegverkeersgeluid omgevingsgeluid dat wordt gegenereerd door voertuigen op wegen en snelwegen en toe te schrijven is aan rol- en aandrijfgeluid Straßenverkehrslärm Umweltlärm, der durch Fahrzeuge auf Straßen und Autobahnen entsteht und durch Roll- und Antriebsgeräusche verursacht wird rural development policy The policy that is targeted to help the rural areas of the EU to meet the wide range of economic, environmental and social challenges of the 21st century. seagrass Flowering plants which grow in marine, fully saline environments. sealed area land covered with impermeable materials as a result of urban development, infrastructure construction or change in the nature of the soil, leading to impermeability, loss of agricultural or forestry areas and ecological soil functions severely impaired or prevented (e.g. soil working as a buffer and filter) second generation biofuel production any liquid fuel which is derived by or from qualified feedstocks and meets the registration requirements for fuels and fuel additives secondary atmospheric aerosol Fine particulate and/or aerosol matter that is formed in the atmosphere following the emission of precursor gases sensitive ecosystem semi-natural and natural ecosystems that are sensitive to both natural and human influence and activities because of the diversity of species they support shale gas natural gas from shale formations silviculture art and science of controlling the establishment, growth, composition, health, and quality of forest and woodlands to meet the diverse needs and values of landowners and society on a sustainable basis smoltification series of physiological changes where juvenile salmonid fish adapt from living in fresh water to living in seawater social cohesion capacity of a society to ensure the welfare of all its members, minimising disparities and avoiding polarisation social equity means ensuring that all communities are treated fairly and are given equal opportunity to participate in the planning and decision-making process, with an emphasis on ensuring that traditionally disadvantaged groups are not left behind soft energy renewable and environmentally safe energy soil biodiversity variation in soil life, from genes to communities, and the ecological complexes of which they are part, that is from soil micro-habitats to landscapes soil biota complex communities of organisms that play fundamental roles in soil formation and contribute, directly or indirectly, to many processes such as nutrient cycling, waste decomposition, soil structure formation and pollination soil contamination occurrence of pollutants in soil above a certain level, causing a deterioration or loss of one or more soil functions solid fuel use household combustion of coal or biomass such as dung, charcoal, wood or crop residues coating A material applied onto or impregnated into a substrate for protective, decorative, or functional purposes. Such materials include, but are not limited to, paints, varnishes, sealers, adhesives, thinners, diluents, and inks. revêtement rivestimento deklaag Beschichtung species extinction natural and irrevocable process leading to the death of a species without leaving any progeny and causing complete loss of genetic diversity sustainable bioenergy production use of biomass as an energy resource that contributes to climate change mitigation, energy security, and economic development goals, results in minimal environmental and social impacts, and attains economic self-sufficiency sustainable consumption use of goods and services that respond to basic needs and bring a better quality of life, while minimising the use of natural resources, toxic materials and emissions of waste and pollutants over the life cycle, so as not to jeopardise the needs of future generations sustainable development goals integrated and indivisible goals, defined by the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, that are global in nature and universally applicable, taking into account different national realities, capacities and levels of development and respecting national policies and priorities objectifs de développement durable objectifs intégrés et indivisibles, définis par le programme de développement durable de l’ONU pour 2030, qui sont mondiaux par nature et universellement applicables, compte tenu des différences entre les réalités, les capacités et les niveaux de développement au niveau national et dans le respect des politiques et des priorités nationales obiettivi di sviluppo sostenibile obiettivi unici e indivisibili, definiti dall'agenda 2030 delle Nazioni Unite per lo sviluppo sostenibile; si tratta di obiettivi di natura globale e universalmente applicabili, che tengono conto di realtà, capacità e livelli di sviluppo nazionali diversi e nel rispetto delle politiche e priorità nazionali doelstelling inzake duurzame ontwikkeling geïntegreerde en ondeelbare doelstellingen, vastgelegd in de Agenda 2030 voor duurzame ontwikkeling van de Verenigde Naties; ze zijn mondiaal van aard en universeel toepasbaar, houden rekening met de verschillende nationale realiteiten, capaciteiten en ontwikkelingsniveaus en respecteren tegelijk de nationale beleidslijnen en prioriteiten Ziele für nachhaltige Entwicklung integrierte und unteilbare Ziele, die von den Vereinten Nationen in der Agenda 2030 für nachhaltige Entwicklung festgelegt wurden, und die von allen Ländern akzeptiert werden und auf alle anwendbar sind, wobei die unterschiedlichen Realitäten, Kapazitäten und Entwicklungsstufen der einzelnen Länder berücksichtigt und nationale Politiken und Realitäten beachtet werden sustainable fisheries sustainable exploitation of the fisheries stock wich will not prejudice the future exploitation or the marine eco-systems sustainable forest management stewardship and use of forests and forest lands in a way, and at a rate, that maintains their biodiversity, productivity, regeneration capacity, vitality and their potential to fulfil, now and in the future, relevant ecological, economic and social functions, at local, national and global levels, and that does not cause damage to other ecosystems gestion durable des forêts gestion et utilisation des forêts et des terrains boisés d'une manière et à une intensité telles qu'elles maintiennent leur diversité biologique, leur productivité, leur capacité de régénération, leur vitalité et leur capacité à satisfaire, actuellement et dans le futur, les fonctions écologiques, économiques et sociales pertinentes, aux niveaux local, national et mondial, sans causer de préjudice à d'autres écosystèmes gestione forestale sostenibile Gestione e utilizzazione dei boschi e delle superfici boschive in maniera e in misura tali da far sì che conservino la loro biodiversità, produttività, capacità di rigenerazione, vitalità e capacità di espletare, ora e in futuro, le loro specifiche funzioni ecologiche, economiche e sociali a livello locale, nazionale e globale, senza recare pregiudizio ad altri ecosistemi duurzaam bosbeheer zodanig beheer en gebruik van bossen en bosgronden dat hun biodiversiteit, productiviteit, regeneratievermogen, vitaliteit en vermogen om nu en in de toekomst relevante ecologische, economische en sociale functies te vervullen op lokaal, nationaal en mondiaal niveau, in stand gehouden wordt en dat er geen schade wordt berokkend aan andere ecosystemen nachhaltige Waldbewirtschaftung Betreuung und Nutzung von Wäldern und Waldflächen auf eine Weise und in einem Ausmaß, das deren biologische Vielfalt, Produktivität, Verjüngungsfähigkeit und Vitalität erhält sowie deren Potenzial, jetzt und in der Zukunft die entsprechenden ökologischen, wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Funktionen auf lokaler, nationaler und globaler Ebene zu erfüllen, ohne anderen Ökosystemen Schaden zuzufügen sustainable growth increase in per capita real income or real GNP which can be sustained in the long term (i.e. while maintaining macroeconomic stability and keeping pace with demographic changes) sustainable management management approach which efficiently integrates economic, environmental and social issues with the aim of creating long-term benefits and securing the support, cooperation, and trust of the local community in a way that will benefit the current and the future generations sustainable resource use use of natural resources in a way and at a rate that does not lead to the long-term decline of biological diversity, thereby maintaining its potential to meet the needs and aspirations of present and future generations sustainable tourism Tourism that takes full account of its current and future economic, social and environmental impacts, addressing the needs of visitors, the industry, the environment and host communities thermo-mechanical biofuel production treatment of animal by-products under the following conditions transition new definition: multi-dimensional and fundamental processes of change in socio-technical systems and their interactions with ecosystems transitional waters waters between the land and sea, including fjords, estuaries, lagoons, deltas and rias eaux de transition eaux situées entre la terre et la mer, notamment les fjords, estuaires, lagons, deltas et rias acque di transizione acque tra la terra e il mare, inclusi fiordi, estuari, lagune, delta e valli a mare overgangswater water tussen het land en de zee, waaronder fjorden, riviermondingen, lagunes, delta's en ria's Übergangsgewässer Gewässer zwischen Land und Meer, einschließlich Fjorden, Mündungsgebieten, Lagunen, Deltas und Rias tree biomass total amount of living organic matter in trees expressed as oven-dry biomass per unit area (usually in tonnes/hectare) troposheric aerosol composed of various chemical species underground ecosystem habitats of underground living species buffered from profound climatic modifications and thus retaining a broad diversity of living relicts, the great majority of which being represented by terrestrial, troglobitic species, with a reduced mobility unmanaged land areas inaccessible to human intervention due to the remoteness of the locations, lands with essentially no development interest or protection due to limited personal, commercial or social value, as well as lands which are potentially of economic value but remain unmanaged due to low population density, remoteness, etc. urban biodiversity variety and richness of living organisms, including genetic variation and habitat diversity, found in and on the edge of human settlements urban environment assessment process of data collection, profile and consultations designed to provide an informational and consensual basis for preparing an urban environmental management strategy urban mobility set of transportation and circulation policies and measures which seek to provide ample and democratic access to the urban space, through prioritization of mass transit means of transportation cobalt A metallic element used chiefly in alloys. cobalt cobalto kobalt Kobalt Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive EU directive aiming to protect the environment from the adverse effects of discharges of waste water from urban areas and industry urban waste water treatment treatment of wastewater in urban wastewater plants, usually operated by public authorities or private companies mandated by public authorities vulnerability assessment analysis of the expected impacts, risks and the adaptive capacity of a region or sector to the effects of climate change waste incineration destruction of waste where the main purpose of the destruction is the thermal treatment of waste in order to reduce the volume and the hazardousness of the waste. waste gas treatment processes in which the gas emissions from waste disposal are converted into harmless substances by means of chemical reactions waste incineration plant any stationary or mobile technical unit and equipment dedicated to the thermal treatment of waste with or without recovery of the combustion heat generated waste management system system developed for the collection, transport, recovery and disposal of waste, including the supervision of such operations and the after-care of disposal sites waste water collection process of collecting wastewater from the time it exits residential and industrial sites to the point it arrives at the wastewater treatment plant waste water treatment plant infrastructure providing a series of treatment processes aiming to reduce the level of pollution of wastewater received to an acceptable level before discharge into the receiving waters water efficiency the output over time of a given major sector per volume of (net) water withdrawn cockroach The most primitive of the living winged insects. It is thought they have been unchanged for more than 300 million years, and are among the oldest fossil insects. Cockroaches are usually found in tropical climates, but a few species, out of the total 3.500 known species, have become pests. They are common household pests in many countries, imported by ship and carried home in grocery bags. Cockroaches eat plant and animal products, including food, paper, clothing and soiled hospital waste, fouling everything they touch with their droppings and unpleasant odour, to which many people are allergic. They are a major health hazard and carry harmful bacteria, protozoan parasites and faunal pathogens, including those that cause typhoid, leprosy and salmonella. Conventional insecticides make little or no impact on the cockroaches population. cafards scarafaggi kakkerlakken Schabe Water Framework Directive Directive 2000/60/EC establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy directive-cadre sur l'eau directive 2000/60/CE établissant un cadre pour une politique communautaire dans le domaine de l'eau direttiva quadro sulle acque Direttiva 2000/60/CE del Parlamento europeo e del Consiglio, del 23 ottobre 2000, che istituisce un quadro per l'azione comunitaria in materia di acque kaderrichtlijn water Richtlijn 2000/60/EG tot vaststelling van een kader voor communautaire maatregelen betreffende het waterbeleid Wasserrahmenrichtlinie Richtlinie 2000/60/EG des Europäischen Parlaments und des Rates zur Schaffung eines Ordnungsrahmens für Maßnahmen der Gemeinschaft im Bereich der Wasserpolitik water policy environmental sustainability in the management of water resources, via integrated ecosystem approaches, access to good quality water in sufficient quantity and contribution to the internationally agreed targets and goals relevant to water and socio-economic development water scarcity situation in which water demand exceeds the water resources exploitable under sustainable conditions water stress sub-optimal disponibility of water which makes impossible to meet human and ecological demand water use use of water by agriculture, industry, energy production and households, including in-stream uses such as fishing, recreation, transportation and waste disposal. wilderness relatively untouched natural areas that have not been significantly modified by human activity, including core areas for nature on land or at sea where nature and wildlife thrive world biocapacity The global capacity of ecosystems to regenerate what people demand from those surfarces World Health Organization international organisation, directing and coordinating authority for health within the United Nations which supports member states in coordinating funds, foundations, civil society organisations and the private sector to meet health objectives and support national health policies and strategies foresight Forward-looking approach that aims to help decision-makers explore and anticipate in a participatory way what might happen, as well as prepare for a range of possible future scenarios, influence them and shape the futures. Foresight typically involves systematic, participatory, future-intelligence-gathering and medium-to-long-term vision-building processes to uncover a range of possible alternative future visions. Key foresight methods include horizon scanning and scenario building. forward-looking studies Studies aiming at providing information and advice for shaping the future. The results of forward-looking studies can be fed into the foresight processes, as well as into other strategic decision-making processes, but taken alone they cannot deliver the governance-related benefits that foresight processes offer. Examples of forward-looking studies are environmental outlooks and scenario and megatrend studies. futures essay Written story lines (based on a literature review and on creative and logical thinking of the authors) used as parts of a horizon scan or a scenario study. A story line consists of a coherent description of several possible or desirable future developments and/or events which can lead to a possible or desirable future. forecasting Forward-looking approach aimed at exploring and predicting a surprise-free future. On the basis of assumed continuity or expected events, trends are projected and extrapolated from the past into the future. Key forecasting methods are trend-extrapolation techniques and modeling. household waste waste from accommodation used purely for living purposes and which is disposed of via the normal mixed domestic refuse collection déchets ménagers déchets provenant des habitations et éliminés par l'intermédiaire de la collecte mixte normale des déchets ménagers rifiuto domestico rifiuti di alloggi utilizzati esclusivamente a scopi residenziali, che vengono smaltiti attraverso la normale raccolta dei rifiuti domestici indifferenziati huishoudelijk afval afval dat afkomstig is van een verblijf dat uitsluitend voor bewoning wordt gebruikt, en dat wordt verwijderd via de normale gemengde huisvuilinzameling Hausmüll Abfall, der in Haushalten ausschließlich aus Wohnzwecken entsteht und der als normaler gemischter Haushaltsabfall entsorgt wird indoor smoke air pollution that contains a range of health-damaging pollutants, such as small particles and carbon monoxide (CO), and levels of particulate pollutants that can many times be higher than accepted guideline values for indoor spaces fumée domestique pollution de l'air qui contient de nombreux polluants nocifs pour la santé, tels que des particules fines et du monoxyde de carbone (CO), et des niveaux de particules polluantes qui peuvent être beaucoup plus élevés que les valeurs de référence communément acceptées pour les espaces intérieurs fumo in ambienti chiusi inquinamento atmosferico che contiene una serie di inquinanti dannosi per la salute, come piccole particelle e monossido di carbonio (CO), e livelli di particolato inquinante che possono essere di molte volte superiori ai valori ammessi dalle linee guida per spazi interni rook in binnenruimte luchtverontreiniging die een reeks gezondheidschadelijke verontreinigende stoffen bevat, zoals kleine deeltjes en koolstofmonoxide (CO), en ook niveaus van specifieke verontreinigende stoffen die vele keren hoger kunnen zijn dan de aanvaardbare richtwaarden voor binnenruimten Rauch in Innenräumen Luftverunreinigung durch eine Reihe gesundheitsschädigender Schadstoffe, wie feine Partikel und Kohlenstoffmonoxid (CO) sowie partikelförmige Schadstoffe, deren Wert um ein Vielfaches höher sein kann als die akzeptierten Richtwerte für Innenräume Infrastructure for spatial information in Europe Directive establishing an infrastructure for spatial information in Europe to support Community environmental policies and policies or activities which may have an impact on the environment. directive INSPIRE directive établissant une infrastructure d'information géographique en Europe afin de soutenir les politiques environnementales communautaires ainsi que les politiques ou activités pouvant avoir une incidence sur l'environnement INSPIRE Scopo della direttiva è di stabilire norme generali volte all’istituzione dell'Infrastruttura per l'informazione territoriale nella Comunità europea per gli scopi delle politiche ambientali comunitarie e delle politiche o delle attività che possono avere ripercussioni sull'ambiente. Inspire Richtlijn tot oprichting van een infrastructuur voor ruimtelijke informatie in Europa, ter ondersteuning van het milieubeleid van de Gemeenschap en van beleidsgebieden of activiteiten die het milieu kunnen beïnvloeden INSPIRE Richtlinie zur Schaffung einer Geodateninfrastruktur in Europa für die Unterstützung einer gemeinschaftlichen Umweltpolitik sowie anderer politischer Maßnahmen oder sonstiger Tätigkeiten, die Auswirkungen auf die Umwelt haben können landfill waste waste put on or in the ground déchets mis en décharge déchets placés sur le sol ou enfouis dans le sol rifiuti destinati alle discariche rifiuti depositati sul terreno o nel terreno stortplaatsafval afval dat op of in de grond geplaatst is Deponieabfälle Abfälle, die auf dem oder im Boden abgelegt werden landfill waste flows waste which is deposited in landfill, characterised according to the European Waste Catalogue, and which adds to the inventory of landfill already in place, covering commercial, industrial and household sources, and excluding fractions already recovered for re-use, recycling or incineration flux de déchets mis en décharge déchets mis en décharge, caractérisés selon le catalogue européen des déchets, et qui s'ajoutent à l'inventaire des décharges déjà en place, couvrant les sources commerciales, industrielles et ménagères, à l'exclusion des fractions déjà récupérées à des fins de réutilisation, de recyclage ou d'incinération flussi di rifiuti da destinarsi a discarica rifiuti depositati in discarica, caratterizzati secondo il catalogo europeo dei rifiuti e che si aggiungono all'inventario esistente della discarica; comprendono rifiuti di origine commerciale, industriale e domestica, mentre sono escluse le frazioni già recuperate per il riutilizzo, il riciclaggio o l'incenerimento stortplaatsafvalstromen afval dat afkomstig is van commerciële, industriële en huishoudelijke bronnen en wordt gestort op een stortplaats, gekenmerkt overeenkomstig de Europese Afvalcatalogus, en dat de hoeveelheid aanwezig stortplaatsafval verhoogt, zonder de fracties die al gerecupereerd zijn voor hergebruik, recycling of verbranding Abfallströme auf Deponien Abfälle, die auf einer Abfalldeponie gelagert werden, die entsprechend dem Europäischen Abfallkatalog beschrieben sind und zu den bereits bestehenden Abfalldeponien hinzugefügt werden, und die aus Gewerbe, Industrie und Haushalt stammen, wobei Bestandteile ausgenommen sind, die bereits für Wiederverwendung, Recycling oder Verbrennung eingesammelt wurden organic waste water organic biodegradable wastewater containing organic pollutants, such as sewage, industrial wastewater and the like eaux usées organiques eaux usées organiques biodégradables contenant des polluants, tels que les eaux d'égout, les eaux industrielles usées, etc. acque reflue organiche acque reflue biodegradabili organiche contenenti inquinanti organici quali liquami, acque reflue industriali e simili organisch afvalwater organisch biologisch afbreekbaar afvalwater dat organische verontreinigende stoffen bevat, zoals rioolwater, industrieel afvalwater en dergelijke organisches Abwasser organisches, biologisch abbaubares Abwasser, das organische Schadstoffe enthält, z. B. Kanalisationswasser oder industrielles Abwasser policy effectiveness use of particular policy instruments, in such a way as to increase the chance to achieve the defined policy target efficacité des politiques utilisation de certains instruments politiques, de façon à améliorer les chances d'atteindre l'objectif politique défini efficacia delle politiche impiego di particolari strumenti politici, in modo da aumentare la possibilità di raggiungere l'obiettivo politico stabilito beleidseffectiviteit inzet van bepaalde beleidsinstrumenten om de kans te vergroten dat het vastgelegde beleidsdoel behaald wordt Wirksamkeit politischer Maßnahmen Einsatz bestimmter politischer Instrumente, um die Wahrscheinlichkeit zu erhöhen, dass das festgelegte politische Ziel erreicht wird temperature change change to the global average temperature that can lead to climate change évolution de la température évolution de la température moyenne mondiale pouvant entraîner un changement climatique cambiamento della temperatura cambiamento della temperatura media globale che può portare a cambiamenti climatici temperatuurverandering verandering in de mondiale gemiddelde temperatuur die kan leiden tot klimaatverandering Temperaturveränderung Veränderung der globalen Durchschnittstemperatur, die zum Klimawandel führen kann flue gas desulphurisation abatement end-of-pipe technology, which is fitted to large combustion plants such as power plants désulfuration des gaz de combustion technique de réduction en fin de cycle adaptée aux grandes installations de combustion telles que les centrales électriques desolforazione dei gas di scarico tecnologie di abbattimento a valle del processo produttivo, di cui sono dotati i grandi impianti di combustione come le centrali elettriche rookgasontzwaveling nabehandelingsapparatuur die aan het einde van de pijpleiding wordt geïnstalleerd in grote verbrandingsinstallaties zoals elektriciteitscentrales Rauchgasentschwefelung tertiäre Minderungstechnik, die für Großfeuerungsanlagen, z. B. Kraftwerke, konzipiert ist chemical oxygen demand The quantity of oxygen used in biological and non-biological oxidation of materials in water; a measure of water quality. demande chimique en oxygène richiesta chimica di ossigeno chemische zuurstofverbruik Chemischer Sauerstoffbedarf code of practice A systematic collection of procedures outlining the established method of application of all relevant laws, rules or regulations to a specific endeavor. code de mise en pratique codice tecnico standaardprocedurenorm Regel der Technik code A systematic collection, compendium or revision of laws, rules, or regulations. A private or official compilation of all permanent laws in force consolidated and classified according to subject matter. Many states have published official codes of all laws in force, including the common law and statutes as judicially interpreted, which have been compiled by code commissions and enacted by the legislatures. code codice code Gesetzbuch coelenterate Animals that have a single body cavity (the coelenteron). The name was formerly given to a phylum comprising the Cnidaria and Ctenophora, but these are now regarded as phyla in their own right, and the name Coelenterata has fallen from use, although it is sometimes used as a synonym for Cnidaria. coelentérés celenterati holtedieren Hohltier cogeneration Usually the generation of heat in the form of steam, and the generation of power in the form of electricity. Combined heat and power plants are able to convert a much higher proportion of the energy in fuel into final output. The steam produced may be used through heat exchangers in a district heating scheme, while the electricity provides lighting and power. cogénération cogenerazione warmtekrachtkoppeling Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung co-incineration Joint incineration of hazardous waste, in any form, with refuse and/or sludge. co-incinération co-incenerimento gezamenlijke verbranding Mitverbrennung coke A coherent, cellular, solid residue remaining from the dry distillation of a coking coal or of pitch, petroleum, petroleum residue, or other carbonaceous materials; contains carbon as its principal constituent. coke coke cokes Koks cold froid freddo koude Kälte cold zone ecosystem The interacting system of a biological community and its non-living environmental surroundings located in climatic regions where the air temperature is below 10° Celsius for eight to eleven months of the year. écosystème de zone froide ecosistema delle zone fredde ecosysteem van/in koude gebieden Ökosystem eines Kaltgebietes coliform bacterium A group of bacteria that are normally abundant in the intestinal tracts of human and other warm-blooded animals and are used as indicators (being measured as the number of individuals found per millilitre of water) when testing the sanitary quality of water. colibacilles colibatteri colibacteriën Kolibakterien colloid An intimate mixture of two substances, one of which, called the dispersed phase, is uniformly distributed in a finely divided state through the second substance, called the dispersion medium. colloïde colloide colloïde Kolloid colloidal state A system of particles in a dispersion medium, with properties distinct from those of a true solution because of the larger size of the particles. The presence of these particles can often be detected by means of the ultramicroscope. état colloïdal stato colloidale colloïdale toestand Kolloidaler Zustand colonisation The successful invasion of a new habitat by a species. colonisation colonizzazione kolonisatie Besiedlung aerosol A gaseous suspension of ultramicroscopic particles of a liquid or a solid. aérosol aerosol aërosol Aerosol colourimetry Any technique by which an unknown colour is evaluated in terms of standard colours; the technique may be visual, photoelectric or indirect by means of spectrophotometry. colorimétrie colorimetria colorimetrie Kolorimetrie colour An attribute of things that results from the light they reflect, transmit, or emit in so far as this light causes a visual sensation that depends on its wavelengths. couleur colore kleur Farbe combination effect A combined effect of two or more substances or organisms which is greater than the sum of the individual effect of each. effet de combinaison effetto combinato wisselwerking Kombinationswirkung combined cycle-power station This type of plant is flexible in response and can be built in the 100-600 MW capacity range. It produces electrical power from both a gas turbine (ca. 1300°C gas inlet temperature), fuelled by natural gas or oil plus a steam turbine supplied with the steam generated by the 500°C exhaust gases from the gas turbine. The thermal efficiency of these stations is ca. 50 per cent compared with a maximum of 40 per cent from steam turbine coal fired power stations. This type of plant can be built in two years compared with six years for a coal-fired station and 10-15 years for nuclear. centrale mixte centrale a ciclo combinato centrale voor gecombineerde electriciteits-en warmteproductie Kombikraftwerk combined waste water A mixture of domestic or industrial wastewater and surface runoff. eaux usées issues d'un réseau d'assainissement unitaire acqua mista di rifiuto gecombineerd afvalwater Mischwasser combustibility The property of a substance of being capable of igniting and burning. combustibilité combustibilità brandbaarheid Brennbarkeit combustion engine An engine that operates by the energy of combustion of a fuel. moteur à combustion motore a combustione verbrandingsmotor Verbrennungsmotor combustion gas The exhaust gas from a combustion process. It may contain nitrogen oxides, carbon oxides, water vapour, sulfur oxides, particles and many chemical pollutants. gaz de combustion gas di combustione verbrandingsgas Verbrennungsabgas combustion residue A residual layer of ash on the heat-exchange surfaces of a combustion chamber, resulting from the burning of fuel. résidu de combustion residuo di combustione verbrandingsrest Verbrennungsrückstand commercialisation Holding or displaying for sale, offering for sale, selling, delivering or placing on the market in any other form. commercialisation commercializzazione commercialisatie Kommerzialisierung commercial law The whole body of substantive jurisprudence applicable to the rights, intercourse and relations of persons engaged in commerce, trade or mercantile pursuits. droit commercial diritto commerciale handelsrecht Handelsrecht commercial noise Noise emitted from commercial activities. bruit des activités commerciales rumore di origine commerciale bedrijfslawaai Handelslärm commercial traffic The operations and movements related to the transportation and exchange of goods. trafic commercial traffico commerciale zakelijk verkeer Handelsverkehr commercial vehicle Vehicle designed and equipped for the transportation of goods. véhicule commercial veicolo commerciale bedrijfsvoertuig Nutzfahrzeug trade waste All types of waste generated by offices, restaurants, shops, warehouses and other such non-manufacturing sources, and non-processing waste generated at manufacturing facilities such as office and packaging waste. déchets issus de l'activité commerciale (déchets banals) rifiuto del commercio industrie-afval Handelsmüll common agricultural policy The set of regulations and practices adopted by member countries of the European Community that consolidates efforts in promoting or ensuring reasonable pricing, fair standards of living, stable markets, increased farm productivity and methods for dealing with food supply or surplus. politique agricole commune politica agricola comune gemeenschappelijk landbouwbeleid Gemeinsame Agrarpolitik common agreement A system of law established by following earlier judicial decisions and customs, rather than statutory or legislatively enacted law. règle générale accordi comuni gemeenschappelijke regeling Gemeinsame Regeln communication The concept, science, technique and process of transmitting, receiving or otherwise exchanging information and data. communication comunicazione communicatie Kommunikation ecological community 1) All of the plants and animals in an area or volume; a complex association usually containing both animals and plants. 2) Any naturally occurring group of organisms that occupy a common environment. communauté écologique comunità (ecologia) ecologische (levens)gemeenschap Ökologische Gesellschaft Community law The law of European Community (as opposed to the national laws of the member states.) It consists of the treaties establishing the EC (together with subsequent amending treaties) community legislation, and decisions of the court of justice of the European Communities. Any provision of the treaties or of community legislation that is directly applicable or directly effective in a member state forms part of the law of that state and prevails over its national law in the event of any inconsistency between the two. droit communautaire diritto comunitario wet van de Europese Gemeenschap Gemeinschaftsrecht community participation Involvement in public or private actions, as members or as a member of a particular ethnic, political or social group, with the purpose of exerting influence. participation communautaire partecipazione della comunità inspraak Kommunale Beteiligung community-pays principle A tenet of environmental policy, according to which the costs of ecological challenges, environmental quality improvements and the removal of environmental hazards are allotted to community groups or local corporations and, thereby, to the general public. principe de paiement communautaire principio per cui la comunità paga het vervuiler-betaalt-principe Gemeinlastprinzip commuter traffic Traffic caused by people travelling regularly over some distance, as between a suburb and a city and back, between their place of residence and their place of work. migration pendulaire traffico pendolare woon-werkverkeer Pendelverkehr commuting déplacement journalier domicile-travail pendolarismo pendelen Pendeln compaction Reduction of the bulk of solid waste by rolling and tamping. compactage compattamento samendrukking Verdichtung company policy Official guidelines or set of guidelines adopted by a company for the management of its activity. politique d'entreprise politica aziendale ondernemingsbeleid Unternehmenspolitik aesthetics Considerations, values, and judgements pertaining to the quality of the human perceptual experience (including sight, sound, smell, touch, taste, and movement) evoked by phenomena or components of the environment. esthétique estetica esthetica Ästhetik comparative law The study of the principles of legal science by the comparison of various systems of law. droit comparé diritto comparato vergelijkend recht Rechtsvergleichung comparative test Tests conducted to determine whether one procedure is better than another. test comparatif ricerca comparata (prova) vergelijkend onderzoek Vergleichsuntersuchung comparison The placing together or juxtaposing of two or more items to ascertain, bring into relief, or establish their similarities and dissimilarities. comparaison paragone vergelijking Vergleiche compensation Equivalent in money for a loss sustained; equivalent given for property taken or for an injury done to another; recompense or reward for some loss, injury or service. compensation compensazione (schade)vergoeding Entschädigung compensatory measure Any administrative or legislative action, procedure or enactment designed to redress disruptions of ecological integrity or damage to the supply of natural resources. mesure compensatoire misura compensativa compenserende maatregel Ökologische Ausgleichsmaßnahme compensatory tax Compulsory charge levied by a government for the purpose of redressing or countervailing economic disparity. taxe compensatoire tassa compensativa compenserende belasting Ausgleichsabgabe competition (biological) The simultaneous demand by two or more organisms or species for an essential common resource that is actually or potentially in limited supply. compétition (biologique) competizione (biologica) concurrentie [biologisch] Biologische Konkurrenz economic competition The market condition where an individual or firm that wants to buy or sell a commodity or service has a choice of possible suppliers or customers. concurrence concorrenza economica concurrentie (economisch) Konkurrenz (ökonomisch) competitiveness The ability of a firm to strive in the market with rivals in the production and sale of commodities or services and, analogously, the ability of a country to maintain a relatively high standard of living for its citizens through trade in international markets. compétitivité competitività concurrentievermogen Wettbewerbsfähigkeit complex formation Formation of a complex compound. Also known as complexing or complexation. complexation complessazione complexering Komplexbildung complexing agent A substance capable of forming a complex compound with another material in solution. agent complexant agente complessante complexvormer Komplexbildner composite pollution Emissions of ozone-degrading gases (CFCs, halons); emissions of greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, CFCs, nitrous oxides, halons); emissions of acidifying gases (sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides); emissions of substances that contribute to eutrophication (phosphate and nitrogen-containing materials); emissions of toxic materials (pesticides, radioactive substances, priority toxic substances); solid wastes returned to the environment. pollution composite inquinamento combinato samengestelde verontreiniging Mehrkomponentenverunreinigung compost A mixture of decaying organic matter used to fertilize and condition the soil. compost compost compost Kompost compostable waste Waste consisting largely of biodegradable organic matter. déchet fermentescible rifiuto degradabile composteerbaar afval Kompostierbarer Abfall composting The natural biological decomposition of organic material in the presence of air to form a humus-like material. Controlled methods of composting include mechanical mixing and aerating, ventilating the materials by dropping them through a vertical series of aerated chambers, or placing the compost in piles out in the open air and mixing it or turning it periodically. compostage compostaggio composteren Kompostierung composting by producer compostage par le producteur compostaggio da parte del produttore compostering door de producent Eigenkompostierung compression Reduction in the volume of a substance due to pressure. compression compressione samendrukking Kompression compressor A mechanical device a) to provide the desired pressure for chemical and physical reactions, b) to control boiling points of fluids, as in gas separation, refrigeration, and evaporation, c) to evacuate enclosed volumes, d) to transport gases or vapors, e) to store compressible fluids as gases or liquids under pressure and assist in recovering them from storage or tank cars, and f) to convert mechanical energy to fluid energy for operating instruments, air agitation, fluidization, solid transport, blowcases, air tools, and motors. compresseur compressore luchtverdichter Kompressor compulsory use usage obligatoire uso coercitivo verplicht gebruik Benutzungszwang European Communities The collective body that resulted in 1967 from the merger of the administrative networks of the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM), the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), and the European Economic Community (EEC). The singular term has also been widely used. Communautés européennes Comunità Europee Europese Gemeenschappen Europäische Gemeinschaften afforestation 1) Establishment of a new forest by seeding or planting of nonforested land. 2) The planting of trees on land which was previously used for other uses than forestry. 3) The planting of trees in an area, or the management of an area to allow trees to regenerate or colonize naturally, in order to produce a forest. boisement forestazione bosaanplanting Aufforstung concentration (value) In solutions, the mass, volume, or number of moles of solute present in proportion to the amount of solvent or total solution. concentration (valeur) concentrazione concentratie [waarde] Konzentration concentration (process) The process of increasing the quantity of a component in a solution. The opposite of dilution. concentration (procédé) concentrazione (processo) concentratie [proces] Konzentrierung concrete A mixture of aggregate, water, and a binder, usually Portland cement; it hardens to stonelike condition when dry. béton calcestruzzo beton Beton concrete products industry industrie du béton industria dei manufatti di calcestruzzo betonnijverheid Betonsteinindustrie condensation (process) Transformation from a gas to a liquid. condensation condensazione condensatie Kondensation conductivity The ratio of the electric current density to the electric field in a material. Also known as electrical conductivity. conductivité conduttività geleidend vermogen Leitfähigkeit conflicting use usage incompatible conflitto d'uso tegenstrijdig gebruik Nutzungskonflikt conflict of aims conflit d'objectifs conflitto di obiettivi tegenstrijdigheid van (streef)doelen Zielkonflikt conflict of interests Clash between public interest and the private pecuniary interest of the individual concerned. A situation in which regard for one duty tends to lead to disregard of another. conflit d'intérêts conflitto di interessi belangenconflict Interessenkonflikt congress A formal meeting, often consisting of representatives of various organizations, that is assembled to promote, discuss or make arrangements regarding a particular subject or some matter of common interest. congrès congresso congres Tagung conifer An order of conebearing plants which includes nearly all the present day Gymnospermae. Most are tall evergreen trees with needle-like (e.g., pines), linear (e.g. firs) or scale-like (e.g., cedars) leaves. They are characteristic of temperate zones and the main forest trees of colder regions. They provide timber, resins, tars, turpentine and pulp for paper. conifère conifere naaldbomen Nadelbaum coniferous forest A forest type characterized by cone-bearing, needle-leaved trees. They are generally, but not necessarily, evergreen and relatively shallow-rooted. Since they grow more rapidly than most broad-leaved trees, conifers are extensively planted as a source of softwood timber and pulp. They are tolerant of wide-ranging climatic conditions, of many different types of soil and of considerable differences in terrain. Thus, they are found from the polar latitudes to the tropics, on most types of soils (especially, thin acid soils) and from mountain summits to coastal environments. forêt de conifères foresta di conifere naaldbos Nadelwald Africa The second largest of the continents, on the Mediterranean in the north, the Atlantic in the west, and the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, and Indian Ocean in the east. The Sahara desert divides the continent unequally into North Africa and Africa south of Sahara. The largest lake is Lake Victoria and the chief rivers are the Nile, Niger, Congo, and Zambezi. The hottest continent, Africa has vast mineral resources, many of which are still undeveloped. Afrique Africa Afrika Afrika conservation conservation conservazione behoud Konservierung freshwater conservation Controlled utilization, protection or improvement of a natural body of water that does not contain significant amounts of dissolved salts and minerals, such as a lake or river. préservation des réserves en eau douce conservazione dell'acqua dolce zoetwaterbescherming Süßwasserschutz conservation of genetic resources Controlled utilization, protection and development of the gene pool of natural and cultivated organisms to ensure variety and variability and for current and potential value to human welfare. préservation des ressources génétiques conservazione delle risorse genetiche bescherming genetisch materiaal Schutz von Genressourcen conservation of monuments Measures adopted for the protection and the maintenance of hystorical and art monuments. conservation des monuments conservazione dei monumenti monumentenzorg Denkmalerhaltung afterburning An afterburner is a gadget fitted to the exhaust flues of furnaces and also to the exhaust systems of motor vehicles. They remove polluting gases and particles, which are the result of incompletely combusted fuel, by incineration and break down other chemical molecules associated with combustion into inert chemicals. post-combustion postcombustione naverbranding Nachverbrennung constitutional law That branch of the public law of a nation or state which treats of the organization, powers and frame of government, the distribution of political and governmental authorities and functions, the fundamental principles which are to regulate the relations of government and citizen and which prescribes generally the plan and method according to which the public affairs of the nation or state are to be administered. droit constitutionnel diritto costituzionale staatsrecht Verfassungsrecht construction equipment Heavy power machines which perform specific construction or demolition functions. engin de chantier macchinario per l'edilizia bouwuitrusting Baumaschine construction noise Noise resulting from construction activities such as site preparation, site clearance, demolition of existing buildings, piling, concreting, erection of structures, etc. bruit de construction rumore da costruzione lawaaihinder door bouwactiviteiten Baulärm construction of installations construction d'installations costruzione di installazioni installatie- of apparatenbouw Anlagenbau construction technology technologie du bâtiment tecnologia delle costruzioni bouwtechnologie Bautechnik age The period of time that a person, animal or plant has lived or is expected to live. âge età leeftijd Lebensalter construction with recycled material Construction with waste product used as raw material. construction avec des matériaux recyclés costruzione con materiale riciclato bouw met hergebruik-materiaal Recyclinggerechte Konstruktion construction work The construction, rehabilitation, alteration, conversion, extension, demolition or repair of buildings, highways, or other changes or improvement to real property, including facilities providing utility services. The term also includes the supervision, inspection, and other on-site functions incidental to the actual construction. travaux de construction lavori di costruzione het bouwen Bauarbeit consultation Any meeting or inquiry of concerned persons or advisors for the purpose of deliberation, discussion or decision on some matter or action. consultation consultazione overleg Beratung consumer behaviour An observable pattern of activity concerned with the purchase of goods and services and susceptible to the influence of marketing and advertising strategies. comportement des consommateurs comportamento del consumatore gedrag verbruiker Konsumverhalten consumer goods Manufactured products intended primarily for personal use by individuals or families and classified as either durables or non-durables, depending on length of use. bien de consommation bene di consumo verbruiksgoederen Konsumgüter consumer group A collection of persons united to address concerns regarding the purchase and use of specific commodities or services. groupement de consommateurs gruppo di consumatori verbruikersgroep Verbrauchergruppe consumer information Factual, circumstantial and, often, comparative knowledge concerning various goods, services or events, their quality and the entities producing them. information des consommateurs informazione al consumatore verbruikersinformatie Verbraucherinformation consumer protection Information disseminated or measures and programs established to prevent and reduce damage, injury or loss to users of specific commodities and services. protection des consommateurs tutela del consumatore verbruikersbescherming Verbraucherschutz consumer waste Materials purchased, used and discarded by the buyer, or consumer, as opposed to those discarded in a manufacturing process. déchets assimilés aux ordures ménagères rifiuto da consumo verbruikersafval Verbraucherrückstände consumption Spending for survival or enjoyment in contrast to providing for future use or production. consommation consumo verbruik Konsum consumption pattern The combination of qualities, quantities, acts and tendencies characterizing a community or human group's use of resources for survival, comfort and enjoyment. mode de consommation modello di consumo vebruikspatroon Verbrauchsmuster container A large case that can be transported by truck and than easily loaded on a ship. conteneur contenitore container Behälter containment (nuclear industry) The reinforced steel or concrete vessel that encloses a nuclear reactor. It is designed to withstand minor explosions in the core, to keep radionuclides from escaping into the environment, and to be safe against terrorist attack. dôme de confinement contenimento (industria nucleare) bedwinging (kernindustrie) Containment contaminated soil Soil which because of its previous or current use has substances under, on or in it which, depending upon their concentration and/or quantity, may represent a direct potential or indirect hazard to man or to the environment. sol contaminé suolo contaminato verontreinigde grond Verunreinigter Boden contamination Introduction into or onto water, air, soil or other media of microorganisms, chemicals, toxic substances, wastes, wastewater or other pollutants in a concentration that makes the medium unfit for its next intended use. contamination contaminazione vervuiling Verseuchung continental shelf The gently sloping seabed of the shallow water nearest to a continent, covering about 45 miles from the shore and deepening over the sloping sea floor to an average depth of 400 ft. It continues until it reaches the continental slope. The continental shelf contains most of the important fishing grounds and a range of resources, including gas and oil, sand and gravel. However, the shelf is, in general, a structural extension of the continent, and so may also be a source of minerals found in that region, such as tin, gold and platinum. plate-forme continentale piattaforma continentale continentaal plat Festlandsockel continuous load The amount or quantity of polluting material found in a transporting agent that flows at a steady rate, in contrast to a sudden or dramatic influx. charge continue carico continuo continue belasting Dauerbelastung contour farming The performing of cultivations along lines connecting points of equal elevation so reducing the loss of top soil by erosion, increasing the capacity of the soil to retain water and reducing the pollution of water by soil. cultures selon les courbes de niveau coltura secondo curve di livello contourbouw Höhenlinienanbau contract An agreement between two or more persons which creates an obligation to do or not to do a particular thing. Its essential are competent parties, subject matter, a legal consideration, mutuality of agreement, and mutuality of obligation. contrat contratto overeenkomst Vertrag contract cleaner A commercial service provider, usually bound by a written agreement, responsible for the removal of dirt, litter or other unsightly materials from any property. entreprise de nettoyage impresa di pulizia schoonmaakbedrijf Gebäudereiniger controlled burning The planned use of carefully controlled fire to accomplish predetermined management goals. The burn is set under a combination of weather, fuel moisture, soil moisture, and fuel arrangement conditions that allow the management objectives to be attained, and yet confine the fire to the planned area. brûlage contrôlé incendio controllato beheerste verbranding Kontrolliertes Abbrennen controlled hunting zone An administered geographic area in which the pursuit, capture and killing of wild animals for food or sport, is allowed, often with certain restrictions or regulations. zone de chasse contrôlée zona di caccia controllata onder toezicht staande jachtzone Kontrolliertes Jagdgebiet controlling authority The power of a person or an organized assemblage of persons to manage, direct, superintend, restrict, regulate, govern, administer or oversee. autorité de contrôle autorità di controllo controlerende instantie Aufsichtsbehörde control measure mesure de contrôle misura di controllo beheersingsmaatregel Kontrollmassnahme conurbation 1) A large densely populated urban sprawl formed by the growth and coalescence of individual towns or cities. 2) Large area covered with buildings (houses or factories or public building, etc.) 3) A large area occupied by urban development, which may contain isolated rural areas, and formed by the merging together of expanding towns that formerly were separate. conurbation conurbazione verstedelijkt gebied Ballungsgebiet convention International agreement on a specific topic. convention convenzione overeenkomst Konvention conventional energy Power provided by traditional means such as coal, wood, gas, etc., as opposed to alternative energy sources such as solar power, tidal power, wind power, etc. énergie conventionnelle energia convenzionale conventionele [niet-nucleaire] energie Herkömmliche Energie cooling Setting aside a highly radioactive material until the radioactivity has diminished to a desired level. refroidissement raffreddamento koelen Kühlung cooling oil Oil used as a cooling agent, either with forced circulation or with natural circulation. huile de refroidissement olio per raffreddamento koelolie Kühlschmierstoff cooling tower A device that aids in heat removal from water used as a coolant in electric power generating plants. tour de refroidissement torre di raffreddamento koeltoren Kühlturm cooling water Water used to make something less hot, such as the irradiated elements from a nuclear reactor or the engine of a machine. eau de refroidissement acqua di raffreddamento koelwater Kühlwasser co-operation coopération cooperazione samenwerking Zusammenarbeit co-operation principle principe de coopération principio di cooperazione samenwerkingsprincipe Kooperationsprinzip co-ordination coordination coordinazione coördinatie Koordinierung copper A chemical element; one of the most important nonferrous metals; a ductile and malleable metal found in various ores and used in industry, engineering, and the arts in both pure and alloyed form. cuivre rame koper Kupfer coppice A growth of small trees that are repeatedly cut down at short intervals; the new shoots are produced by the old stumps. taillis bosco ceduo hakhoutbosje Niederwald coral The skeleton of certain solitary and colonial anthozoan coelenterates; composed chiefly of calcium carbonate. corail coralli koralen Korallen coral reef Coral reefs have been built up from the skeletons of reef-building coral a small primitive marine animal, and other marine animals and algae over thousands of years. They occur in clear, shallow and sunlit seas. Coral reefs are one of the most productive and diverse ecosystems and are estimated to yield about 12% of the world's fish catch. They are very vulnerable to any change in their environment, especially pollution, because it makes the water opaque. They must have light in order that photosyntesis by the algae can take place. Like trees, corals reflect the environmental conditions in which they grow, indicating marine pollution, sea-surface temperature and other aquatic conditions. récif corallien barriera corallina koraalrif Korallenriff chordate The highest phylum in the animal kingdom, characterized by a notochord, nerve cord, and gill slits; includes the urochordate, lancelets and vertebrates. chordés cordati Chordata Chordatier core meltdown An accidental overheating of the part of the nuclear reactor where fission takes place, causing fuel elements and other parts of the reactor to melt, potentially leading to catastrophic consequences in which dangerous levels of radioactive materials would be released into the environment. fusion du coeur fusione del nocciolo (reattore nucleare) afsmelting van een reactorkern Kernschmelze cork The thick light porous outer bark of the cork oak, used widely as an insulator and for stoppers for bottles, casks, etc. liège sughero kurk Kork corridor A physical linkage, connecting two areas of habitat and differing from the habitat on either side. Corridors are used by organisms to move around without having to leave the preferred habitat. corridor urbain corridoio (brede) (door)gang Korridor corrosion A process in which a solid, especially a metal, is eaten away and changed by a chemical action. corrosion corrosione corrosie Korrosion corrosion inhibitor A chemical agent which slows down or prohibits a corrosion reaction. produit anti-corrosion inibitore della corrosione anticorrosiemiddel Korrosionshemmer cosmetic industry Industry for the production of substances for improving the appearance of the body. industrie cosmétique industria cosmetica cosmetica-industrie Kosmetikindustrie cosmic radiation Radiations consisting of atomic nuclei, especially protons, of very high energy that reach the earth from outer space. Some cosmic radiations are very energetic and are able to penetrate a mile or more into the Earth. rayonnement cosmique radiazione cosmica kosmische straling Kosmische Strahlung cost-benefit Relation between costs of a certain activity and its benefits to a certain community. relation coûts-bénéfices costi-benefici kosten-baten Kosten-Nutzen cost-benefit analysis The attempt to assess, compare and frequently justify the total price or loss represented by a certain activity or expenditure with the advantage or service it provides. analyse coûts-bénéfices analisi costi-benefici kosten-baten analyse Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse agreement (legal) The coming together in accord of two minds on a given proposition. In law, a concord of understanding and intention between two or more parties with respect to the effect upon their relative rights and duties, of certain past or future facts or performances. The consent of two or more persons concerning respecting the transmission of some property, right, or benefits, with the view of contracting an obligation, a mutual obligation. contrat accordo (legale) overeenkomst (wettige/wettelijke) Vertrag cost increase The augmentation or rise in the amount of money incurred or asked for in the exchange of goods and services. augmentation des coûts aumento dei costi kostentoename Kostensteigerung cost recovery basis A standard used to provide reimbursement to individuals or organizations for any incurred expense or provided service. base de couverture des coûts rimborso spese volledige kostendekking Kostendeckungsgrundlage cost reduction The lessening or lowering in the amount of money incurred or asked for in the exchange of goods and services. réduction des coûts riduzione dei costi kostenvermindering Kostensenkung cost In economics, the value of the factors of production used by a firm in producing or distributing goods and services or engaging in both activities. coût costo kosten Kosten pollution cost The amount of money incurred as a result of human-made or human-induced alteration of the physical, biological, chemical, and radiological integrity of air, water, and other media. coût de la pollution costi dell'inquinamento kosten van milieuverontreiniging Kosten der Verunreinigung national economic costs The amount of money incurred as a result of the financial management of a nation's financial resources. économie nationale costi dell'economia nazionale kosten van de binnenlandse economie Volkswirtschaftliche Kosten cotton The most economical natural fiber, obtained from plants of the genus Gossypium, used in making fabrics, cordage, and padding and for producing artificial fibers and cellulose. coton cotone katoen Baumwolle agreement (contract) An agreement, convention, or promise of two or more parties, by deed in writing, signed, and delivered, by which either of the parties pledges himself to the other that something is either done, or shall be done, or shall not be done, or stipulates for the truth of certain facts. accord accordo (contratto) overeenkomst (contract) Übereinkommen county An area comprising more than one city and whose boundaries have been designed according to some biological, political, administrative, economic, demographic criteria. département (UK) contea provincie Landkreis court of justice A tribunal having jurisdiction of appeal and review, including the ability to overturn decisions of lower courts or courts of first instance. Cour de justice Corte di appello gerechtshof Gerichtshof covering couverture copertura afdekking [actie] Abdeckung agricultural biotechnology biotechnologie agro-alimentaire biotecnologie per l'agricoltura biotechnologie in de landbouw Agrarbiotechnologie craft An occupation or trade requiring manual dexterity or skilled artistry. artisanat artigianato ambacht Handwerk credit assistance The help and support from banks and other financial institutions in providing money or goods without requiring present payment. assistance en matière de crédit credito sulla fiducia kredietbijstand Kredithilfe agricultural building The buildings and adjacent service areas of a farm. bâtiment agricole edificio agricolo landbouwgebouw Wirtschaftsgebäude criminality A violation of the law, punishable by the State in criminal proceedings. criminalité criminalità criminaliteit Kriminalität criminal law That body of the law that deals with conduct considered so harmful to society as a whole that it is prohibited by statute, prosecuted and punished by the government. droit pénal diritto penale strafrecht Strafrecht critical level General term referring to the concentration limit beyond which a substance can cause dangerous effects to living organisms. niveau critique livello critico kritisch niveau Critical Level critical load The maximum load that a given system can tolerate before failing. charge critique carico critico kritische belasting Critical Load crocodile Any large tropical reptile of the family Crocodylidae: order Crocodylia. They have a broad head, tapering snout, massive jaws, and a thick outer covering of bony plates. crocodile coccodrilli krokodillen Krokodil crop protection The problem of crop protection has changed dramatically since 1945. There is now a whole arsenal of chemicals with which to combat agricultural pests and diseases, but this development has itself many drawbacks. Such sophisticated techniques are available only to a minority of farmers; in most parts of the world the standard of crop protection remains abysmally low. In addition, modern crop protection methods have been criticized for relying too heavily on chemical control. Biological controls, both natural and contrived, have been neglected. In some cases involving misuse of agricultural chemicals, crops must be protected from the very measures intended for their protection. Meanwhile previously localized pests and diseases continue to spread worldwide. protection des cultures protezione delle colture gewasbescherming Pflanzenschutz crop rotation An agricultural technique in which, season after season, each field is sown with crop plants in a regular rotation, each crop being repeated at intervals of several years. Crop rotation minimizes the risks of depleting the soil of particular nutrients. In rotation systems, a grain crop is often grown the first year, followed by a leafy-vegetable crop in the second year, and a pasture crop in the third. The last usually contains legumes; such plants can restore nitrogen to the soil. Notwithstanding, high yields tend to depend upon the continued addition of chemical fertilizers to the soil. rotation des cultures rotazione delle colture vruchtwisseling Fruchtfolge crop waste Any unusable portion of plant matter left in a field after harvest. résidus de cultures rifiuto dei raccolti afval van gewassen Ernteabfall crossing place A place, often shown by markings, lights, or poles, where a street, railway, etc. may be crossed. passage attraversamento oversteekplaats Überquerung crossing place for animals Bridges and tunnels provided for animals for crossing roads and railways. Railway and road infrastructures represent an hindrance to wildlife migration. endroit de passage aménagé pour les animaux attraversamento per animali dierenoversteekplaats Überquerung für Tiere crude oil A comparatively volatile liquid bitumen composed principally of hydrocarbon, with traces of sulphur, nitrogen or oxygen compounds; can be removed from the earth in a liquid state. pétrole brut petrolio greggio ruwe aardolie Rohöl cruising Travelling by sea in a liner for pleasure, usually calling at a number of ports. croisière crociera (trasporti) recreatievaart Kreuzfahrt crustacean A class of arthropod animals having jointed feet and mandibles, two pairs of antennae, and segmented, chitin-encased bodies. crustacé crostacei kreeftachtigen Krustazeen cryptogam A large group of plants, comprising the Thallophyta, Bryophyta and Pteridophyta, the last of which are cryptogams. cryptogame crittogame bedektbloemige planten Kryptogame crystallisation The formation of crystalline substances from solutions or melts. cristallisation cristallizzazione het kristalliseren Kristallisation crystallography The branch of science that deals with the geometric description of crystals and their internal arrangement. cristallographie cristallografia kristallografie Kristallographie cultivated plant Plants specially bred or improved by cultivation. plante cultivée pianta coltivata cultuurplant Kulturpflanze cultivation The practice of growing and nurturing plants outside of their wild habitat (i.e., in gardens, nurseries, arboreta). culture coltivazione teelt Anbau cultivation method Any procedure or approach used to prepare land or soil for the growth of new crops, or to promote or improve the growth of existing crops. méthode culturale metodo di coltivazione teeltmethode Anbautechnik cultural development The process whereby the capabilities or possibilities inherent in a people's beliefs, customs, artistic activity and knowledge are brought out or made more effective. développement culturel sviluppo culturale culturele ontwikkeling Kulturelle Entwicklung agricultural ecology écologie agricole ecologia agraria landbouw en milieu Agrarökologie cultural facility Any building or structure used for programs or activities involving the arts or other endeavors that encourage refinement or development of the mind. équipement culturel strutture culturali culturele voorziening Kulturelle Einrichtung cultural heritage The inherited body of beliefs, customs, artistic activity and knowledge that has been transmitted by ancestors. patrimoine culturel patrimonio culturale cultureel erfgoed Kulturerbe cultural indicator Cultural indicators give information about societies, which may be interesting even when one is not trying to evaluate the cultures of these societies from any normative point of view. Cultural indicators may also have an evaluative purpose involving explicit or implicit normative criteria. indicateur culturel indicatore culturale cultuurindicator Kultureller Indikator cultural policy politique culturelle politica culturale cultuurbeleid Kulturpolitik culture (society) The body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits constituting a distinct complex of tradition of a racial or social group. culture (aspects sociaux) cultura beschaving Kultur curriculum The aggregate of courses of study provided in a particular school, college, university, adult education program, technical institution or some other educational program. programme d'études curriculum leerplan Curriculum custom and usage A group pattern of habitual activity usually transmitted across generations and, in some instances, having the force of law. us et coutumes norme consuetudinarie gewoonte en gebruik Sitte und Gebrauch customs Duties charged upon commodities on their importation into, or exportation out of, a country. douane dogana douane Zollerhebung agricultural economics An applied social science that deals with the production, distribution, and consumption of agricultural or farming goods and services. economie agricole economia agraria landbouweconomie Agrarökonomie cutting (forestry) The act or process of felling or uprooting standing trees, in order to produce timber products. abattage (foresterie) taglio (forestazione) kappen [bosbouw] Holzfällung cyanate A salt or ester of cyanic acid containing the radical OCN. cyanate cianato cyanaat Cyanat cyanide Any of a group of compounds containing the CN group and derived from hydrogen cyanide, HCN. cyanure cianuro cyanide Cyanid agricultural effluent Any solid, liquid or gas that enters the environment as a by-product of agricultural activities. effluent agricole effluente agricolo landbouwafval Landwirtschaftliches Abwasser cyclone A storm characterized by the converging and rising giratory movement of the wind around a zone of low pressure (the eye) towards which it is violently pulled from a zone of high pressure. Its circulation is counterclockwise round the center in the northern hemisphere, clockwise in the southern hemisphere. cyclone ciclone wervelstorm Zyklon cytology A branch of the biological sciences which deals with the structure, behaviour, growth, and reproduction of cells and the functions and chemistry of cell components. cytologie citologia cytologie Zytologie cytotoxicity The degree to which an agent possesses a specific destructive action on certain cells or the possession of such action; used particularly in referring to the lysis of cells by immune phenomena and to antineoplastic drugs that selectively kill dividing cells. cytotoxicité citotossicità cytotoxiciteit Zytotoxizität agricultural engineering A discipline concerned with developing and improving the means for providing food and fiber for mankind's needs. génie agricole ingegneria agraria landbouwtechniek Agraringenieurwesen dairy farm A commercial establishment for processing or selling milk and milk products. laiterie azienda agricola per la produzione lattiera melkveehouderij Milchviehhaltung dairy industry Production of food made from milk or milk products. industrie laitière industria lattiero-casearia zuivelindustrie Milchwirtschaft dairy product Products derived from milk, such as butter, cheese, lactose, etc. produit laitier prodotto lattiero-caseario zuivelproduct Molkereiprodukt dam Structure constructed across a watercourse or stream channel. barrage diga dam Damm damage An injury or harm impairing the function or condition of a person or thing. dommage danno schade Schaden damage from military manoeuvres Injury or harm resulting from the planned movement of armed forces or from the tactical exercises simulating war operations that is carried out for training and evaluation purposes. dommages dus à des manoeuvres militaires danno da manovre militari schade ten gevolg van militaire oefeningen Manöverschaden damage prevention The aggregate of approaches and measures to ensure that human action or natural phenomena do not cause damage. It implies the formulation and implementation of long-range policies and programmes to eliminate or prevent the damages caused by disasters. prévention des dommages prevenzione dei danni voorkoming van schade Schadensvermeidung hazardous chemical export Transporting substances capable of producing adverse health effects, fires or explosions to other countries or areas for the conduct of foreign trade. exportation de produits chimiques dangereux esportazione di sostanze chimiche pericolose uitvoer van gevaarlijke chemicaliën Ausfuhr von gefährlichen Chemikalien dangerous goods Goods or products that are full of hazards or risks when used, transported, etc. matières dangereuses prodotto pericoloso gevaarlijke goederen Gefährliche Güter agricultural equipment Machines utilized for tillage, planting, cultivation, and harvesting of crops. équipement agricole attrezzatura agricola landbouwuitrusting Landwirtschaftliches Gerät dangerous goods law loi sur les matières dangereuses legge sulle merci pericolose wet inzake gevaarlijke goederen Gefahrgutgesetz dangerous goods regulation Rules on the handling of articles or substances capable of posing a significant risk to health, safety, or property, and that ordinarily require special attention when being transported. réglementation des matières dangereuses disposizioni sui prodotti pericolosi verordening inzake gevaarlijke goederen Gefahrgutverordnung data acquisition The act of collecting and gathering individual facts, statistics or other items of information. acquisition des données acquisizione di dati gegevensverwerving Datensammlung data analysis The evaluation of digital data, i.e. data represented by a sequence of code characters. analyse des données analisi dei dati gegevensanalyse Datenanalyse data base A computerized compilation of data, facts and records that is organized for convenient access, management and updating. base de données base di dati gegevensbank Datenbank data carrier A medium on which data can be recorded, and which is usually easily transportable, such as cards, tape, paper, or disks. support de données supporto informatico gegevensdrager Datenträger data exchange A reciprocal transfer of individual facts, statistics or items of information between two or more parties for the purpose of enhancing knowledge of the participants. échange de données scambio di dati uitwisseling van gegevens Datenaustausch data processing Any operation or combination of operations on data, including everything that happens to data from the time they are observed or collected to the time they are destroyed. traitement des données elaborazione dati gegevensverwerking Datenverarbeitung data protection Policies, procedures or devices designed to maintain the integrity or security of informational elements in storage or in transmission. protection des données protezione dei dati gegevensbescherming Datenschutz data recording technique The body of specialized procedures and methods used for the preservation, collocation or registration of individual elements of information. technique d'enregistrement des données tecnica di registrazione dati wijze waarop gegevens worden vastgelegd Datenerfassungsmethode agricultural exploitation exploitation agricole sfruttamento agricolo landbouwexploitatie Landwirtschaftliche Nutzung dating Any of several techniques such as radioactive dating, dendrochronology, or varve dating, for establishing the age of rocks, palaeontological or archaeological specimens, etc. datation datazione het dateren Datierung decay product An isotope formed by the radioactive decay of some other isotope. This newly formed isotope possesses physical and chemical properties that are different from those of its parent isotope, and may also be radioactive. descendant prodotto di decadimento verrottingsproduct Zerfallsprodukt DDT A persistent organochlorine insecticide, also known as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, that was introduced in the 1940s and used widely because of its persistence (meaning repeated applications were unnecessary), its low toxicity to mammals and its simplicity and cheapness of manufacture. It became dispersed all over the world and, with other organochlorines, had a disruptive effect on species high in food chains, especially on the breeding success of certain predatory birds. DDT is very stable, relatively insoluble in water, but highly soluble in fats. Health effects on humans are not clear, but it is less toxic than related compounds. It is poisonous to other vertebrates, especially fish, and is stored in the fatty tissue of animals as sublethal amounts of the less toxic DDE. Because of its effects on wildlife its use in most countries is now forbidden or strictly limited. DDT DDT DDT DDT acceptable risk level Level of risk judged to be outweighed by corresponding benefits or one that is of such a degree that it is considered to pose minimal potential for adverse effects. niveau de risque acceptable livello di rischio accettabile toelaatbaar risico Zulässiges Risikoniveau debt Something owed to someone else. dette debiti schuld Schuld debt service The fees or amount of money necessary to pay interest on an outstanding debt, the principal of maturing serial bonds, and the required contributions to an amortization or sinking fund for term bonds. service de la dette restituzione del debito rentebetaling Kapitaldienst racking The mechanical dewatering of a wet solid by pouring off the liquid without disturbing the underlying sediment or precipitate. décantation travaso klaring Dekantierung decentralisation Basic organizational leadership concept and process of shifting and delegating power and authority from a higher level to subordinate levels within the administrative/managerial hierarchy in order to promote independence, responsibility, and quicker decision-making in applying or interpreting policies and procedures to the needs of these levels. décentralisation decentramento decentralisatie Dezentralisierung deciduous forest The temperate forests comprised of trees that seasonally shed their leaves, located in the east of the USA, in Western Europe from the Alps to Scandinavia, and in the eastern Asia. The hardwood of these forests have been exploited since the 16th century. The trees of deciduous forests usually produce nuts and winged seeds. forêt de feuillus foresta di caducifoglie loofbos Laubwald deciduous tree Tree losing its leaves in autumn and growing new ones in the spring. arbre à feuilles caduques albero a foglie decidue loofboom Laubbaum decision Means the exercise of agency authority at any stage of an undertaking where alterations might be made in the undertaking to modify its impact upon historic and cultural properties. décision decisione (determinazione) beslissing Entscheidung decision process processus de décision processo decisionale besluitvormingsproces Entscheidungsprozeß decomposition The more or less permanent breakdown of a molecule into simpler molecules or atoms. décomposition decomposizione afbraak Abbau decontamination The removing of chemical, biological, or radiological contamination from, or the neutralizing of it on a person, object, or area. décontamination decontaminazione ontsmetting Dekontamination agricultural land Land used primarily for the production of plant or animal crops, including arable agriculture, dairying, pasturage, apiaries, horticulture, floriculture, viticulture, animal husbandry and the necessary lands and structures needed for packing, processing, treating, or storing the produce. terre agricole terreno agricolo landbouwgrond Agrarraum decree A declaration of the court announcing the legal consequences of the facts found. décret decreto beschikking Verfügung deep sea Region of open ocean beyond the continental shelf. grand fond marin zona oceanica diepzee Tiefsee deep sea deposit gisement minéral dans le fond marin giacimento in mare profondo diepzee-afzetting Tiefseeablagerung deep-sea disposal The disposal of solid waste or sludge by carrying the wastes out to sea, usually in a barge, and dumping into deep water. décharge en haute mer affondamento di rifiuti in mare diepzeestorting Tiefversenkung deep sea fishing Fishing in the deepest parts of the sea. pêche en haute mer pesca d'alto mare (diep)zeevisserij Hochseefischerei deer The common name for 41 species of even-toed ungulates that compose the family Cervidae in the order Artiodactyla; males have antlers. cerf cervi hert Hirsch defence The act or process of protecting citizens or any geographical area by preparing for or by using military means to resist the attack of an enemy. défense difesa afweermiddel Verteidigung defoliation 1) The drop of foliage from plants caused by herbicides such as Agent Orange, diuron, triazines, all of which interfere with photosynthesis. The use of defoliants, as in Vietnam or in jungle clearance for agriculture, can permanently destroy tropical forests. Once the tree cover is removed, the soil is subjected to erosion and precious nutrients are rapidly leached away. 2) Destroying (an area of jungle, forest, etc.) as by chemical sprays or incendiary bombs, in order to give enemy troops or guerilla forces no place of concealment. défoliation defoliazione bladverlies Entlaubung deforestation The removal of forest and undergrowth to increase the surface of arable land or to use the timber for construction or industrial purposes. Forest and its undergrowth possess a very high water-retaining capacity, inhibiting runoff of rainwater. déforestation deforestazione ontbossing Entwaldung degradability The capacity of being decomposed chemically or biologically. dégradabilité degradabilità afbreekbaarheid Abbaubarkeit agricultural landscape paysage cultivé paesaggio coltivato landbouwlandschap Agrarlandschaft degradation A type of organic chemical reaction in which a compound is converted into a simpler compound in stages. dégradation degradazione afbraak Abbau degradation of natural resources The result of the cumulative activities of farmers, households, and industries, all trying to improve their socio-economic well being. These activities tend to be counterproductive for several reasons. People may not completely understand the long-term consequences of their activities on the natural resource base. The most important ways in which human activity is interfering with the global ecosystem are: a) fossil fuel burning which may double the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration by the middle of the next century, as well as further increasing the emissions of sulphur and nitrogen very significantly; b) expanding agriculture and forestry and the associated use of fertilizers (nitrogen and phosphorous) are significantly altering the natural circulation of these nutrients; c) increased exploitation of the freshwater system both for irrigation in agriculture and industry and for waste disposal. dégradation des ressources naturelles degrado delle risorse naturali verval van natuurlijke rijkdommen Abbau von natürlichen Ressourcen degradation product Those chemicals resulting from partial decomposition or chemical breakdown of substances. produit de dégradation prodotto di degradazione afbraakproduct Abbauprodukt degreasing 1) Removing grease from wool with chemicals. 2) Removing grease from hides or skins in tanning by tumbling them in solvents. 3) Removing grease, oil, or fatty material from a metal surface with fumes from a hot solvent. dégraissage sgrassaggio ontvetten Entfettung de-inking Series of processes by which various types of printing inks are removed from paper fibre pulp during the pre-processing and recycling of recovered paper products. Particularly necessary where high quality and whiteness of the finished product are required. désencrage disinchiostratura inktverwijdering Deinking delinquency délinquence delinquenza misdadig gedrag Delinquenz delta A delta is a vast, fan-shaped creation of land, or low-lying plain, formed from successive layers of sediment washed from uplands to the mouth of some rivers, such as the Nile, the Mississippi and the Ganges. The nutrient-rich sediment is deposited by rivers at the point where, or before which, the river flows into the sea. Deltas are formed when rivers supply and deposit sediments more quickly that they can be removed by waves of ocean currents. The importance of deltas was first discovered by prehistoric man, who was attracted to them because of their abundant animal and plant life. Connecting waterways through the deltas later provided natural routes for navigation and trade, and opened up access to the interior. Deltas are highly fertile and often highly populated areas. They would be under serious threat of flooding from any sea-level rise. delta delta delta Delta demand The desire, ability and willingness of an individual to purchase a good or service. The consumer must have the funds or the ability to obtain funds in order to convert the desire into demand. The demand of a buyer for a certain good is a schedule of the quantities of that good which the individual would buy at possible alternative prices at a given moment in time. demande (offre et demande) domanda vraag Nachfrage democracy A system of governance in which ultimate authority power is vested in the people and exercised directly by them or by their freely elected agents. démocratie democrazia democratie Demokratie demographic development Growth in the number of individuals of a population. croissance démographique sviluppo demografico demografische ontwikkeling Demographische Entwicklung demographic evolution The gradual pattern of change in the growth of human populations in a particular region or country, from a rapid increase in the birth and death rates to a leveling off in the growth rate due to reduced fertility and other factors. évolution démographique evoluzione demografica demografische evolutie Demographische Evolution agricultural legislation Agricultural law is a blend of traditional fields of law including the law of contracts, bailments, torts, criminal, environmental, property, nuisance, wills and estates, and tax law. As such, it is a gathering of statutory and common law. législation agricole legislazione agricola landbouwwetgeving Agrarrecht demography The statistical study of human vital statistics and population dynamics. démographie demografia demografie Demographie demolition business The activity of reducing buildings or other structures to rubble. entreprise de démolition impresa di demolizioni sloperij Abbruchunternehmen demolition waste Masonry or rubble wastes arising from the demolition of buildings or other civil engineering structures. déchet de démolition rifiuto di demolizione sloopafval Abbruchmüll demonstrability démontrabilité dimostrabilità aantoonbaarheid Nachweisbarkeit dendrochronology The science of dating the age of a tree by studying annual growth rings. It is also employed to interpret previous environments and climatic variations by examining certain kinds of trees. It is based on the theory that the width of the growth ring reflects the amount of rainfall and the temperature of the year in which it was formed. dendrochronologie dendrocronologia dendrochronologie Dendrochronologie agricultural machinery Machines utilized for tillage, planting, cultivation and harvesting of crops. Despite its benefits in increasing yields, mechanisation has clearly had some adverse environmental effects: deep ploughing exposes more soil to wind and water erosion; crop residues can be removed as opposed to ploughing back into the soil; removal of residues can lead to a serious loss of organic content in the soil, which may increase the risk of soil erosion. machine agricole macchinario agricolo landbouwmachine Landmaschine dendrometry The measuring of the diameter of standing trees from the ground with a dendrometer that can also be used to measure tree heights. dendrométrie dendrometria dendrometrie Dendrometrie denitrification 1) The loss of nitrogen from soil by biological or chemical means. It is a gaseous loss, unrelated to loss by physical processes such as through leachates. 2) The breakdown of nitrates by soil bacteria, resulting in the release of free nitrogen. This process takes place under anaerobic conditions, such as are found in water-logged soil, and it reduces soil fertility. dénitrification denitrificazione denitrificatie Denitrifikation denitrification of waste gas Current methods for controlling NOx emissions in motor vehicles include retardation of spark timing, increasing the air/fuel ratio, injecting water into the cylinders, decreasing the compression ratio, and recirculating exhaust gas. For stationary sources, one abatement method is to use a lower NOx producing fuel or to modify the combustion process by injecting steam into the combustion chamber. dénitrification des effluents gazeux abbattimento dei composti di azoto dai gas denitrificatie van afvalgas Abgasentstickung agricultural management The administration or handling of soil, crops and livestock. gestion agricole gestione agricola landbouwbeheer Agrarmanagement deposited particulate matter dépôt de particules fines materiale particolato depositato neergeslagen deeltje Abgelagerte Partikel deposition The process by which polluting material is precipitated from the atmosphere and accumulates in ecosystems. rétombée atmosphérique deposizione afzetting Ablagerung deregulation The removal or relaxation of government control over the economic activities of some commercial entity, industry or economic sector. dérégulation deregolamentazione deregulering Deregulation dermapteran dermaptère dermatteri dermapterans Dermaptera desalination Removal of salt, as from water or soil. déssalement desalinazione ontzilting Entsalzung desalination plant 1) Plants for the extraction of fresh water from saltwater by the removal of salts, usually by distilling. 2) Parts of the world with severe water shortages are looking to desalination plants to solve their problems. Desalination of water is still nearly four times more expensive than obtaining water from conventional sources. However technology is improving and costs are likely to decrease slightly in the future. There is now more interest in building distillation plants beside electric installations so that the waste heat from power generation can be used to drive the desalination process. usine de déssalement impianto di desalinazione ontziltingsinstallatie Entsalzungsanlage agreement (administrative) A coming together of minds; a coming together in opinion or determination; the coming together in accord of two minds on a given proposition. In law, a concord of understanding and intention between two or more parties with respect to the effect upon their relative rights and duties, of certain past or future facts or performances. The consent of two or more persons concerning respecting the transmission of some property, right, or benefits, with the view of contracting an obligation, a mutual obligation. The union of two or more minds in a thing done or to be done; a mutual assent to do a thing. agrément accordo amministrativo overeenkomst (administratieve) Verwaltungsabkommen agricultural method Practices and techniques employed in agriculture to improve yields and productivity. Over the last few decades they have undergone big changes: tilling, sowing and harvesting have become increasingly mechanised, and the methods of applying fertilisers and pesticides have become more sophisticated. Many changes within the agricultural system can be summed up by "intensification". The result and aim of intensification has been to achieve increases in production, yields and labour productivity in agriculture. méthodes agricoles metodi agricoli landbouwmethode Agrarmethode desert A wide, open, comparatively barren tract of land with few forms of life and little rainfall. désert deserto woestijn Wüste desertification 1) The development of desert conditions as a result of human activity or climatic changes. 2) The process of land damage which allows the soil to spread like a desert in arid and semi-arid regions. There is a loss of vegetative cover and the soil deteriorates in texture, nutrient content and fertility. Desertification affects the lives of three-quarters of the world's population, 70% of all drylands and one quarter of the total land area of the planet. There are many reasons for desertification, but the majority are caused by human activities, overgrazing, deforestation, poor land management and over-exploitation. Agenda 21 states that the priority in combating desertification should be establishing preventive measures for lands that are not yet, or are only slightly, degraded. désertification desertificazione woestijnvorming Wüstenausbreitung desertification control Remedial and preventive actions adopted against desertification include irrigation, planting of trees and grasses, the erection of fences to secure sand dunes, and a careful management of water resources. lutte contre la désertification controllo della desertificazione beheersing van de woestijnvorming Wüstenausbreitungskontrolle desert locust criquet pélérin locusta del deserto woestijnsprinkhaan Wüstenheuschrecke design (project) A graphic representation, especially a detailed plan for construction or manufacture. dessin industriel ou architectural disegno (progetto) ontwerp Gestaltung desk study étude de bureau studio compilativo kantoorstudie Bürostudie desorption The process of removing a sorbed substance by the reverse of adsorption or absorption. désorption eluzione desorptie Desorption agricultural pest Insects and mites that damage crops, weeds that compete with field crops for nutrients and water, plants that choke irrigation channels or drainage systems, rodents that eat young plants and grain, and birds that eat seedlings or stored foodstuffs. parasites agricoles infestante delle colture agricole landbouwongedierte Agrarschädling desulphurisation The removal of sulphur, as from molten metals or petroleum oil. Sulphur residues in fuels end up as sulphur dioxide when the fuel is burned causing acid rain. désulfuration desolforazione ontzwaveling Entschwefelung desulphurisation of fuel Removal of sulfur from fossil fuels (or removal of sulfur dioxide from combustion fuel gases) to reduce pollution. désulfuration des combustibles desolforazione dei combustibili het ontzwaveling van brandstof Brennstoffentschwefelung detection The act or process of discovering evidence or proof of governmental, legal or ethical violations. investigation indagine opsporing Nachweis detector A mechanical, electrical, or chemical device that automatically identifies and records or registers a stimulus, such as an environmental change in pressure or temperature, an electrical signal, or radiation from a radioactive material. détecteur rivelatore verklikker Detektor agricultural planning The development of plans and measures to achieve greater and more efficient output from agriculture; a sound agricultural policy should be able to reconcile three basic needs: the production of food and agricultural products, the protection of the environment and the maintenance of the socio-economic structure of rural areas. planification rurale pianificazione agricola landbouwplanning Agrarplanung detergent A surface-active agent used for removing dirt and grease from a variety of surfaces and materials. Early detergents contained alkyl sulphonates, which proved resistant to bacterial decomposition, causing foaming in rivers and difficulties in sewage treatment plants. These hard detergents were replaced during the 1960s with soft biodegradable detergents. Apprehension continues to be expressed about the use of phosphates in detergents, helping to promote the process of eutrophication. No satisfactory substitute has yet emerged. détergent detergente wasmiddel Waschmittel determination method Method employed in the assessment or in the evaluation of a quantity, a quality, a fact, an event, etc. méthode de détermination metodo di determinazione bepalingsmethode Bestimmungsmethode deterrent Any measure, implement or policy designed to discourage or restrain the actions or advance of another agent, organization or state. dissuasif deterrente afschrikmiddel Abschreckungsmittel detoxification The act or process of removing a poison or the toxic properties of a substance in the body. désintoxication disintossicazione ontgifting Entgiftung developed country A nation possessing a relatively high degree of industrialization, infrastructure and other capital investment, sophisticated technology, widespread literacy and advanced living standards among its populations as a whole. pays développé paese sviluppato ontwikkelde landen Industrieland agricultural policy A course of action adopted by government or some other organization that determines how to deal with matters involving the cultivation of land; raising crops; feeding, breeding and raising livestock or poultry; and other farming issues. politique agricole politica agricola landbouwbeleid Agrarpolitik developing countries debt dette des pays en développement debito dei paesi in via di sviluppo schuld van de ontwikkelingslanden Schulden der Entwicklungsländer developing country A country whose people are beginning to utilize available resources in order to bring about a sustained increase in per capita production of goods and services. pays en développement paese in via di sviluppo ontwikkelingslanden Entwicklungsland development aid The economic assistance or other types of support provided to developing countries to promote or encourage advancement in living standards, institutions, infrastructure, agricultural practices and other aspects of an economy, and to resolve problems typically associated with developing countries. aide au développement aiuti per lo sviluppo ontwikkelingshulp Entwicklungshilfe development area Area which has been given special help from a government to encourage business and factories to be set up there. zone de développement area in via di sviluppo ontwikkelingsgebied Entwicklungsgebiet development co-operation coopération au développement cooperazione per lo sviluppo ontwikkelingssamenwerking Entwicklungszusammenarbeit development model A description, representation, or conception of the economic advancement process of a region or people. modèle de développement modello di sviluppo (economia) ontwikkelingsmodel Entwicklungsmodell development pattern The combination of qualities, structures, acts and tendencies characterizing the economic and social growth of a community or human group. modèle de développement modello di sviluppo (società) ontwikkelingspatroon Entwicklungsmuster agricultural pollution The liquid or solid wastes from farming, including: runoff from pesticides, fertilizers, and feedlots; erosion and dust from plowing; animal manure and carcasses, crop residues, and debris. pollution agricole inquinamento agricolo landbouwvervuiling Landwirtschaftliche Verschmutzung development planning The act or process of formulating a course of action that promotes the economic advancement of a region or people, particularly in countries known to have low levels of economic productivity and technological sophistication. plan de développement pianificazione dello sviluppo ontwikkelingsplanning Entwicklungsplanung development plan The statement of local planning policies that each local planning authority is required by statute to maintain, and which can only be made or altered by following the procedures prescribed for that purpose, which include obligations to consult widely and to hold a public local inquiry into objections. The development plan includes: 1) the structure plan for the area (normally prepared by the country council); 2) an area-wide development plan for each district council area. plan d'aménagement piano di sviluppo ontwikkelingsplan Entwicklungsplan dialysis A process of selective diffusion through a membrane; usually used to separate low-molecular-weight solutes which diffuse through the membrane from the colloidal and high-molecular-weight solutes which do not. dialyse dialisi dialyse Dialyse diatom Unicellular algae, some of which are colonial, green or brownish in colour (but all contain chlorophyll) and with siliceous and often highly sculptured cell walls. Diatoms make up much of the producer level in marine and freshwater food chains, and they have contributed to the formation of oil reserves. Deposits of diatomaceous earths were formed by the accumulation of diatom cell walls. diatomées diatomee diatomeeën Diatomeen dictionary A reference book containing an explanatory alphabetical list of words, as a book listing a comprehensive or restricted selection of the words of a language; identifying usually, the phonetic, grammatical, and semantic value of each word, often with etymology, citations, and usage guidance and other information. dictionnaire dizionario woordenboek Wörterbuch didactics The art or science of teaching. didactique didattica didactiek Didaktik diesel engine An internal combustion engine operating on a thermodynamic cycle in which the ratio of compression of the air charge is sufficiently high to ignite the fuel subsequently injected into the combustion chamber. moteur diesel motore diesel dieselmotor Dieselmotor diesel fuel Heavy oil residue used as fuel for certain types of diesel engines. gazole gasolio dieselolie Dieselkraftstoff differentiation The development of cells so that they are capable of performing specialized functions in the organs and tissues of the organisms to which they belong. différenciation differenziamento differentiatie Differenzierung diffuse source Pollution which arises from various activities with no discrete source. source de pollution diffuse sorgente diffusa diffuse bron Diffuse Quelle diffusion The spontaneous movement and scattering of particles (atoms and molecules), of liquid, gases, and solids. diffusion diffusione diffusie Diffusion digested sludge Sludge or thickened mixture of sewage solids with water that has been decomposed by anaerobic bacteria. boue digérée fango digerito uitgegist slib Faulschlamm digester Machine which takes refuse and produces gas such as methane from it. digesteur digestore autoclaaf Faulbehälter agricultural production production agricole produzione agricola landbouwproductie Agrarproduktion digestion (sewage) The reduction in volume and the decomposition of highly putrescible organic matter to relatively stable or inert organic and inorganic compounds. Sludge digestion is usually done by aerobic organisms in the absence of free oxygen. digestion digestione (rifiuti) verwerking [afval] Faulung digital land model A representation of a surface's topography stored in a numerical format. Each pixel has been assigned coordinates and an altitude. modèle terrestre numérique modello digitale del territorio digitaal terreinmodel Digitales Geländemodell digitising The process of converting data to a form used in computers, transmitted or stored with digital technology and expressed as a string of 0's and 1's. digitalisation digitalizzazione digitaliseren Digitalisierung access road Any street or narrow stretch of paved surface that leads to a specific destination, such as a main highway. route d'accès strada di accesso toegangsweg Zufahrtsstraße agricultural product The output of the cultivation of the soil. produit agricole prodotto agricolo landbouwproduct Agrarprodukt diluted acid A less concentrated acid. acide dilué acido diluito verdund zuur Dünnsäure dioxin A by-product formed during the preparation of the herbicide 2, 4, 5-T, and sometimes produced by the incineration of chlorinated organic compounds. It may also occur naturally and is distributed widely in the environment, except locally in extremely low concentrations. Substantial amounts were released by the industrial accident of Seveso in 1976. dioxine diossine dioxine Dioxin direct discharger Factories and industrial concerns which do not discharge their sewage directly into public sewers, but directly into a waterway. inducteur direct introduttore diretto agens met directe inducerende werking Direkteinleiter directive The second rank of administrative acts (inferior to regulations, superior to decisions) made by the council or commission of the European Communities on order to carry out their tasks in accordance with the Treaties. They must be addressed to states, not individuals, but many create rights for individuals or allow the directive to be pleaded before municipal court. directive direttiva richtlijn Richtlinie disabled person Person lacking one or more physical power, such as the ability to walk or to coordinate one's movements, as from the effects of a disease or accident, or through mental impairment. personne handicapée disabile lichamelijk gehandicapte Behinderter disaster The result of a vast ecological breakdown in the relations between man and his environment, a serious and sudden event (or slow, as in drought) on such a scale that the stricken community needs extraordinary efforts to cope with it, often with outside help or international aid. catastrophe écologique disastro rampen Katastrophe disaster cleanup operation A course or procedure of activity designed to clear the debris or remove harmful substances left by an ecological calamity, natural or human in origin, in a given area. restauration après catastrophe opera di riassetto dopo una catastrofe opruimingsoperatie bij rampen Katastrophenaufräumung disaster contingency plan An anticipatory emergency plan to be followed in an expected or eventual disaster, based on risk assessment, availability of human and material resources, community preparedness, local and international response capability, etc. plan catastrophe piano di protezione civile rampenplan Katastrophenplan disaster control service Work done or agency established to analyze, plan, assign and coordinate available resources in order to prepare for, respond to, mitigate and recover from damage caused by an ecological calamity, natural or human in origin. service de prévention des risques protezione dalle catastrofi rampen(bestrijdings)dienst Katastrophenschutz disaster preparedness The aggregate of measures to be taken in view of disasters, consisting of plans and action programmes designed to minimize loss of life and damage, to organize and facilitate effective rescue and relief, and to rehabilitate after disaster. Preparedness requires the necessary legislation and means to cope with disaster or similar emergency situations. It is also concerned with forecasting and warning, the education and training of the public, organization and management, including plans, training of personnel, the stockpiling of supplies and ensuring the needed funds and other resources. prévoyance en cas de catastrophe preparazione in vista di disastri rampenparaatheid Katastrophenbereitschaft disaster prevention The aggregate of approaches and measures to ensure that human action or natural phenomena do not cause or result in disaster or similar emergency. It implies the formulation and implementation of long-range policies and programmes to eliminate or prevent the occurrence of disasters. prévention des catastrophes prevenzione di disastri rampenpreventie Katastrophenvorbeugung disaster relief Money, food or other assistance provided for those surviving a sudden, calamitous event causing loss of life, damage or hardship. secours en cas de catastrophe soccorso in caso di disastro hulp(verlening) bij rampen Katastrophenhilfe discharge legislation législation en matière d'émission legislazione sugli scarichi lozingswetgeving Abgabenrecht discharge regime The rate of flow of a river at a particular moment in time, related to its volume and its velocity. régime d'écoulement regime di efflusso lozingsregime Abflussregime disease A definite pathological process having a characteristic set of signs and symptoms which are detrimental to the well-being of the individual. maladie malattia ziekten Krankheit disease cause étiologie causa di malattia ziekteoorzaak Krankheitsursache disinfectant An agent, such as heat, radiation, or a chemical, that disinfects by destroying, neutralizing, or inhibiting the growth of disease-carrying microorganisms. désinfectant disinfettante ontsmettingsmiddel Desinfektionsmittel disinfection The complex of physical, chemical or mechanical operations undertaken to destroy pathogenic germs. désinfection disinfezione ontsmetting Desinfektion agricultural storage Any deposit or holdings of farm products, fertilizers, grains, feed and other related supplies in facilities or containers, often to prevent contamination or for times when production cannot meet demand. stockage des produits agricoles immagazzinamento di prodotti agricoli landbouwopslag Lagerung landwirtschaftlicher Erzeugnisse dispatch note bulletin d'expédition bolla di spedizione verzendbericht Begleitschein dispersion A distribution of finely divided particles in a medium. dispersion dispersione dispersie [chem. en fys.] Dispersion dispersion calculation The calculation of pollutant dispersion is based on the use of air dispersion models that mathematically simulate atmospheric conditions and behaviour. Dispersion models can provide concentration or deposition estimates and can be used to evaluate both existing and hypothetical emissions scenarios. calcul de dispersion calcolo della dispersione dispersieberekening Ausbreitungsrechnung displaced person Persons who, for different reasons or circumstances, have been compelled to leave their homes. personne déplacée senza tetto ontheemde Vertriebener disposal of the dead pompes funèbres eliminazione dei cadaveri lijkbezorging Leichenentsorgung disposal of warfare materials Disposal of the material remnants of war, which can seriously impede development and cause injuries and the loss of lives and property. The disposal of warfare waste is problematic because it can be highly dangerous, toxic, long-living and requires the utilization of specific and sophisticated technologies, particularly in the case of mines and unexploded bombs which have been left on the war territories. élimination des matériels de guerre eliminazione di materiale bellico het opruimen van oorlogsmaterieel Kampfmittelentsorgung dissolution Dissolving of a material. dissolution dissoluzione oplossing Auflösen dissolved organic carbon The fraction of total organic carbon (all carbon atoms covalently bonded in organic molecules) in water that passes through a 0.45 micron pore-diameter filter. carbone organique dissous carbonio organico disciolto opgeloste organische koolstof Gelöster organischer Kohlenstoff distillation The process of producing a gas or vapour from a liquid by heating the liquid in a vessel and collecting and condensing the vapours into liquids. distillation distillazione distillatie Destillation distilling industry A sector of the economy in which an aggregate of commercial enterprises is engaged in the manufacture and marketing of alcoholic beverages made by a distillation process of vaporization and condensation, such as vodka, rum, whiskey and other related beverages. industrie de distillation industria della distillazione distilleerderijen Destillationsindustrie distortion of competition Article 85(1) of the EEC Treaty prohibits all agreements between undertakings, decisions by associations of undertakings and concerted practices which may affect trade between member states and which have as their object or effect the prevention, restriction or distortion of competition within the common market. All such arrangements are automatically null and void under Article 85(2), unless exempted by the Commission pursuant to Article 85(3). The text of Article 85 is as follows: "1. The following shall be prohibited as incompatible with the common market: all agreements between undertakings, decisions by associations of undertakings and concerted practices which may affect trade between member states and which have as their object or effect the prevention, restriction or distortion of competition within the common market, and in particular those which: (a) directly or indirectly fix purchase or selling prices or any other trading conditions; (b) limit or control production, markets, technical development, or investment; (c) share markets or sources of supply; (d) apply dissimilar conditions to equivalent transactions with other trading parties, thereby placing them at a competitive disadvantage; (e) make the conclusion of contracts subject to acceptance by the other parties of supplementary obligations which, by their nature or according to commercial usage, have no connection with the subject of such contracts. distorsion de concurrence concorrenza distorta concurrentievervalsing Wettbewerbsverzerrung distribution In an environmental context, the term refers to the dispersion of air pollutants and depends on the type of pollution source (point source, line source, diffuse source), the wind velocity and the wind direction. Distribution can be active or passive. distribution distribuzione verspreiding Verteilung district heating The supply of heat, either in the form of steam or hot water, from a central source to a group of buildings. chauffage urbain riscaldamento urbano stadsverwarming Fernwärme district heating plant Plant for heating all houses in a district; it consists of a large, efficient, centralized boiler plant or "waste" steam from a power station. The heat is distributed by means of low-pressure steam or high-temperature water to the consumers. centrale de chauffage à distance impianto di riscaldamento urbano stadsverwarmingsinstallatie Blockheizkraftwerk disused military site Military site where all activity has ceased. Such areas, being extremely well sheltered against outside disturbances and in many ways less affected by human landuse than many other open landscapes, can contain significant natural habitats and rare or endangered wildlife. Abandoned military territories constitute an important source of natural landscapes to be managed and restored in an environmentally sound way. terrain militaire désaffecté sito militare dismesso verlaten militair terrein Rüstungsaltlast ditch A long, narrow excavation artificially dug in the ground; especially an open and usually unpaved waterway, channel, or trench for conveying water for drainage or irrigation, and usually smaller than a canal. Some ditches may be natural watercourses. fossé fossato sloot Graben DNA The principal material of inheritance. It is found in chromosomes and consists of molecules that are long unbranched chains made up of many nucleotides. Each nucleotide is a combination of phosphoric acid, the monosaccharide deoxyribose and one of four nitrogenous bases: thymine, cytosine, adenine or guanine. The number of possible arrangements of nucleotides along the DNA chain is immense. Usually two DNA strands are linked together in parallel by specific base-pairing and are helically coiled. Replication of DNA molecules is accomplished by separation of the two strands, followed by the building up of matching strands by means of base-pairing, using the two halves as templates. By a mechanism involving RNA, the structure of DNA is translated into the structure of proteins during their synthesis from amino acids. ADN DNA DNA DNA document Material of any kind, regardless of physical form, which furnishes information, evidence or ideas, including items such as contracts, bills of sale, letters, audio and video recordings, and machine readable data files. document documento document Dokument documentation The process of accumulating, classifying and disseminating information, often to support the claim or data given in a book or article. documentation documentazione documentatie Dokumentation documentation centre Centre for assembling, coding, and disseminating recorded knowledge comprehensively treated as an integral procedure, utilizing various techniques for giving documentary information maximum accessibility and usability. centre de documentation centro di documentazione documentatie centrum Dokumentationszentrum document type Any one of a number of diverse classes of written, printed or digitized items furnishing information or evidence, and distinguished by content, form or function. type de document tipo di documento soort document Dokumenttyp dog A common four-legged animal, especially kept by people as a pet or to hunt or guard things. chien cane hond Hund agricultural waste Unusable materials, liquid or solid, that result from agricultural practices, such as fertilizers, pesticides, crop residue (such as orchard prunings) and cattle manure. déchet agricole rifiuto agricolo landbouwafval Landwirtschaftlicher Abfall domestic appliance A machine or device, especially an electrical one used domestically. appareil électro-ménager apparecchiatura domestica huishoudelijk apparaat Haushaltsgerät domesticated animal 1) Wild animal which has been trained to live near a house and not be frightened of human beings; 2) species which was formerly wild, now selectively bred to fill human needs. animal domestique (élevage) animale addomesticato huisdier Domestiziertes Tier domestic fuel Fuels obtained from different sources that are used for domestic heating. fioul domestique combustibile domestico huisbrandstof Haushaltsbrennstoff domestic fuel oil Liquid petroleum product used in domestic heaters. mazout de chauffage gasolio per riscaldamento huisbrandolie Heizöl (leicht) domestic noise Noise caused by domestic facilities and activities. bruit domestique rumore domestico huishoudelijk lawaai Hauslärm access to culture The ability, right and permission to approach and use, or the general availability of resources that transmit the beliefs, customs, artistic activity and knowledge of a people. accès à la culture accesso alla cultura toegankelijkheid van de cultuur Zugang zur Kultur domestic trade Trade wholly carried on at home; as distinguished from foreign commerce. commerce intérieur commercio interno binnenlandse handel Binnenhandel domestic waste Waste generated by residential households and comprised of any material no longer wanted or needed. ordures ménagères rifiuto domestico huishoudelijk afval Haushaltsabfall domestic waste landfill Site for the disposal of wastes arising from domestic activities. décharge d'ordures ménagères discarica per rifiuti domestici huisvuilstortplaats Hausmülldeponie domestic waste water Wastewater principally derived from households, business buildings, institutions, etc., which may or may not contain surface runoff, groundwater or storm water. eau usée domestique acqua di rifiuto domestica huishoudelijk afvalwater Haushaltsabwasser dosage The amount of a substance required to produce an effect. dosage dosaggio dosering Dosierung dose The amount of test substance administered. Dose is expressed as weight of test substance (g, mg) per unit weight of test animal (e.g., mg/kg), or as weight of food or drinking water. dose dose dosis Dosis dose-effect relationship The relation between the quantity of a given substance and a measurable or observable effect. relation dose-effet relazione dose-effetto dosis-effectrelatie Dosis-Wirkung-Beziehung draft legislation An initial unsigned agreement, treaty, or piece of legislation which is not yet in force. projet d'acte législatif bozza di legge ontwerpwetgeving Gesetzentwurf dragonfly Any of the insects composing six families of the suborder Anisoptera and having four large, membranous wings and compound eyes that provide keen vision. libellule libellule libellen Libelle drainage 1) Removal of groundwater or surface water, or of water from structures, by gravity or pumping. 2) The discharge of water from a soil by percolation (the process by which surface water moves downwards through cracks, joints and pores in soil and rocks). drainage drenaggio afwatering Entwässerung agriculture The production of plants and animals useful to man, involving soil cultivation and the breeding and management of crops and livestock. agriculture agricoltura landbouw Landwirtschaft drainage water Incidental surface waters from diverse sources such as rainfall, snow melt or permafrost melt. eau de drainage acqua di drenaggio afwatering Dränwasser draught animal bête de trait animale da traino trekdier Zugtier dredged material Unconsolidated material removed from rivers, streams, and shallow seas with machines such as the bucket-ladder dredge, dragline dredge, or suction dredge. matériau dragué materiale di dragaggio baggermateriaal Baggergut dredging Removing solid matter from the bottom of a water area. dragage dragaggio baggeren Baggerarbeit agriculture and cattle industry Large scale growing of crops and livestock grazing for profit. agriculture et élevage industriel industria dell'agricoltura e dell'allevamento landbouw en veehouderij Land- und Viehwirtschaft olive oil mill waste water Aqueous residue deriving from the process of oil extraction from olives; it is composed of the olive-combined water and of the water used in the extraction and washing processes. It also contains a certain percentage of mineral compounds and of organic substances that are only partially biodegradable. lies d'huile effluenti di frantoio oliebezinksel Ölrückstände drift net fishing The use of fishing nets of great length and depth, aptly described as "walls of death" because of the huge numbers of marine mammals, birds, and turtles that became ensnared in them. The Tarawa Declaration of 1989 formulated at the 20th South Pacific Forum, aimed at banning drift netting in the South Pacific. In June 1992 the UN banned drift netting in all the world's oceans. pêche aux filets dérivants pesca di deriva drijfnetvisserij Treibnetzfischerei drilling The act of boring holes in the earth for finding water or oil, for geologic surveys, etc. forage perforazione boren Bohrung drilling installation The structural base upon which the drill rig and associated equipment is mounted during the drilling operation. installation de forage installazione per trivellazione boorinstallatie Bohranlage drinking water Water that is agreeable to drink, does not present health hazards and whose quality is normally regulated by legislation. eau potable acqua potabile drinkwater Trinkwasser drinking water protection area Area surrounding a water recovery plant in which certain forms of soil utilization are restricted or prohibited in order to protect the groundwater. zone de captage d'eau potable area di protezione delle acque potabile drinkwaterbeschermingsgebied Trinkwasserschutzgebiet drinking water supply The provision and storage of potable water, or the amount of potable water stored, for the use of a municipality, or other potable water user. approvisionnement en eau potable approvvigionamento di acqua potabile drinkwatervoorziening Trinkwasserversorgung drinking water treatment The Directive on the Quality of Surface Water Intended for Drinking Water defines three categories of water treatment (A1, A2, A3) from simple physical treatment and disinfection to intensive physical and chemical treatment. The treatment to be used depends on the quality of the water abstracted. The Directive uses imperative values for parameters known to have an adverse effect on health and also guide values for those which are less adverse. There is also a directive which complements the "surface water abstraction" Directive by indicating the methods of measurement and the frequency of sampling and analysis required. traitement de l'eau potable trattamento dell'acqua potabile het behandelen van drinkwater Trinkwasserbehandlung drought A period of abnormally dry weather sufficiently prolonged so that the lack of water causes a serious hydrologic imbalance (such as crop damage, water supply shortage) in the affected area. sécheresse siccità droogte Dürre agriculture framework plan A formulated or systematic method for the management of soil, crops and livestock. plan cadre de l'agriculture piano di inquadramento agricolo landbouwkundig kaderplan Landwirtschaftsrahmenplan drought control Measures taken to prevent, mitigate or eliminate damage caused to the ecosystem, especially crops, by a sustained period of dry weather. lutte contre la sécheresse controllo della siccità droogtebeheer Dürreschutz drug abuse toxicomanie abuso di farmaci misbruik van geneesmiddelen Drogenmißbrauch drug (medicine) A chemical substance used internally or externally as a medicine for the prevention, diagnosis, treatment or cure of disease, for the relief of pain or to control or enhance physical or mental well-being. médicament farmaco geneesmiddel Arzneimittel dry cleaning To clean fabrics etc. with a solvent other than water. nettoyage à sec pulitura a secco chemisch reinigen Chemischreinigung dry deposition The accumulation of both particles and gases as they come into contact with soil, water or vegetation on the earth's surfaces. retombée sèche deposizione secca droge depositie Trockene Deposition dry farming A system of extensive agriculture allowing the production of crops without irrigation in areas of limited rainfall. Dry farming involves conserving soil moisture through mulching, frequent fallowing, maintenance of a fine tilth by cross-ploughing, repeated working of the soil after rainfall and removal of any weeds that would take up some of the moisture. aridoculture aridocoltura dry farming Trockenfarmverfahren drying The process of partially or totally removing water or other liquids from a solid. séchage essiccamento drogen Trocknung drying out Removal of water from any substance. dessèchement disidratazione verdroging Austrocknung dual economy An economy based upon two separate/distinct economic systems which co-exist in the same geographical space. Dualism is characteristic of many developing countries in which some parts of a country resemble advanced economies while other parts resemble traditional economies, i.e. there are circuits of production and exchange. économie à deux vitesses dualismo economico tweeledige economie Dualwirtschaft dual waste management To reduce the quantity of packaging waste, and thereby of overall MSW, Germany introduced a far-reaching legislation to reduce waste, based on the producer's responsibility principle. Industry was given the option to set up a third party organization which would carry out the collection and sorting of sales packaging for care of manufacturers and retailers. Thus, Some 600 companies created "Duales System Deutschland" in 1990 ("Dual" because it meant creating a second collection system in parallel to the existing waste collection system of the local authorities). Duales System Deutschland (DSD), now has overall responsibility for the separate collection and recycling of packaging. At present, the Dual System is the only nationwide system for the collection and sorting of sales packaging. Packaging participating in this collection system is marked with the Green Dot. gestion commune des déchets banals et spéciaux gestione differenziata dei rifiuti gescheiden afvalverwerking Duale Abfallwirtschaft dumping The discarding of waste in any manner, often without regard to environmental control. décharge non réglementaire scarico (attività) storten Abfallablagerung agrochemical Any substance or mixture of substances used or intended to be used for preventing, destroying, repelling, attracting, inhibiting, or controlling any insects, rodents, birds, nematodes, bacteria, fungi, weeds or other forms of plant, animal or microbial life regarded as pests. produit agrochimique prodotto chimico per l'agricoltura agrochemisch Agrochemikalie land disposal The discharge, deposit or injection of any waste onto or into the soil or other land surfaces. décharge discarica in terra opberging te land Endlagerung im Boden dune A low mound, ridge, bank, or hill of loose, windblown granular material (generally sand, sometimes volcanic ash), either bare or covered with vegetation, capable of movement from place but always retaining its characteristic shape. dune duna duin Düne duration of sunshine Period of the day during which the sun is shining. durée de l'ensoleillement durata dell'insolazione aantal uren zonneschijn Sonnenscheindauer dust Any kind of solid material divided in particles of very small size. poussière polvere stof Staub dust immission immission de poussière immissione di polvere stofuitstoot Staubimmission dust removal The removal of dust from air by ventilation or exhaust systems. dépoussiérage depolverazione stofverwijdering Entstaubung registration obligation The duty to formally enroll with a government agency or an authority in order to be granted certain rights, particularly trademark or copyright privileges, or the permission to sell and distribute a product. obligation d'enregistrement obbligo di registrazione registratieplicht Anmeldepflicht dwelling Any enclosed space wholly or partially used or intended to be used for living, sleeping, cooking, and eating. habitation abitazione woning Wohnung dye A coloring material. teinture tintura kleurstof Farbstoff agroforestry The interplanting of farm crops and trees, especially leguminous species. In semiarid regions and on denuded hillsides, agroforestry helps control erosion and restores soil fertility, as well as supplying valuable food and commodities at the same time. agro-foresterie agroforestazione combinatie land- en bosbouw Agroforstwirtschaft dyke An artificial wall, embankment, ridge, or mound, usually of earth or rock fill, built around a relatively flat, low-lying area to protect it from flooding; a levee. A dyke may be also be constructed on the shore or border of a lake to prevent inflow of undesirable water. digue argine artificiale dijk Deich dyke reinforcement The addition of material to strengthen the structure of the dykes. renforcement de digue rinforzo degli argini artificiali dijkverzwaring Deichverstärkung early warning system Any series of procedures and devices designed to detect sudden or potential threats to persons, property or the environment at the first sign of danger; especially a system utilizing radar technology. système d'alerte rapide sistema preventivo di allarme vroegtijdig waarschuwingssysteem Frühwarnsystem access to the sea accès à la mer accesso al mare toegang tot de zee Meereszugang agroindustry Industry dealing with the supply, processing and distribution of farm products. agroindustrie agroindustria agro-industrie Agrarindustrie earth's crust The outer layers of the Earth's structure, varying between 6 and 48 km in thickness, and comprising all the material above the Mohorovicic Discontinuity (a seismic discontinuity occurring between the crust of the earth and the underlying mantle; the discontinuity occurs at an average depth of 35 km below the continents and at about 10 km below the oceans). The earlier idea of a cool solid skin overlaying a hot molten interior has now been replaced by a concept of a crust composed of two shells: an inner basic unit composed of sima (oceanic crust) and an outer granitic unit composed of sial (continental crust). croûte terrestre crosta terrestre aardkorst Erdkruste earthquake The violent shaking of the ground produced by deep seismic waves, beneath the epicentre, generated by a sudden decrease or release in a volume of rock of elastic strain accumulated over a long time in regions of seismic activity (tectonic earthquake). The magnitude of an earthquake is represented by the Richter scale; the intensity by the Mercalli scale. séisme terremoto aardbeving Erdbeben earth science The science that deals with the earth or any part thereof; includes the disciplines of geology, geography, oceanography and meteorology, among others. sciences de la terre scienze della terra aardwetenschappen Geowissenschaften Earth-Sun relationship The Earth depends on the sun for its existence as a planet hospitable to life, and solar energy is the major factor determining the climate. Hence, conditions on the sun and conditions on Earth are inextricably linked. Although the sun's rays may appear unchanging, its radiation does vary. Many scientists suspect that sunspot activity has a greater influence on climatic change than variations attributed to the greenhouse effect. relations Terre-Soleil relazioni Terra-Sole relaties tussen de Aarde en de Zon Erde-Sonne-Beziehung earthworm Any of numerous oligochaete worms of the genera Lumbricus, Allolobophora, Eisenia, etc., which burrow in the soil and help aerate and break up the ground. lombric lombrichi regenwormen Regenwurm earwig Any of various insects of the order Dermaptera, especially Forficula auricularia, which typically have an elongated body with small leathery forewings, semicircular membranous hindwings, and curved forceps at the tip of the abdomen. perce-oreille forbicine oorwurmen Ohrwürmer agrometeorology The study of the interaction between meteorological and hydrological factors, on the one hand, and agriculture in the widest sense, including horticulture, animal husbandry and forestry, on the other. agro-météorologie agrometeorologia meteorologie voor de landbouw Agrometeorologie East Africa A geographic region of the African continent that includes Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, Ethiopia and Somalia, and also Mt. Kilimanjaro and Lake Victoria. Afrique de l'Est Africa orientale Oost-Afrika Ostafrika Eastern Asia A geographic region of the Asian continent bordered by the Pacific Ocean in the east that includes China, Japan, Korea, Macao, Taiwan and Siberia. Asie orientale Asia orientale Oost-Azië Ostasien Eastern Europe A geographic region of the European continent west of Asia and east of Germany and the Adriatic Sea, traditionally consisting of countries that were formerly part of the Soviet Union, such as Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Serbia, Croatia and Bulgaria. Europe de l'Est Europa orientale Oost-Europa Osteuropa East-West relations relations Est-Ouest relazioni est-ovest Oost-West verhoudingen Ost-West-Beziehung East-West trade Trade between countries and companies of the Western hemisphere with those of the Eastern hemisphere (usually referring to former Communist countries of Eastern Europe). commerce Est-Ouest commercio fra est e ovest Oost-West handel Ost-West-Handel EC Council of Ministers The organ of the EU that is primarily concerned with the formulation of policy and the adoption of Community legislation. The Council consists of one member of government of each of the member states of the Community, and its presidency is held by each state in turn for periods of six months. Conseil des ministres de la CE Consiglio dei ministri della CE EG Raad van Ministers EG-Ministerrat EC directive A type of legislation issued by the European Union which is binding on Member States in terms of the results to be achieved but which leaves to Member States the choice of methods. directive de la CE direttiva della CE EG-richtlijn EU-Richtlinie EC directive on biocides Directive regulating the placing of biocidal products on the market. directive CE relative aux biocides direttiva CE sui biocidi EG-richtlijn betreffende biociden EU-Biozidrichtlinie EC directive on packaging EC Directive proposed on 15 July 1992 aiming at harmonizing national measures concerning the management of packaging and packaging waste; the directive covers all packaging placed on the market. directive CE relative aux emballages direttiva CE sugli imballaggi EG-richtlijn betreffende verpakkingen EU-Verpackungsrichtlinie EC directive on waste disposal EC Directive whose main object concerns waste prevention, recycling and transformation into alternative energy sources. directive CE relative à l'éliminiation des déchets direttiva CE sullo smaltimento dei rifiuti EG-richtlijn betreffende afvalverwerking EU-Deponierichtlinie EC directive on water protection Directive concerning the use and management of water resources for a rational economical and social development and the protection of the related environmental features. directive CE relative à la protection de l'eau direttiva CE sulla tutela delle acque EG-richtlijn betreffende de bescherming van water EU-Wasserschutzrichtlinie EC ecolabel The European Community (EC) initiative to encourage the promotion of environmentally friendly products. The scheme came into operation in late 1992 and was designed to identify products which are less harmful to the environment than equivalent brands. For example, eco-labels will be awarded to products that do not contain chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) which damage ozone layer, to those products that can be, or are, recycled, and to those that are energy efficient. The labels are awarded on environmental criteria set by the EC. These cover the whole life cycle of a product, from the extraction of raw materials, through manufacture, distribution, use and disposal of the product. The first products to carry the EC eco-labels were washing machines, paper towels, writing paper, light bulbs and hairsprays. CE écolabel marchio di qualità ecologica della CE EG-milieukeur(merk) EU-Umweltzeichen echinoderm Marine coelomate animals distinguished from all others by an internal skeleton composed of calcite plates, and a water-vascular system to serve the needs of locomotion, respiration, nutrition or perception. échinoderme echinodermi stekelhuidigen Stachelhäuter AIDS The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is caused by HIV-virus manifested by opportunistic infections and/or malignancies, and the mortality rate is very high. The syndrome results from a breakdown of the body's disease-fighting mechanism that leaves it defenceless against infections, such as pulmonary tuberculosis, Pneumocystis pneumonia, certain blood infections, candidiasis, invasive cervical cancer, Kaposi's sarcoma or any of over 20 other indicator diseases. No effective treatment is available. A striking feature of AIDS is the wide spectrum and frequency of infections with life-threatening pathogens seldom seen in normal hosts. The illness may begin with insidious signs and symptoms, and the process may be more diffuse than when the same conditions are seen in other immune-compromised patients. Four patterns of disease occur in AIDS patients. The pulmonary pattern, the central nervous system pattern, the gastrointestinal pattern, and the pattern of fever of unknown origin. Most patients who recover from a given opportunistic infection subsequently either have a relapse or develop a new type of infection. Many patients continue to have a wasting syndrome and experience such infections as oral thrush. Feelings of depression and isolation are common among AIDS patients and can be intensified if health care workers display fear of the syndrome. SIDA AIDS AIDS AIDS ecodevelopment 1) Conservative development based on long term optimization of biosphere resources. 2)An approach to development through rational use of natural resources by means of appropriate technology and system of production which take into account and provide for the conservation of nature. ecodéveloppement ecosviluppo ecologische ontwikkeling Ökoentwicklung ecolabelling The European Community's initiative to encourage the promotion of environmentally friendly products. The scheme came into operation in late 1992 and was designed to identify products which are less harmful to the environment than equivalent brands. It was hoped that by buying labelled goods, consumers would be able to put pressure on manufacturers and retailers both to make and to stock "greener" products. This includes the effects they have on the environment at all stages. The labels are awarded on environmental criteria set by the EC. écolabellisation etichettatura ecologica het toekennen van een milieukeur(merk) Umweltkennzeichnung ecological abundance Number of individual specimens of an animal or plant seen over a certain period of time in a certain place. population (spécifique) abbondanza ecologica ecologische abondantie Ökologischer Reichtum ecological adaptation Change in an organism so that it is better able to survive or reproduce, thereby contributing to its fitness. adaptation écologique adattamento ecologico ecologische aanpassing Biologische Anpassung ecological assessment Ecological assessment consists in monitoring the current and changing conditions of ecological resources from which success or failure of the ecosystem can be judged without bias; understanding more fully the structure and function of ecosystems in order to develop improved management options; developing models to predict the response of ecosystems to changes resulting from human-induced stress from which possible ecosystem management strategies can be assessed and assessing the ecological consequences of management actions so that decisionmakers can best understand the outcomes of choosing a particular management strategy. évaluation écologique valutazione ecologica ecologische beoordeling Ökologische Bewertung ecological balance The condition of equilibrium among the components of a natural community such that their relative numbers remain fairly constant and their ecosystem is stable. Gradual readjustments to the composition of a balanced community take place continually in response to natural ecological succession and to alterations in climatic and other influences. équilibre écologique bilancio ecologico (biologia) ecologisch evenwicht Ökologisches Gleichgewicht ecological bookkeeping The systematic accounting or recordkeeping of a company's impact on the environment or its progress towards environmentally sound business practices. comptabilité écologique contabilità ecologica ecologische boekhouding Ökologische Buchführung air A predominantly mechanical mixture of a variety of individual gases forming the earth's enveloping atmosphere. air aria lucht Luft ecological factor An environmental factor that, under some definite conditions, can exert appreciable influence on organisms or their communities, causing the increase or decrease in the number of organisms and/or changes in the communities. facteur écologique fattore ecologico ecologische factor Ökologischer Faktor ecological niche 1) The space occupied by a species, which includes both the physical space as well as the functional role of the species. 2) Ecological niche refers to the characteristics of an environment that provides all the essential food and protection for the continued survival of a particular species of flora or fauna. In addition to food and shelter, there is no long-term threat to existence in that place from potential predators, parasites and competitors. The concept of the ecological niche goes a long way beyond the idea of the species habitat. niche écologique nicchia ecologica ecologische niche Ökologische Nische ecological parameter A variable, measurable property whose value is a determinant of the characteristics of an ecosystem. paramètre écologique parametro ecologico ecologische parameter Ökologischer Parameter ecologically sensitive area Area where it is likely that a change in some parts of the system will produce a recognizable response. zone sensible (écologie) area sensibile dal punto di vista ecologico ecologisch gevoelig gebied Ökologische Vorrangfläche ecological stocktaking Taking stock of, evaluating, or inventorying a company's impact on the environment or its progress towards environmentally sound business practices. inventaire écologique inventario ecologico ecologische inventarisatie Ökologische Bestandsaufnahme ecologist movement Grouping of individuals and organizations dedicated to the protection of the environment. mouvement écologiste movimento ecologista milieubeweging Ökologiebewegung ecology The study of the interrelationships between living organisms and their environment. écologie ecologia milieu Ökologie trophic ecology The study of the feeding relationships of organisms in communities and ecosystems. Trophic links between populations represent flows of organisms, organic energy and nutrients. Trophic transfers are important in population dynamics, biogeochemistry, and ecosystem energetics. écologie trophique ecologia trofica trofische ecologie Trophische Ökologie economic activity Any effort, work, function or sphere of action pertaining to the production of goods, services or any other resource with exchange value. activité économique attività economica economische activiteit Ökonomische Aktivität economical-ecological efficiency The competency in performance in business matters involving the relation between financial and environmental principles. efficience économique-écologique efficienza economico-ecologica economisch-ecologische efficiëntie Ökonomisch-ökologische Effizienz economic analysis The quantitative and qualitative identification, study, and evaluation of the nature of an economy or a system of organization or operation. analyse économique analisi economica economische analyse Ökonomische Analyse economic development The state of nations and the historical processes of change experienced by them, the extent to which the resources of a nation are brought into productive use; the concept of development subsumes associated social, cultural and political changes as well as welfare measures. développement économique sviluppo economico economische ontwikkeling Wirtschaftsentwicklung economic growth An increase over successive periods in the productivity and wealth of a household, country or region, as measured by one of several possible variables, such as the gross domestic product. croissance économique crescita economica economische groei Wirtschaftswachstum economic instrument Any tool or method used by an organization to achieve general developmental goals in the production of, or in the regulation of, material resources. instrument économique strumento economico economische instrumenten Ökonomische Instrumente economic management instrument A tool or method used by any organization in the management of developmental processes used in the production of, or in the regulation of, material resources. instrument de gestion économique strumento di gestione economica economisch managementsinstrumenten Ökonomisches Managementinstrument economic planning An economy in which prices, incomes etc. are determined centrally by government rather than through the operation of the free market, and in which industrial production is governed by an overall national plan. planification économique pianificazione economica economische planning Wirtschaftsplanung economic policy A definite course of action adopted and pursued by a government, political party or enterprise pertaining to the production, distribution and use of income, wealth and commodities. politique économique politica economica economisch beleid Wirtschftspolitik accident An unexpected occurrence, failure or loss with the potential for harming human life, property or the environment. accident incidente ongevallen Unfall air conditioning A system or process for controlling the temperature and sometimes the humidity and purity of the air in a house, etc. climatisation condizionamento dell'aria luchtverversing Klimatisierung economics The social study of the production, distribution, and consumption of wealth. science économique scienze economiche economie Ökonomie economic situation The complex of elements which, in a given period, characterize the condition or state of a country or region's ability to produce goods, services and other resources with exchange value. situation économique congiuntura economische toestand Ökonomische Situation economic system Organized sets of procedures used within or between communities to govern the production and distribution of goods and services. système économique sistema economico economisch systeem Wirtschaftssystem economic theory The study of relationships in the economy. Its purpose is to analyze and explain the behaviour of the various economic elements. The body of economic theory can be divided into two broad categories, positive theory and welfare theory. Positive theory is an attempt to analyze the operation of the economy without considering the desirability of its results in terms of ultimate goals. Welfare theory is concerned primarily with an evaluation of the economic system in terms of ethical goals which are not themselves derived from economic analysis. théorie économique teoria economica economische theorie Wirtschaftstheorie economic trend Changes of variables and parameters of an economic system, analysed in statistical calculations. conjoncture andamento economico economische trend Wirtschaftstendenz economic viability Capability of developing and surviving as a relatively independent social, economic or political unit. viabilité économique vitalità economica economische levensvatbaarheid Wirtschaftlichkeit economic zoning A land-use planning design or control where specific types of businesses or private sector investment are encouraged within designated boundaries. zonage économique zonizzazione economica industriezone Wirtschaftszonenaufteilung economy The system of activities and administration through which a society uses its resources to produce wealth. économie economia economie Wirtschaft eco-paediatrics Branch of medical science concerning the study and the therapy of children diseases caused by environmental factors. écopédiatrie ecopediatria eco-pediatrie Ökopädiatrie ecophysiology The study of biophysical, biochemical and physiological processes used by animals to cope with factors of their physical environment, or employed during ecological interactions with other organisms. écophysiologie ecofisiologia eco-fysiologie Ökophysiologie ecosystem A community of organisms and their physical environment interacting as an ecological unit. écosystème ecosistema ecosysteem Ökosystem ecosystem analysis Detailed study of an ecosystem carried out to ascertain its features from the point of view of its soil composition, energy flux, biogeochemical cycles, biomass, organisms and their relationship with the environment. analyse de l'écosystème analisi dell'ecosistema ecosysteem-analyse Ökosystemanalyse ecosystem degradation Degradation or destruction of large natural environments. When one ecosystem is under attack as a result of natural or man-made disaster it is extremely difficult to calculate the ripple effects throughout nature. When two or more ecosystems are being degraded the probabilities of synergistic destructiveness multiply. Ecosystems in many regions are threatened, despite their biological richness and their promise of material benefits. dégradation de l'écosystème degrado degli ecosistemi achteruitgang van het ecosysteem Ökosystemabbau ecosystem research Study of the ways in which plants, animals, and microbes interact with each other and with their physical environment and of the processes involving the circulation, transformation and accumulation of both matter, especially nutrient materials, and energy. recherche sur les écosystèmes ricerca sugli ecosistemi onderzoek aan het ecosysteem Ökosystemforschung ecosystem type Ecosystems can be classified according to various criteria: from the point of view of energy source, two major types of ecosystems can be distinguished. Autotrophic ecosystems have primary producers as a principal component and sunlight has the major initial energy source; etherotrophic ecosystems depend upon preformed organic matter that is imported from autotrophic ecosystems elsewhere. Ecosystems can also be classified in terrestrial, marine and freshwater. type d'écosystème tipo di ecosistema soort ecosysteem Ökosystemtyp ecotourism Excursions to relatively untouched lands, which for the tourist promise the chance to observe unusual wildlife and indigenous inhabitants. The travel industry, in an attempt to market adventure and authenticity to those travellers weary of "civilisation" promote travel to environments free of modern technology. Ecotourism's inherent contradiction is the promotion of untouched lands, which immediately become touched by the hands of tourism. écotourisme ecoturismo ecotoerisme Ökotourismus ecotoxicity Quality of some substances or preparations which present or may present immediate or delayed risks for one or more sectors of the environment. écotoxicité ecotossicità milieugiftige eigenschappen Ökotoxizität ecotoxicological evaluation Evaluation of the adverse effects of chemicals, physical agents, and natural products on population and communities and plants, animals and human beings. évaluation écotoxicologique valutazione ecotossicologica ecotoxicologische evaluatie Ökotoxikologische Bewertung aircraft Any structure, machine, or contrivance, especially a vehicle, designed to be supported by the air, either by the dynamic action of the air upon the surfaces of the structure or object or by its own buoyancy. appareil volant velivolo vliegtuig Luftfahrzeug ecotoxicology The science dealing with the adverse effects of chemical, physical agents, and natural products on populations and communities of plants, animals and human beings. écotoxicologie ecotossicologia ecotoxicologie Ökotoxikologie ecotype Species that has special characteristics which allow it to live in a certain habitat. écotype ecotipo ecotype Ökotyp EC policy politique communautaire politica della UE EG-beleid EU-Politik EC regulation règlement de la CE disposizioni della CE EG-verordening EU-Verordnung EC regulation on eco-management and audit règlement (CEE) en matière de management environnemental et d'audit disposizioni comunitarie sul controllo e la gestione ambientali EG-verordening betreffende milieubeheer en EU-Umweltaudit-Verordnung EC regulation on existing chemicals Regulation designed to identify and control of risks deriving from existing chemicals. According to this program the main goal is the collection of basic information about existing chemicals including their uses and characteristics, environmental fate and pathways, toxicity and ecotoxicity. règlement (CEE) en matière de substances chimiques existantes disposizioni comunitarie sui prodotti chimici esistenti EG-verordening inzake bestaande chemicaliën EU-Altstoffverordnung edaphology The study of the relationships between soil and organisms, including the use made of land by mankind. édaphologie edafologia bodemkunde Edaphologie edible fat An oil that can be eaten as a food or food accessory. graisse alimentaire grasso alimentare eetbare vetten Speisefett education The act or process of imparting or acquiring knowledge or skills. éducation educazione onderwijs Bildung aircraft engine emission The formation and discharge of gaseous and particulate pollutants into the environment, especially the stratosphere, chiefly from airplanes, helicopters and other high-altitude aircrafts. émissions des moteurs d'avions emissioni dei motori aerei emissie door vliegtuigmotoren Flugzeugemission educational institution An organization or establishment devoted to the act or process of imparting or acquiring knowledge or skills. établissement d'enseignement istituzione educativa onderwijsinstelling Bildungsanstalt educational planning The process of making arrangements or preparations to facilitate the training, instruction or study that leads to the acquisition of skills or knowledge, or the development of reasoning and judgment. planification de l'enseignement pianificazione dell'educazione onderwijsplanning Bildungsplanung education policy A course of action adopted and pursued by government or some other organization, which promotes or determines the goals, methods and programs to be used for training, instruction or study that leads to the acquisition of skills or knowledge, or the development of reasoning and judgment. politique en matière d'éducation politica dell'istruzione onderwijsbeleid Bildungspolitik educational system Any formulated, regular or special organization of instruction, training or knowledge disclosure, especially the institutional structures supporting that endeavor. système éducatif sistema educativo onderwijssysteem Bildungswesen aircraft noise Effective sound output of the various sources of noise associated with aircraft operation, such as propeller and engine exhaust, jet noise, and sonic boom. bruit d'aéronefs rumore di aerei geluid van vliegtuigen Fluglärm effect Effects include: a) direct effects, which are caused by the action and occur at the same time and place, b) indirect effects, which are caused by the action and are later in time or farther removed in distance, that are still reasonably foreseeable. effet effetti effecten Wirkung effect on health effet sur la santé effetti sulla salute het effect op de gezondheid Wirkung auf die Gesundheit effect on man effet sur l'homme effetto sull'uomo het effect op de mens Wirkung auf den Menschen effect on the environment Resultant of natural or manmade perturbations of the physical, chemical or biological components making up the environment. effet sur l'environnement effetto sull'ambiente het effect op het milieu Wirkung auf die Umwelt research of the effects Investigation carried out to assess the results deriving from an action or condition; general term applying to many different fields. recherche des effets ricerca degli effetti onderzoek naar de effecten Wirkungsforschung efficiency criterion Parameter or rule for assessing the competency in performance of production relative to the input of resources. critère d'efficacité criterio di efficienza efficiëntiecriterium Effizienzkriterium efficiency level The ratio of output to input, usually given as a percentage. niveau d'efficacité livello di efficacia efficiëntieniveau Wirkungsgrad effluent The waste liquid from domestic sewage, industrial sites or from agricultural processes. Effluents are harmful when they enter the environment, especially in freshwater, because of their polluting chemical composition. effluent effluente effluent Ausfluß egg A large, female sex cell enclosed in a porous, calcareous or leathery shell, produced by birds and reptiles. oeuf uovo ei Ei EIA directive Council Directive of 27 June 1985 on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment (85/337/EEC). The Directive applies to projects which are likely to have significant effects on the environment by virtue of their nature, size or location. directive relative à l'EIE (Evaluation de l'impact sur l'environnement) direttiva sulla VIA MER-richtlijn UVP-Richtlinie EIA law Law concerning the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment, based on the EC Directive n. 85/337. loi sur l'EIE (Evaluation de l'impact sur l'environnement) legge sulla VIA MER-wet UVP-Gesetz EIA (local) The identification, evaluation and appraisal of the ecological consequences of a proposed project or development in a city, town or region, and the measures needed to minimize adverse effects. EIE (Evaluation de l'impact sur l'environnement) VIA (locale) MER (lokaal) UVP (kommunal) elasticity Ability of a material to return to original dimensions after deformation. élasticité elasticità elasticiteit Elastizität elderly person Someone who has reached the later stage of life or who has attained a specified age within that stage. personne agée persona anziana bejaarde Seneszente electrical engineering Engineering that deals with practical applications of electricity; generally restricted to applications involving current flow through conductors, as in motors and generators. génie électrique ingegneria elettrotecnica elektrotechniek Elektrotechnik electrical industry Industry for the production of electric energy. industrie électrique industria elettrica elektrotechnische industrie Elektroindustrie electrical storage device dispositif de stockage électrique dispositivo per l'immagazzinamento dell'energia elettrica elektrische batterij Elektrospeicher electricity A general term used for all phenomena caused by electric charge whether static or in motion. électricité elettricità elektriciteit Elektrizität electricity company Company which is responsible for the supply and distribution of electric energy to a given area. compagnie d'électricité ente per l'energia elettrica elektriciteitsbedrijf Elektrizitätsgesellschaft electricity consumption Amount of electricity consumed by an apparatus. consommation d'électricité consumo di elettricità elektriciteitsverbruik Elektrizitätsverbrauch electricity generation The act or process of transforming other forms of energy into electric energy. production d'énergie électrique produzione di elettricità elektriciteitsopwekking Elektrizitätserzeugung electricity generation cost The value or amount of money exchanged for the production and sustained supply of charged ion current used as a power source. coût de la production électrique costi della produzione di energia elettrica de kosten van het opwekken van elektriciteit Elektrizitätserzeugungskosten electricity supply industry Industry for the supply and distribution of electric power. gestion de l'électricité industria per la fornitura di elettricità elektriciteitsbeheer Elektrizitätswirtschaft electric line Wires conducting electric power from one location to another; also known as electric power line. ligne électrique linea elettrica elektrische leiding Elektrische Leitung electric power The rate at which electric energy is converted to other forms of energy, equal to the product of the current and the voltage drop. énergie électrique energia elettrica elektrische stroom Elektrizität electric power plant A stationary plant containing apparatus for large-scale conversion of some form of energy (such as hydraulic, steam, chemical, or nuclear energy) into electrical energy. centrale électrique impianto di produzione di energia elettrica elektriciteitscentrale Elektrizitätswerk electric power supply approvisionnement en électricité fornitura di energia elettrica elektriciteitsvoorziening Elektrizitätsversorgung electric vehicle Vehicle driven by an electric motor and characterized by being silent and less polluting. véhicule électrique veicolo elettrico elektrovoertuig Elektrofahrzeug electrokinetics The study of the motion of electric charges, especially of steady currents in electric circuits, and of the motion of electrified particles in electric or magnetic fields. effets électrocinétiques elettrocinetica elektrokinetica Elektrokinetik electrolysis The production of a chemical reaction by passing an electric current through an electrolyte. In electrolysis, positive ions migrate to the cathode and negative ions to the anode. électrolyse elettrolisi elektrolyse Elektrolyse air movement Air movements within the Earth's atmospheric circulation; also called planetary winds. Two main components are recognized: first, the latitudinal meridional component due to the Coriolis force (a deflecting motion or force discussed by G.G. de Coriolis in 1835. The rotation of the Earth causes a body moving across its surface to be deflected to the right in the N hemisphere and to the left in the S hemisphere); and secondly, the longitudinal component and the vertical movement, resulting largely from varying pressure distributions due to differential heating and cooling of the Earth's surface. mouvement planétaire des masses d'air movimento dell'aria luchtbeweging Luftbewegung electronic material matériel électronique materiale elettronico elektronisch materiaal Elektronisches Material electronics Study, control, and application of the conduction of electricity through gases or vacuum or through semiconducting or conducting materials. électronique elettronica elektronica Elektronik electronic scrap Any material from electronic devices and systems, generated as a waste stream in a processing operation or discarded after service. ferraille électronique scarto elettronico elektronisch afval Elektronikschrott electronic scrap regulation Government or management prescribed rule for the disposal and recycling of electric parts, circuits and systems, especially computer devices. réglementation sur la ferraille électronique disposizione sul materiale elettronico di scarto verordening met betrekking tot elektronisch afval Elektronik-Schrott-Verordnung electrosmog Pollution caused by electric and magnetic fields generated by power lines, electrical equipment, mobile and cordless phones, radar, electrical household appliances, microwave ovens, radios, computers, electric clocks, etc. pollution électromagnétique elettrosmog elektrosmog Elektrosmog air pollutant Any pollutant agent or combination of such agents, including any physical, chemical, biological, radioactive substance or matter which is emitted into or otherwise enters the ambient air and can, in high enough concentrations, harm humans, animals, vegetation or material. polluant atmosphérique inquinante atmosferico luchtverontreiniger Luftschadstoff electrotechnical equipment All the equipment connected with the technological use of electric power. équipement électrotechnique apparecchiatura elettrotecnica elektrotechnische apparatuur Elektrotechnische Ausrüstung electrotechnical industry A sector of the economy in which an aggregate of commercial enterprises is engaged in the design, manufacture and marketing of machinery, apparatus and supplies for the generation, storage and utilization of electrical energy, such as household appliances, radio and television receiving equipment, and lighting and wiring equipment. industrie électrotechnique industria elettrotecnica elektrotechnische industrie Elektrotechnische Industrie element of group 0 A group of monatomic gaseous elements forming group 18 (formerly group 0) of the periodic table: helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), and radon (Rn). élements du groupe 0 elementi del gruppo 0 elementen uit groep 0 Elemente der Gruppe 0 element of group I (alkaline) Any of the monovalent metals lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, caesium, and francium, belonging to group 1A of the periodic table. They are all very reactive and electropositive. éléments du groupe I (alcalins) elementi del gruppo I (alcalini) elementen uit groep I (alkalimetalen) Elemente der Gruppe I (Alkalimetalle) element of group II (alkaline earth metals) Any of the divalent electropositive metals beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium, belonging to group 2A of the periodic table. éléments du groupe II (métaux alcalino-terreux) elementi del gruppo II (alcalino-terrosi) elementen uit groep II (aardalkalimetalen) Elemente der Gruppe II (Erdalkalimetalle) element of group III Group III consists of two subgroups: group IIIb and group IIIa. Group IIIa consists of scandium, yttrium, and lanthanium, which is generally considered with the lanthanoids, and actinium, which is classified with the actinoids. Group IIIb, the main group, comprises boron, aluminium, gallium, indium, and thallium. éléments du groupe III elementi del gruppo III elementen uit groep III Elemente der Gruppe III element of group IV Group IV consists of two subgroups: group IVb, main group, and group IVa. Group IVa consists of titanium, zirconium, and hafnium which are generally classified as transition metals. The main group consists of carbonium, silicium, germanium, tin, and lead. The main valency of the elements is IV, and the members of the group show a variation from nonmetallic to metallic behaviour in moving down the group. The reactivity of the elements increases down the group from carbon to lead. All react with oxygen on heating. éléments du groupe IV elementi del gruppo IV elementen uit groep IV Elemente der Gruppe IV element of group V Group V consists of two subgroups: group Vb, the main group, and group Va. Group Va consists of vanadium, niobium, and tantalum, which are generally considered with the transition elements. The main group consists of nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth. éléments du groupe V elementi del gruppo V elementen uit groep V Elemente der Gruppe V element of group VI Group VI consists of two subgroups: group VIb, the main group, and group VIa. Group VIa consists of chromium, molybdenum, and tungsten. The main group consists of oxygen, sulphur, selenium, tellurium, and polonium. éléments du groupe VI elementi del gruppo VI elementen uit groep VI Elemente der Gruppe VI element of group VII Any of the elements of the halogen family, consisting of fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine. éléments du groupe VII elementi del gruppo VII elementen uit groep VII Elemente der Gruppe VII chemical element A substance made up of atoms with the same atomic number; common examples are hydrogen, gold, and iron. élément chimique elementi chimici chemische elementen (en hun verbindingen) Chemisches Element air pollution Presence in the atmosphere of large quantities of gases, solids and radiation produced by the burning of natural and artificial fuels, chemical and other industrial processes and nuclear explosions. pollution de l'air inquinamento dell'aria luchtverontreiniging Luftverunreinigung emancipation The state of being free from social or political restraint or from the inhibition of moral or social conventions. émancipation emancipazione emancipatie Emanzipation embryo An early stage of development in multicellular organisms. embryon embrione embryo Embryo embryogenesis The formation and development of an embryo from an egg. embryogénèse embriogenesi embryogenese Embryonalentwicklung emergency law Loi sur l'état d'urgence legislazione di emergenza noodwet Notstandsrecht emergency plan Program of procedures to be undertaken in the event of a sudden, urgent and usually unexpected occurrence requiring immediate action, especially an incident of potential harm to human life, property or the environment. plan d'urgence piano di emergenza noodplan Nofallplan emergency relief Money, food or other assistance provided for those surviving a sudden and usually unexpected occurrence requiring immediate action, especially an incident of potential harm to human life, property or the environment. secours d'urgence soccorso di emergenza noodhulp Nothilfe emergency relief measure mesure de secours d'urgence misura di soccorso di emergenza noodhulpmaatregel Erste-Hilfe-Maßnahmen emergency shelter Shelter given to persons who are deprived of the essential needs of life following a disaster. abri d'urgence ricovero di emergenza noodonderkomen Notunterkunft emission The release of greenhouse gases or air pollutants and/or their precursors into the atmosphere over a specified area and period of time émission emissioni emissies Emission emission control Procedures aiming at reducing or preventing the harm caused by atmospheric emissions. contrôle des émissions controllo delle emissioni emissiebeheer Emissionsüberwachung emission data Data concerning pollutants released into the environment from a permanent or mobile installation or from products. donnée sur les émissions dati sulle emissioni emissiegegevens Emissionsdaten emission factor The relationship between the amount of pollutants produced to the amount of raw materials processed, or fuel consumed, in any polluting process. facteur d'émission fattore di emissione emissiefactor Emissionsfaktor emission forecast The final step in a clean air plan is to predict future air quality to demonstrate that we can (if we can) meet the health standards by implementing the measures proposed in the plan. This is done by first projecting the emission inventory into the future, taking into account changes in population, housing, employment in specific business sectors, and vehicle miles traveled. These data are obtained from various sources and the resulting emissions are adjusted to account for regulations and control measures scheduled for implementation during the same time period. Additional adjustments are made to reflect large facilities that are expected to start up, modify, or shut down. The resulting inventory is an emission forecast, and is usually expressed in tons per day of particular pollutants for a given year. Additional steps may be required to determine how the forecasted quantities of air pollution will affect the overall air quality. One way to accomplish this is through computer modeling. A computer model simulates how pollutants disperse, react, and move in the air. The inputs to such a computer model are complex. They include weather patterns, terrain, and the chemical nature of air pollutants. prévision d'émission previsione delle emissioni emissievoorspelling Emissionsprognose airport A landing and taking-off area for civil aircraft, usually with surfaced runways and aircraft maintenance and passenger facilities. aéroport aeroporto vliegveld Flughafen emission reduction The act or process of limiting or restricting the discharge of pollutants or contaminants, such as by setting emission limits or by modifying the emission source. réduction d'émission riduzione delle emissioni emissiereductie Emissionsminderung emission reduction banking A system for recording qualified air emission reductions for later use in bubble, offset, or netting transactions. Plant complexes that reduce emissions substantially may "bank" their "credits" or sell them to other industries. mise en réserve de crédits pour la réduction des émissions accredito sulla riduzione di emissioni verhandeling van emissiereducties Emission Reduction Banking emission register A listing, by source, of the amounts of air pollutants discharged in the atmosphere of a community daily. registre des émissions registro delle emissioni emissieregister Emissionskataster emission situation état des émissions situazione delle emissioni emissietoestand Emissionssituation emission source A chemical process, building, furnace, plant or other entity responsible for the discharge of pollutants or contaminants into the environment. source d'émission sorgente di emissioni emissiebron Emittent emission standard The maximum amount of discharge legally allowed from a single source, mobile or stationary. norme de rejet norme sulle emissioni emissienorm Emissionsnorm emission to water The discharge of solid, liquid or gaseous pollutants or contaminants into a body of water. rejet dans l'eau emissioni nell'acqua afscheiding in water Einleitung ins Wasser employment The work or occupation in which a person is employed. emploi impiego werkgelegenheid Beschäftigung employment and environment Issues or initiatives pertaining to the inter-relationship between ecological concerns and the economics of employment, including sustained, environmentally safe development; the effect of environmental activism on jobs; and the creation of environmental occupations. environnement et emploi occupazione e ambiente werkgelegenheid en milieu Arbeit und Umwelt employment level effect The result or impact of a specific policy, action or event upon the number of working-age persons holding jobs in a specific region, nation or sector of the economy. effet sur le niveau de l'emploi effetto del livello di occupazione werkgelegenheidseffect Beschäftigungseffekt emulsification The process of dispersing one liquid in a second immiscible liquid. émulsification emulsificazione emulgatie Emulgierung emulsion A stable dispersion of one liquid in a second immiscible liquid, such as milk (oil dispersed in water). émulsion emulsione emulsie Emulsion encapsulation The enclosure of any polluting product with a material that prevents its release in the environment. encapsulation incapsulamento inkapseling Kapselung encyclopaedia A comprehensive, often multivolume, reference work containing articles on a wide rage of subjects or on various aspects of a particular field, usually, alphabetically arranged. encyclopédie enciclopedia encyclopedie Enzyklopädie endangered animal species Animals, birds, fish or other living organisms threatened with extinction by natural or human-induced changes in their environment. espèce animale menacée specie animale in pericolo bedreigde diersoorten Gefährdete Tierart air quality The degree to which air is polluted; the type and maximum concentration of man-produced pollutants that should be permitted in the atmosphere. qualité de l'air qualità dell'aria luchtkwaliteit Luftgüte endangered plant species The plants threatened with extinction by human or natural changes in the environment. espèce végétale menacée specie vegetale in pericolo bedreigde plantensoorten Gefährdete Pflanzenart endangered species (IUCN) One of the three degrees of "rarity" drawn up by the International Union for the Conservation of Natural Resources. All plants and animals in these categories need special protection. Endangered species are those species in danger of extinction unless steps are taken to change the cause of threat and decline. espèce menacée specie in pericolo (IUCN) bedreigde soorten Gefährdete Arten groundwater endangering Threat to the quality and quantity of groundwater by activities related to the use of land. As some activities (e.g. landfill) present a particular risk of pollution, the closer an activity is to a well or borehole, the greater the risk of the pumped water being polluted. The type of soil, the geology, the rainfall and the amount of water pumped out of the ground must all be taken into consideration. risque pour les eaux souterraines potenziale inquinamento della falda acquifera het in gevaar brengen van het grondwater Grundwassergefährdung endocrine system The chemical coordinating system in animals, that is, the endocrine glands that produce hormones. système endocrinien sistema endocrino endocrien systeem Endokrines System endocrinology The study of the endocrine glands and the hormones that they synthesize and secrete. endocrinologie endocrinologia hormonenleer Endokrinologie end-of-pipe technology An approach to pollution control which concentrates upon effluent treatment or filtration prior to discharge into the environment, as opposed to making changes in the process giving rise to the wastes. technologie "end-of-pipe" tecnologia a valle end-of-pipe technologie End-of-Pipe Technik energy The capacity to do work; involving thermal energy (heat), radiant energy (light), kinetic energy (motion) or chemical energy; measured in joules. énergie energia energie Energie energy balance The energetic state of a system at any given time. bilan énergetique bilancio energetico energiebalans Energiebilanz energy conservation The strategy for reducing energy requirements per unit of industrial output or individual well-being without affecting the progress of socio-economic development or causing disruption in life style. In temperate developed countries most energy is used in heating and lighting industrial and domestic buildings. Industrial processes, transport and agriculture are the other main users. During the 1970s it was demonstrated that substantial savings could be achieved through appropriate building technologies and the use of energy-efficient equipment for heating, air-conditioning and lighting. Most goods could and should be both manufactured and made to work more efficiently. économie d'énergie conservazione dell'energia energiebehoud Energieeinsparung energy consumption Amount of energy consumed by a person or an apparatus shown as a unit. consommation d'énergie consumo di energia energieverbruik Energieverbrauch energy conversion The process of changing energy from one form to another. conversion de l'énergie conversione di energia energieomzetting Energieumwandlung energy demand besoin en énergie fabbisogno energetico energiebehoefte Energiebedarf air quality control The measurement of ambient air-pollution concentrations in order to determine whether there is a problem in a given region. contrôle de la qualité de l'air controllo della qualità dell'aria luchtkwaliteitscontrole Luftgüteüberwachung energy dissipation Any loss of energy, generally by conversion into heat. dissipation d'énergie dissipazione di energia energieverspilling Energievernichtung energy distribution system Any publicly or privately organized setup in which usable power such as electricity is delivered to homes and businesses. système de distribution énergétique sistema di distribuzione di energia systeem voor de verdeling van energie Energieverteilungssystem energy economics The production, distribution, and consumption of usable power such as fossil fuel, electricity, or solar radiation. économie de l'énergie economia energetica spaarzaam energieverbruik Energiewirtschaft energy efficiency Refers to actions to save fuels by better building design, the modification of production processes, better selection of road vehicles and transport policies, the adoption of district heating schemes in conjunction with electrical power generation, and the use of domestic insulation and double glazing in homes. efficacité énergétique rendimento energetico energierendement Energieausnutzung energy legislation législation en matière d'énergie legislazione sull'energia energiewetgeving Energierecht energy management The administration or handling of power derived from sources such as fossil fuel, electricity and solar radiation. gestion de l'énergie gestione energetica energiebeheer Energiewirtschaft energy market The trade or traffic of energy sources treated as a commodity (such as fossil fuel, electricity, or solar radiation). marché de l'énergie mercato dell'energia energiemarkt Energiemarkt energy policy A statement of a country's intentions in the energy sector. politique énergétique politica energetica energiebeleid Energiepolitik energy process Any natural phenomenon or series of actions by which energy is converted or made more usable. processus énergétique processi energetici energieprocessen Energieverfahren energy production Generation of energy in a coal fired power station, in an oil fired power station, in a nuclear power station, etc. production d'énergie produzione di energia energie-opwekking Energiegewinnung energy recovery A form of resource recovery in which the organic fraction of waste is converted to some form of usable energy. Recovery may be achieved through the combustion of processed or raw refuse to produce steam through the pyrolysis of refuse to produce oil or gas; and through the anaerobic digestion of organic wastes to produce methane gas. valorisation énergétique ricupero di energia energie-herwinning Energierueckgewinnung energy resource Potential supplies of energy which have not yet been used (such as coal lying in the ground, solar heat, wind power, geothermal power, etc.). ressource énergétique risorse energetiche energiebronnen Energieressourcen air quality management Regulate and plan and work toward the accomplishment of completion of stated goals, objectives and mission pertaining to air quality. gestion de la qualité de l'air gestione della qualità dell'aria luchtkwaliteitsbeheer Luftreinhaltung energy saving Avoiding wasting energy. économie d'énergie risparmio di energia energiebesparing Energieeinsparung energy source Potential supplies of energy including fossil and nuclear fuels as well as solar, water, wind, tidal and geothermal power. source d'énergie fonte di energia energiebron Energiequelle energy source material Sources from which energy can be obtained to provide heat, light, and power. Energy resources, including fossil and nuclear fuels as well as solar, water, tidal and geothermal energy, may be captured or recovered and converted into other energy forms for a variety of household, commercial, transportation, and industrial applications. matières brutes énergétiques sorgente di energia energiebronmateriaal Energieträger energy storage Amount of energy reserves; often refers to the stocks of non-renewable fuel, such as oil, which a nation, for example, possesses. stockage d'énergie accumulo di energia energie-opslag Energiespeicherung energy supply The provision and storage of energy (the capacity to do work or produce a change), or the amount of energy stored, for the use of a municipality, or other energy user. approvisionnement en énergie fornitura di energia energievoorziening Energieversorgung energy technology technologie énergétique tecnologia energetica energietechnologie Energietechnik energy type According to the source, energy can be classified as hydroenergy, solar energy, tidal energy, wind energy, waves energy, geothermal energy, etc.. According to the type of fuel used for its production, energy can be classified as nuclear energy, coal derived energy, petroleum derived energy, biomass derived energy, etc. type d'énergie tipo di energia soort energie Energieart energy utilisation utilisation de l'énergie uso di energia energiegebruik Energienutzung energy utilisation pattern mode d'utilisation de l'énergie modello di utilizzo dell'energia energiegebruikspatroon Energienutzungsschema enforcement The execution, carrying out or putting into effect an order, regulation, law or official decree. application attuazione handhaving Inkraftsetzen engine A machine in which power is applied to do work by the conversion of various forms of energy into mechanical force and motion. moteur motore motor Motor enlargement policy politique d'élargissement politica di espansione uitbreidingsbeleid Extensivierungspolitik enlargement programme programme d'élargissement programma di estensione uitbreidingsprogramma Extensivierungsprogramm enriched uranium Uranium whose concentration of uranium-235, which is able to sustain a nuclear chain reaction, is increased by removing uranium-238. uranium enrichi uranio arricchito verrijkt uranium Angereichertes Uran enrichment The process of increasing the abundance of a specified isotope in a mixture of isotopes. It is usually applied to an increase in the proportion of U-235, or the addition of Pu-239 to natural uranium for use in a nuclear reactor or weapon. enrichissement arricchimento verrijken Anreicherung adequate food supply A quantity of nutriments that meets fundamental nutritional requirements and is provided to a person, group or community on a continuing basis. approvisionnement alimentaire approprié disponibilità alimentare adeguata toereikende voedselvoorziening Ernährungssicherung environmental accident An unexpected occurrence, failure or loss, with the potential for harming the ecosystem or natural resources. accident écologique incidente ambientale milieuongeluk Umweltunfall environmental accounting comptabilité de l'environnement contabilità ambientale milieuboekhouding Ökologische Buchführung environmental protection advice Consultations or recommendations given as a guide of action regarding the preservation of ecological integrity and the defense or shelter of natural resources. conseil en matière de protection de l'environnement delibera sulla protezione dell'ambiente milieubeschermingsadvies Umweltschutzberatung air safety Any measure, technique or design intended to reduce the risk of harm posed by either moving vehicles or projectiles above the earth's surface or pollutants to the earth's atmosphere. sécurité aérienne sicurezza aerea luchtveiligheid Luftsicherheit environmental anxiety inquiétude environnementale ansia ambientale milieuangst Umweltangst environmental sustainable architecture Environmentally friendly architecture is based on the following five principles: 1) healthful interior environment; 2) energy efficiency; 3) ecologically benign materials; 4) environmental form; 5) good design. architecture "durable" architettura ecocompatibile milieuvriendelijke architectuur Baubiologie environmental aspect of human settlements Human settlements have an adverse impact on many ecosystems and on themselves by the addition of toxic or harmful substances to the outer lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. The major types of environmental pollutants are sewage, trace metals, petroleum hydrocarbons, synthetic organic compounds, and gaseous emissions. Most, if not all, of the additions of potentially harmful substances to the environment are result of the population growth and the technological advances of industrial societies. aspects écologiques des établissements humains aspetti ambientali degli insediamenti umani milieuaspecten van menselijke nederzettingen Umweltaspekt von Siedlungen environmental assessment The evaluation or appraisal of ecological or natural resources. évaluation environnementale valutazione ambientale milieuevaluatie Umweltbewertung environmental assessment criterion Principle or standard for the evaluation or appraisal of ecological or natural resources. critère d'évaluation environnementale criterio di valutazione ambientale milieuevaluatiecriterium Umweltbewertungskriterium environmental auditing An assessment of the nature and extent of any harm or detriment, or any possible harm or detriment, that may be inflicted on any aspect of the environment by any activity process, development programme, or any product, chemical, or waste substance. Audits may be designed to: verify or otherwise comply with environmental requirements; evaluate the effectiveness of existing environmental management systems; assess risks generally; or assist in planning for future improvements in environment protection and pollution control audit d'environnement verifica ambientale milieudoorlichting Umweltaudit environmental awareness The growth and development of awareness, understanding and consciousness toward the biophysical environment and its problems, including human interactions and effects. Thinking "ecologically" or in terms of an ecological consciousness. conscience environnementale consapevolezza ambientale milieubesef Umweltbewußtsein environmental balance Final part of the environmental impact study and assessment which compares environmental costs and benefits on the basis of homogeneous criteria. équilibre écologique bilancio ambientale milieu-evenwicht Umweltbilanz environmental change Changes that may take place in ecosystems, climate, soil, habitats, etc. due to pressures of various origin. changement écologique cambiamento ambientale milieuverandering Umweltveränderung environmental chemicals legislation législation en matière des produits chimiques présents dans l'environnement legislazione sui prodotti chimici ambientali wetgeving inzake chemische stoffen die een invloed hebben op het milieu Umweltchemikalienrecht environmental chemistry Science dealing with the physical, chemical and biochemical processes that polluting substances undergo when introduced in the environment. chimie environnementale chimica ambientale milieuchemie Umweltchemie environmental compatibility Condition of products or projects of having a reduced impact or burden on the natural environment. éco-compatibilité compatibilità ambientale milieuverenigbaarheid Umweltverträglichkeit environmental consequence Resultant of natural or man-made perturbations of the physical, chemical or biological components making up the environment. conséquence sur l'environnement conseguenza ambientale milieugevolgen Umweltauswirkung airspace planning The activity of organizing or preparing for transportation through the atmosphere above earth's surface. organisation de l'espace aérien pianificazione dello spazio aereo luchtruimtelijke planning Luftraumplanung environmental conservation Efforts and activities to maintain and sustain those attributes in natural and urban environments which are essential both to human physical and mental health and to enjoyment of life. sauvegarde de l'environnement conservazione ambientale milieubehoud Umweltschutz environmental contingency planning The production of an organized, programmatic and coordinated course of action to be followed in the case of some accident, disaster or occurrence threatening an ecosystem and the human health or natural resources within it. plan d'intervention en cas de catastrophe pianificazione in vista di contingenze ambientali milieurampen(bestrijdings)plan Umweltkontingenzplanung environmental control Protection of the environment through policies concerning the control of wastes, the improvement of the human-made environment, the protection of heritage values, the institution of national parks and reserves, the protection of fauna and flora, the conservation of forests and landscapes, etc. contrôle de l'environnement controllo ambientale milieubeheer Umweltschutz environmental cost Expenses incurred as a result of some violation of ecological integrity either by an enterprise that implements a program to rectify the situation, or by society or the ecosystem as a whole when no person or enterprise is held liable. coût environnemental costi ambientali milieukosten Umweltkosten environmental crime Unlawful acts against the environment, such as water contamination, hazardous waste disposal, air contamination, unpermitted installation of plants, oil spills, etc. crime écologique crimine ambientale milieumisdrijf Umweltverbrechen environmental criminal law The aggregate of statutory enactments pertaining to actions or instances of ecological negligence deemed injurious to public welfare or government interests and legally prohibited. droit pénal en matière d'environnement legislazione sui crimini ambientali milieustrafrecht Umweltstrafrecht environmental criterion Standards of physical, chemical or biological (but sometimes including social, aesthetic, etc.) components that define a given quality of an environment. critères et données de surveillance criterio ambientale milieucriterium Umweltkriterium accidental release of organisms Genetically engineered organisms that are released in the environment by mistake; once released they may exhibit some previously unknown pathogenicity, might take over from some naturally occurring bacteria (possibly having other positive functions which thus are lost) or pass on some unwanted trait to such indigenous bacteria. There is also concern that an uncontrolled genetic mutation could produce a form with hazardous consequences for the environment. rejet accidentel d'organismes rilascio accidentale di organismi het per ongeluk vrijkomen van organismen Unfallbedingtes Freisetzen von Organismen environmental culture The total of learned behavior, attitudes, practices and knowledge that a society has with respect to maintaining or protecting its natural resources, the ecosystem and all other external conditions affecting human life. culture environnementale cultura ambientale ecologische cultuur Umweltkultur environmental damage Harm done to the environment, e.g. loss of wetlands, pollution of rivers, etc. atteinte à l'environnement danno ambientale milieuschade Umweltschaden environmental data Information concerning the state or condition of the environment. donnée environnementale dati sull'ambiente milieugegevens Umweltdaten environmental development The growth, progress or advancement in matters of ecological concern. développement environnemental sviluppo ambientale milieu-ontwikkeling Umweltentwicklung air temperature The temperature of the atmosphere which represents the average kinetic energy of the molecular motion in a small region and is defined in terms of a standard or calibrated thermometer in thermal equilibrium with the air. température de l'air temperatura dell'aria luchttemperatuur Lufttemperatur environmental economy issue A matter of public importance involving both a community's or a country's management of financial resources and its protection of natural resources. enjeu économique de l'environnement aspetti di economia ambientale milieueconomische vraagstukken Umweltökonomische Angelegenheiten environmental economics A recognized field of specialization in the discipline of Economics that embraces the issues of pollution control and environment protection, in which costs and benefits are difficult or impossible to estimate, much of the subject matter falling outside the competitive market system. Yet, it is an area in which immense common property resources need to be allocated sensibly to the overall public good. The subject is also very much concerned with ways and means to achieve this sensible allocation such as emission and effluent charges, user charges for the treatment or disposal of waste, environmental taxes, product charges, deposit refunds, tradeable pollution rights, performance bonds, natural resource accounting, and the economic implications of sustainable development. économie de l'environnement economia ambientale (scienza) milieueconomie Umweltökonomie environmental education The educational process that deals with the human interrelationships with the environment and that utilizes an interdisciplinary problem-solving approach with value clarification. Concerned with education progress of knowledge, understanding, attitudes, skills, and commitment for environmental problems and considerations. The need for environmental education is continuous, because each new generation needs to learn conservation for itself. éducation à l'environnement educazione ambientale milieuonderwijs Umwelterziehung environmental enterprise Organisations that are specialized in providing advice on environmental matters, for example investigation and remediation of potentially polluted land, water and air, and in the evaluation of environmental impacts; they employ professionals with the qualifications of engineering, geology, chemistry, hydrogeology, landscaping, environmental economics, etc. entreprise environnementale imprese ambientali milieuonderneming Umweltunternehmen environmental ethics An ecological conscience or moral that reflects a commitment and responsibility toward the environment, including plants and animals as well as present and future generations of people. Oriented toward human societies living in harmony with the natural world on which they depend for survival and well being. éthique de l'environnement etica ambientale milieuethiek Umweltethik air traffic Aircraft moving in flight or on airport runways. trafic aérien traffico aereo luchtverkeer Luftverkehr environmental fund Financial resources set aside for measures involving ecological maintenance or the protection, defense, or shelter of natural resources. fonds pour l'environnement fondi per l'ambiente milieufonds Umweltfonds environmental hazard A physical or chemical agent capable of causing harm to the ecosystem or natural resources. danger environnemental pericolo ambientale gevaar voor het milieu Umweltgefährdung environmental health The art and science of the protection of good health, the prevention of disease and injury through the control of positive environmental factors, and the reduction of potential physical, biological, chemical and radiological hazards. hygiène de l'environnement salute ambientale milieuhygiëne Umelthygiene environmental health hazard Any physical, chemical or other agent capable of causing harm to the interrelationship between humans and the surrounding external conditions, threatening both human well-being and ecological integrity. risque écologique pour la santé pericoli per la salute di origine ambientale gevaar voor de milieuhygiëne Umwelthygienische Gefahr environmental health impact assessment Assessment of impacts caused by an action on the health conditions of a population. évaluation de l'impact des conditions de vie sur la santé valutazione sanitaria di impatto ambientale onderzoek effect op miliehygiëne Umwelthygienische Verträglichkeitsprüfung environmental health protection Measures or devices designed to reduce the risk of harm to human health posed by pollutants or other threatening conditions in the ecosystem. protection de l'hygiène du milieu protezione sanitaria ambientale bescherming van de milieuhygiëne Umweltgesundheitsschutz environmental history A systematic and chronological account of past events and conditions relating to the ecosystem, its natural resources or, more generally, the external factors surrounding and affecting human life. histoire de l'écologie storia ambientale milieuachtergrond Umweltgeschichte environmental impact Any alteration of environmental conditions or creation of a new set of environmental conditions, adverse or beneficial, caused or induced by the action or set of actions under consideration. impact sur l'environnement impatto ambientale invloed op het milieu Umweltbelastung environmental impact assessment Analysis and judgement of the effects upon the environment, both temporary and permanent, of a significant development or project. It must also consider the social consequences and alternative actions. évaluation de l'impact sur l'environnement Valutazione di Impatto Ambientale inschatting van de invloed op het milieu Umweltverträglichkeitsprüfung environmental impact of agriculture Agricultural activities have significant impacts on water quality, including increases in stream sedimentation from erosion, and increases in nutrients, pesticides, and salt concentrations in runoff. In certain regions, the misuse of pesticides has led to the development of pesticide-resistant strains of pests, destroyed natural predators, killed local wildlife, and contaminated human water supplies. Improper application of fertilizers has changed the types of vegetation and fish types inhabiting nearby waterways and rivers. impact de l'agriculture sur l'environnement impatto ambientale dell'agricoltura invloed van landbouw op het milieu Umweltbelastung durch Landwirtschaft environmental impact of aquaculture Fish farming pollutes the water with nutrients, methane and hydrogen sulphide which threaten both farmed fish and other marine life. Dangerous pesticides have been used to treat infestations of sea lice. impact de l'aquaculture sur l'environnement impatto ambientale dell'acquacoltura invloed van aquacultuur op het milieu Umweltbelastung durch Aquakultur environmental impact of energy Energy and environmental problems are closely related, since it is nearly impossible to produce, transport, or consume energy without significant environmental impact. The environmental problems directly related to energy production and consumption include air pollution, water pollution, thermal pollution, and solid waste disposal. The emission of air pollutants from fossil fuel combustion is the major cause of urban air pollution. Diverse water pollution problems are associated with energy usage. One major problem is oil spills. In all petroleum-handling operations, there is a finite probability of spilling oil either on the earth or in a body of water. Coal mining can also pollute water. Changes in groundwater flow produced by mining operations often bring otherwise unpolluted waters into contact with certain mineral materials which are leached from the soil and produce an acid mine drainage. Solid waste is also a by-product of some forms of energy usage. Coal mining requires the removal of large quantities of earth as well as coal. In general, environmental problems increase with energy use and this combined with the limited energy resource base is the crux of the energy crisis. An energy impact assessment should compare these costs with the benefits to be derived from energy use. impact de l'énergie sur l'environnement impatto ambientale dell'energia invloed van energie op het milieu Energiebedingte Umweltbelastung environmental impact of fishing Fishing may have various negative effects on the environment: effluent and waste from fish farms may damage wild fish, seals, and shellfish. Fish farmers use tiny quantities of highly toxic chemicals to kill lice: one overdose could be devastating. So-called by-catches, or the incidental taking of non-commercial species in drift nets, trawling operations and long line fishing is responsible for the death of large marine animals and one factor in the threatened extinction of some species. Some fishing techniques, like the drift nets, yield not only tons of fish but kill millions of birds, whales and seals and catch millions of fish not intended. Small net holes often capture juvenile fish who never have a chance to reproduce. Some forms of equipment destroy natural habitats, for example bottom trawling may destroy natural reefs. Other destructive techniques are illegal dynamite and cyanide fishing. mpact de la pêche sur l'environnement impatto ambientale della pesca invloed van visserij op het milieu Umweltbelastung durch Fischerei environmental impact of forestry The world's forestry resources are shrinking at an alarming rate. The need for foreign exchange encourages many developing countries to cut timber faster than forests can be regenerated. This overcutting not only depletes the resource that underpins the world timber trade, it causes loss of forest-based livelihoods, increases soil erosion and downstream flooding, and accelerates the loss of species and genetic resources. impact de la sylviculture sur l'environnement impatto ambientale delle attività forestali invloed van bosbouw op het milieu Umweltbelastung durch Forstwirtschaft environmental impact of households Household impacts on the environment include domestic heating emissions (hot air, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, water vapour and oxide of nitrogen, sulphur and other trace gases); domestic sewage consisting of human bodily discharges, water from kitchens, bathrooms and laundries; the dumping of bulky wastes such as old washing machines, refrigerators, cars and other objects that will not fit into the standard dustbin and which are often dumped about the countryside, etc. impact des ménages sur l'environnement impatto ambientale delle attività domestiche invloed van huishoudens op het milieu Umweltbelastung durch Haushalte environmental impact of industry The effects on the environment connected with industrial activities are mainly related to the production of industrial wastes that can be divided into various types: solid waste, such as dust particles or slag from coal; liquid wastes from various processes, including radioactive coolants from power stations; and gas wastes, largely produced by the chemical industry. impact de l'industrie sur l'environnement impatto ambientale dell'industria invloed van industrie op het milieu Umweltbelastung durch Industrie environmental impact of recreation Recreation and tourism are often accompanied by extensive damage to the environment. Aquatic ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to the effects of an increased tourist trade and the resultant building of hotel accommodations, sewage disposal works, roads, car parks and landing jetties on banks and coastlines; and the increased angling, swimming, water skiing, shooting or use of motor-boats in the water body. These all produce direct deleterious effects when conducted on a massive scale, including shore damage, chemical changes in the water, and sediments and biological changes in the plant and animal communities. impact des loisirs sur l'environnement impatto ambientale delle attività ricreative invloed van recreatie op het milieu Umweltbelastung durch Freizeitgestaltung environmental impact of tourism Extensive damage to the environment caused by recreation and tourism, including despoiling of coastlines by construction of tourist facilities; pollution of the sea; loss of historic buildings to make way for tourist facilities; loss of agricultural land for airport development, etc. impact du tourisme sur l'environnement impatto ambientale del turismo invloed van toerisme op het milieu Tourismusbedingte Umweltbelastung environmental impact of transport Impact of transportation-related activities on the environment, in particular, those impacts dealing with air pollution, noise, displacement of people and businesses, disruption of wildlife habitats, and overall growth-inducing effects. impact des transports sur l'environnement impatto ambientale dei trasporti invloed van vervoer op het milieu Umweltbelastung durch Verkehr environmental impact statement A detailed statement which, to the fullest extent possible, identifies and analyses, among other things, the anticipated environmental impact of a proposed action and discusses how the adverse effects will be mitigated. déclaration sur l'impact écologique rapporto di impatto ambientale milieueffectbepaling Umweltverträglichkeitsstudie environmental impact study Survey conducted to ascertain the conditions of a site prior to the realization of a project, to analyze its possible impacts and compensative measures. étude d'impact sur l'environnement studio di impatto ambientale milieueffectenrapportage Umweltverträglichkeitsstudie environmental incentive Incitation financière à la protection de l'environnement incentivo ambientale milieustimuleringsmaatregel Umweltbedingter Anreiz environmental indicator A measurement, statistic or value that provides a proximate gauge or evidence of the effects of environmental management programs or of the state or condition of the environment. indicateur environnemental indicatore ambientale milieu-indicator Umweltindikator environmental index An index of available environmental articles from 1972 to present; also known as Environmental Abstract Annual. index environnemental indice ambientale milieu-index Umweltindex environmental industry Industries involved in the development of cleaner technologies, waste and wastewater treatment, recycling processes, biotechnology processes, catalysts, membranes, desulphurisation plants, noise reduction, and the manufacture of other products having an environment protection purpose. écoindustrie industria ambientale milieu-industrie Umweltindustrie air traffic law International rules and conventions relating to air transportation. loi de navigation aérienne legislazione inerente al traffico aereo luchtverkeerswetgeving Luftverkehrsgesetz environmental informatics Science and techniques of data elaboration and of computer processing of information concerning ecosystems and ecology. informatique environnementale informatica ambientale milieu-informatica Umweltinformatik environmental information Knowledge communicated or received concerning any aspect of the ecosystem, the natural resources within it or, more generally, the external factors surrounding and affecting human life. information environnementale informazione ambientale milieu-informatie Umweltinformation environmental information network A system of interrelated persons and devices linked to permit the exchange of data or knowledge concerning natural resources, human health and other ecological matters. réseau d'information sur l'environnement reti di informazione ambientale milieu-informatienetwerk Umweltinformationsnetz environmental information system A coordinated assemblage of people, devices or other resources designed to exchange data or knowledge concerning any aspect of the ecosystem, the natural resources within or, more generally, the external factors surrounding and affecting human life. système d'information sur l'environnement sistema di informazione ambientale milieu-informatiesysteem Umweltinformationssystem environmental investment Securities held for the production of income in the form of interest and dividends with the aim of benefitting the environment. investissement environnemental investimento per l'ambiente milieu-investering Umweltinvestition environmentalism 1) Concern for the environment and its protection. 2) Theory emphasizing the primary influence of the environment on the development of groups or individuals. It stresses the importance of the physical, biological, psychological, or cultural environment as a factor influencing the structure or behaviour of animals, including humans. In politics, this has given rise in many countries to Green Parties, which aim to " Preserve the planet and its people". écologisme ambientalismo milieutheorie Environmentalismus environmental law A wide spectrum of options from binding "hard" laws, such as international treaties and national legislation, to "soft" laws, covering guiding principles, recommended practices and procedures, and standards. Environmental law also attempts to reconcile international considerations with concerns that focus on very specific problems such as soil degradation, marine pollution or the depletion of non-renewable resources. droit de l'environnement diritto ambientale milieurecht Umweltgesetz air traffic regulation réglementation du trafic aérien regolamentazione del traffico aereo luchtverkeersregelgeving Luftverkehrsüberwachung environmental law enforcement Any variety of activities associated with promoting compliance and obedience to those binding rules of a state that have been promulgated to safeguard ecological integrity, preserve natural resources and protect human health. application du droit de l'environnement applicazione delle leggi ambientali handhaving van het milieurecht Umweltrechtliche Strafverfolgung environmental legislation Branch of law relating to pollution control; national parks, wildlife, fauna and flora, wilderness and biodiversity; environmental and occupational health; environmental planning; heritage conservation and a large number of international conventions relating to the environment. législation en matière d'environnement legislazione ambientale milieuwetgeving Umweltrecht environmental legislation on agriculture A binding rule or body of rules prescribed by a government to regulate any aspect of farm and livestock production that poses a threat to ecological integrity and human health, especially the use of pesticides, fertilizers and land. législation environnementale sur l'agriculture legislazione ambientale agricola milieuwetgeving met betrekking tot de landbouw Agrarumweltrecht environmental legislative process The systematic course of proceedings in which a bill that would preserve or protect ecological resources may be enacted as a law. procédure législative en matière d'environnement processo legislativo ambientale milieuwetgevingsprocedure Umweltschutzgesetzgebung environmental liability The penalty to be paid by an organization for the damage caused by pollution and restoration necessary as a result of that damage, whether by accidental spillages from tankers, industrial waste discharges into waterways or land, or deliberate or accidental release of radioactive materials. responsabilité écologique responsabilità ambientale milieuaansprakelijkheid Umwelthaftung environmental licence A governmental license or grant that allows and regulates an enterprise's discharge of air pollutants, typically from a commercial or industrial plant. permis applicable à l'environnement licenza ambientale milieuvergunning Umweltlizenz environmentally dangerous substance Substance that causes undesirable change in the physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of the air, water, or land that can harmfully affect the health, survival, or activities of human or other living organisms. substance dangereuse pour l'environnement sostanza pericolosa per l'ambiente gevaarlijke stoffen voor het milieu Umweltgefährdende Stoffe environmental friendly procurement The process of obtaining products and services which are favorably disposed toward the environment. achat de produits et de services écologiques fornitura rispettosa per l'ambiente milieuvriendelijke aankopen Umweltfreundliche Beschaffung environmentally friendly product Product that is not harmful to the environment. produit propre prodotto sicuro per l'ambiente milieuvriendelijk product Umweltfreundliches Produkt environmentally friendly management Adoption of integrated and preventative management practices aiming at reducing the impacts of industrial and trade activities on the environment; these practices include, among others, life-cycle analysis in the product development cycle, the introduction of clean process technology and measures of waste minimisation. management environnemental gestione aziendale ambientalmente corretta milieuvriendelijk beheer Umweltorientierte Unternehmensführung environmentally related disease maladie liée au milieu environnant malattia legata all'ambiente aandoening die met het milieu te maken heeft Umweltbedingte Krankheit environmentally responsible behaviour comportement écologique comportamento rispettoso dell'ambiente milieubewust gedrag Umweltbewusstes Verhalten environmentally unfriendly firm Firms that do not comply with environmental regulations for the disposal of noxious wastes generated during the production cycle. entreprise non respectueuse de l'environnement azienda nociva per l'ambiente milieuonvriendelijk bedrijf Umweltfeindlicher Betrieb environmental management Measures and controls which are directed at environmental conservation, the rational and sustainable allocation and utilization of natural resources, the optimization of interrelations between society and the environment, and the improvement of human welfare for present and future generations. management environnemental gestione ambientale milieubeheer Umweltmanagement environmental medicine The art and science of the protection of good health, the promotion of aesthetic values, the prevention of disease and injury through the control of positive environmental factors, and the reduction of potential physical, biological, chemical, and radiological hazards. médecine environnementale medicina ambientale milieugeneeskunde Umweltmedizin environmental misconduct méfait écologique comportamento ambientale scorretto wangedrag ten opzichte van het milieu Umweltvergehen environmental monitoring Periodic and/or continued measuring, evaluating, and determining environmental parameters and/or pollution levels in order to prevent negative and damaging effects to the environment. Also include the forecasting of possible changes in ecosystem and/or the biosphere as a whole. surveillance de l'environnement monitoraggio ambientale milieubewaking Umweltüberwachung environmental noise The sound and the characteristics of sounds from all sources in the surrounding environment. bruit ambiant rumore ambientale omgevingsgeluid Umgebungslärm environmental perception An intuitive recognition or understanding of the ecosystem and its natural resources, often based on human experiences or cultural attitudes or beliefs. perception de l'environnement percezione ambientale milieubeeld Umweltwahrnehmung environmental performance performance environnementale performance ambientale milieuprestatie Grad der Erfüllung von Umweltauflagen environmental planning The identification of desirable objectives for the physical environment, including social and economic objectives, and the creation of administrative procedures and programmes to meet those objectives. planification écologique pianificazione ambientale milieuplanning Umweltplanung air transportation The use of aircraft, predominantly airplanes, to move passengers and cargo. transport aérien trasporto aereo luchtvervoer Lufttransport environmental plan A formulated or systematic method for the protection of natural or ecological resources. plan écologique piano ambientale milieuplan Umweltplan environmental policy Official statements of principles, intentions, values, and objective which are based on legislation and the governing authority of a state and which serve as a guide for the operations of governmental and private activities in environmental affairs. politique de l'environnement politica ambientale milieubeleid (overheid) Umweltpolitik environmental policy instrument Technological, economical and legislative measures employed to prevent or control pollution or damage of the environment. instrument de gestion de l'environnement strumenti di politica ambientale milieubeleidsinstrument Umweltpolitische Instrumente environmental pollution The introduction by man into the environment of substances or energy liable to cause hazards to human health, harm to living resources and ecological systems, damage to structure or amenity, or interference with legitimate uses of the environment. pollution de l'environnement inquinamento dell'ambiente milieuvervuiling Umweltverschmutzung environmental priority priorité environnementale priorità ambientale prioriteit op milieugebied Umweltpriorität environmental programme An organized group of activities and procedures, often run by a government agency or a nonprofit organization, to protect natural or ecological resources and advocate for ecological progress. programme environnemental programma ambientale milieuprogramma Umweltprogramm air-water interaction The physical processes at the air-water interface: momentum, heat and mass transfer across the air-water interface, mixing of surface water by wind stress and wave breaking, directional wave spectra and wave forces on offshore structures. The air-water interaction is measured by the turbulence and gas exchanges resulting from the mixing of the water column by wind. interaction air/eau interazione aria-acqua lucht-water wisselwerking Luft-Wasser-Wechselwirkung environmental protection Measures and controls to prevent damage and degradation of the environment, including the sustainability of its living resources. protection de l'environnement protezione dell'ambiente milieubescherming Umweltschutz environmental protection agency EPA is the US Government's watchdog agency responsible for controlling the pollution of air and water, pesticides, radiation hazards and noise pollution. The agency is also involved in research to examine the effects of pollution. agence pour la protection de l'environnement agenzia per la protezione dell'ambiente milieubeschermingsagentschap Umweltbehörde environmental protection association Associations whose object resides in the protection of natural environment. association de défense de l'environnement associazione di difesa dell'ambiente milieubeschermingsvereniging Umweltschutzverband environmental protection cost The amount of money incurred in the preservation, defense, or shelter of natural resources. coût de protection de l'environnement costi della protezione ambientale milieubeschermingskosten Umweltschutzkosten environmental protection in the enterprise Precautionary actions, procedures or installations undertaken by non-governmental, business or industrial entities to prevent or reduce harm to the ecosystem and human health. défense de l'environnement dans le cadre de l'entreprise protezione ambientale nell'industria milieubescherming binnen het bedrijf Betrieblicher Umweltschutz environmental protection order décret sur la protection de l'environnement provvedimento di protezione ambientale milieubeschermingsbevel Umweltschutzauflage environmental protection organisation A government agency, committee or group that is responsible for preserving and safeguarding ecological or natural resources. organisation de protection de l'environnement organizzazione per la protezione ambientale milieubeschermingsinstantie Umweltschutzorganisation environmental protection regulation A government or management prescribed rule for the preservation of natural resources and the prevention of damage or degradation of the ecosystem. réglementation de la protection de l'environnement disposizioni sulla protezione ambientale milieubeschermingsverordening Umweltschutzvorschrift environmental protection technology Technologies that meet environmental objectives by incorporating pollution prevention concepts in their design. Environmental control strategies introduced in the early design stages of a process, rather than an end-of-pipe control option introduced in the later stages, improve the technical and economic performance of a process. technologie de protection de l'environnement tecnologia per la protezione ambientale milieubeschermingstechnologie Umweltschutztechnik environmental psychology A branch of experimental psychology which studies the relationships between behavior and the environmental context in which it occurs. Environmental psychology's primary focus is the influence of the physical environment and, therefore, much of the research in this area deals with the influences of noise, air pollution, climatic changes, etc. psychologie environnementale psicologia ambientale milieupsychologie Umweltpsychologie environmental quality Properties and characteristics of the environment, either generalized or local, as they impinge on human beings and other organisms. Environmental quality is a general term which can refer to: varied characteristics such as air and water purity or pollution, noise, access to open space, and the visual effects of buildings, and the potential effects which such characteristics may have on physical and mental health. qualité de l'environnement qualità dell'ambiente milieukwaliteit Umweltqualität environmental quality criterion Criteria followed in establishing standards for exposure to pollutants and noise, in respect of pesticides, detergents, composition of effluents, discharge of trade wastes, etc. critère de qualité de l'environnement criterio di qualità ambientale milieukwaliteitscriterium Umweltqualitätskriterien environmental quality objective objectif de qualité environnementale obiettivo di qualità ambientale milieukwaliteitsdoelstelling Umweltqualitätsziel environmental quality standard Normative documents and guidelines for determining the degree of environmental conditions and requirements to avoid negative and damaging effects, influences, and consequences. norme de qualité de l'environnement standard di qualità ambientale milieukwaliteitsnorm Umweltqualitätsstandard environmental report An account or statement, usually in writing, describing in detail events, situations or conditions pertaining to the ecosystem, its natural resources or any of the external factors surrounding and affecting human life. rapport sur l'environnement rapporto sull'ambiente milieurapport Umweltbericht environmental research The study of the environment and its modifications caused by human activities. recherche sur l'environnement et développement ricerca ambientale milieuonderzoek Umweltforschung environmental risk assessment Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the risk posed to the environment by the actual or potential presence and/or use of specific pollutants. évaluation des risques pour l'environnement valutazione del rischio ambientale milieurisicobeoordeling Umweltrisikobewertung environmental risk Likelihood, or probability, of injury, disease, or death resulting from exposure to a potential environmental hazard. risque pour l'environnement rischio ambientale milieurisico Umweltrisiko environmental science The interdisciplinary study of environmental problems, within the framework of established physical and biological principles, i.e. oriented toward a scientific approach. sciences de l'environnement scienze ambientali milieukunde Umweltwissenschaft environmental security Measures taken or policies instituted to protect and promote the safety of external conditions affecting the life, development and survival of an organism. sécurité écologique sicurezza ambientale milieuveiligheid Umweltsicherheit environmental specimen bank Places in which selected specimens (fish, mussels, milk, soil sample and human tissue, etc.) are stored without being allowed to decompose. banque d'échantillons de l'environnement banca campioni ambientali milieumonsterdepot Umweltprobenbank environmental statement (eco-audit) Assessment made by a company or organization of the financial benefits and disadvantages to be derived from adopting a more environmentally sound policy. éco-audit verifica ambientale (ecoaudit) milieuverklaring (eco-controle) Umwelterklärung (Ökoaudit) environmental statistics statistiques de l'environnement statistica ambientale milieustatistieken Umweltstatistik environmental stock exchange The buying, selling, or exchanging of ecological commodities. bourse des valeurs environnementales borsa valori ambientale milieubeurs Umweltbörse environmental subsidy Payment by a government to assist or improve performance regarding ecological maintenance or the protection, defense, or shelter of natural resources. encouragement et subventions écologiques sovvenzione per l'ambiente milieusubsidie Umweltsubvention environmental target Environmental elements of recognized importance which can be modified by the completion of a project. objectif environnemental bersaglio ambientale milieudoelstelling Umweltziel alarm Signalling an impending danger in order to call attention to some event or condition. alarme allarme alarm Alarmierung environmental teaching Instruction, training or the imparting of knowledge about the external conditions affecting the life, development and survival of organisms, including potential dangers to the ecosystem and the means to maintain its integrity. enseignement de l'environnement insegnamento ambientale milieuonderwijs Umweltunterricht environmental technology technologie de l'environnement tecnologia ambientale milieutechnologie Umwelttechnologie environmental terminology The vocabulary of technical terms and usage appropriate to community, corporate, governmental and other groups concerned with protecting natural resources, preserving the integrity of the ecosystem and safeguarding human health. terminologie de l'environnement terminologia ambientale milieuterminologie Umweltterminologie environmental training Teaching of specialists and qualified workers who acquire knowledge and skills necessary to solve environmental problems. formation en matière d'environnement formazione ambientale milieutraining Umweltausbildung environmental economic valuation The assessment, evaluation, or appraisal of business performance in matters involving ecology and finances. évaluation économique environnementale valutazione ambientale (economica) milieu-economische waardering Umweltökonomische Bewertung environmental vandalism vandalisme environnemental vandalismo ambientale milieuvandalisme Umweltvandalismus environmental warfare The direct manipulation or destruction of ecological resources as either a political threat or for actual military advantage. guerre mésologique guerra ambientale milieuoorlogsvoering Umweltkriegsführung environment friendly Human activities, enterprises or products that reinforce rather than undermine the integrity of the ecosystem. favorable à l'environnement rispettoso per l'ambiente milieuvriendelijk Umweltfreundlich environment A concept which includes all aspects of the surroundings of humanity, affecting individuals and social groupings. The European Union has defined the environment as "the combination of elements whose complex interrelationships make up the settings, the surroundings and the conditions of life of the individual and of society, as they are or as they are felt". The environment thus includes the built environment, the natural environment and all natural resources, including air, land and water. It also includes the surroundings of the workplace. environnement ambiente (in generale) milieu Umwelt enzyme Any of a group of catalytic proteins that are produced by living cells and that mediate and promote the chemical processes of life without themselves being altered or destroyed. enzyme enzima enzym Enzym epidemic A sudden increase in the incidence rate of a disease to a value above normal, affecting large numbers of people and spread over a wide area. épidémie epidemia epidemieën Epidemie epidemiology 1) The study of the mass aspects of disease. 2) The study of the occurrence and distribution of disease and injury specified by person, place, and time. épidémiologie epidemiologia epidemiologie Epidemiologie equine Animals belonging to the family of Equidae. équidé equidi paardachtigen Equinae equipment Any collection of materials, supplies or apparatuses stored, furnished or provided for an undertaking or activity. équipement apparecchiature uitrusting Ausrüstung equivalent dose A quantity used in radiation protection, expressing all radiation on a common scale for calculating the effective absorbed dose. The unit of dose equivalent is the rem. which is numerically equal to the absorbed dose in rads multiplied by certain modifying factors such as the quality factor, the distribution factor, etc. dose équivalente dose equivalente equivalente dosis Äquivalentdosis ergonomics The study of human capability and psychology in relation to the working environment and the equipment operated by the worker. ergonomie ergonomia ergonomie Ergonomie erosion The general process or the group of processes whereby the materials of Earth's crust are loosened , dissolved, or worn away and simultaneously moved from one place to another, by natural agencies, which include weathering, solution, corrosion, and transportation, but usually exclude mass wasting. érosion erosione erosie Erosion erosion control Practices used during construction or other land disturbing activities to reduce or prevent soil erosion. Typical practices include planting of trees and quick growing grass on disturbed areas and other means to slow the movement of water across a disturbed site and trap the soil that does get transported by runoff. aménagement antiérosif controllo dell'erosione erosiebeheersing Erosionsschutz estuarine biology The scientific study or the characteristic life processes of living organisms found in a semi-enclosed coastal body of water which has a free connection with the open sea and within which sea water is measurably diluted with freshwater. biologie estuarienne biologia degli estuari biologie in riviermonding Ästuarbiologie estuarine conservation area Estuarine area which has been reserved by legislation to protect part or all of the enclosed environment for conservation, scientific, educational and/or recreational purposes. zone préservée de l'estuaire aree di conservazione degli estuari beschermd estuarium Ästuarschutzgebiet estuarine ecosystem écosystème estuarien ecosistema di estuari ecosysteem riviermonding Ästuarökosystem estuarine oceanography The study of the physical, chemical, biological and geological characteristics of a semi-enclosed coastal body of water which has a free connection with the open sea and within which sea water is measurably diluted with fresh water. océanographie estuarienne oceanografia degli estuari oceanografie riviermonding Ästuare Ozeanographie estuary Area at the mouth of a river where it broadens into the sea, and where fresh and sea water intermingle to produce brackish water. The estuarine environment is very rich in wildlife, particularly aquatic, but it is very vulnerable to damage as a result of the actions of humans. estuaire estuario estuarium Ästuar etching The incision of lines on a plate of metal, glass, or other material by covering it with an acid-resistant coating, scratching through the coating, and then permitting an acid bath to erode exposed parts of the plate. gravure incisione con acido etsen Beizen etching substance Substance capable of wearing away the surface of a metal, glass, etc. by chemical action. substance corrosive sostanza per incisione etsende stoffen Ätzmittel ether A colorless liquid, slightly soluble in water; used as a reagent, intermediate, anesthetic, and solvent. éther eteri ether Ether alcohol A group of organic chemical compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The molecules in the series vary in chain length and are composed of a hydrocarbon plus a hydroxyl group. Alcohol includes methanol and ethanol. alcool alcoli alcohol Alkohol ethics The philosophical study of the moral value of human conduct and of the rules and principles that ought to govern it. éthique etica ethiek Ethik ethnology The science that deals with the study of the origin, distribution, and relations of races or ethnic groups of mankind. ethnologie etnologia volkenkunde Ethnologie ethology The study of animal behaviour in a natural context. éthologie etologia ethologie Ethologie EU Council The Council of the European Union is an institution which exercises legislative and decision-making powers. At the same time, it is the forum in which the representatives of the Governments of the 15 Member States can assert their interests and try to reach compromises. The Council ensures general coordination of the activities of the European Community, the main objective of which is the establishment of an internal market, i.e. an area without internal frontiers guaranteeing four freedoms of movement - for goods, persons, services and capital - to which should soon be added a single currency. In addition, the Council is responsible for intergovernmental cooperation, in common foreign and security policy (CFSP) and in the areas of justice and home affairs (JHA), including for example matters of immigration and asylum, combating terrorism and drugs and judicial cooperation. Conseil de l'Union Européenne Consiglio dell'UE EG-Raad Rat der Europäischen Union Euratom A precursor to the European Community, the European Atomic Energy Community was founded in 1958 by the European Common Market to conduct research, develop nuclear energy, create a common market for nuclear fuels and supervise the nuclear industry so as to prevent abuse and protect health. Euratom Euratom Euratom Europäische Atomgemeinschaft Europe The second smallest continent, forming the W extension of Eurasia: the border with Asia runs from the Urals to the Caspian and the Black Sea. The coastline is generally extremely indented and there are several peninsulas (notably Scandinavia, Italy and Iberia) and offshore islands (including the British Isles and Iceland). It contains a series of great mountain systems in the south (Pyrenees, Alps, Apennines, Carpathians, Caucasus), a large central plain, and a N region of lakes and mountains in Scandinavia. Europe Europa Europa Europa European Commission The European Union's administrative body, composed of twenty independent members appointed by the Member States for five-year terms and vested with powers of initiative, implementation, management and control according to the mandates established in EU Treaties or handed down by the EU Council. Commission Européenne Commissione Europea Europese Commissie Europäische Kommission European Court of Justice The supreme court of The European Union which oversees the application of the EU treaties, decides upon the validity and the meaning of Community legislation and determines whether any act or omission by the European Commission, the Council of Minister or any member state constitutes a breach of Community law. Cour de Justice Européenne Corte di Giustizia Europea Europees Hof van Justitie Europäischer Gerichtshof European Environment Agency The EEA is being set up to provide the European Community and its member states with objective, reliable and standardized information on the environment. It will assess the success of existing environmental policies and the data will be used to develop new policies for environmental protection measures. It will gather information covering the present, and foreseeable, state of the environment. The priority area are: air quality and emissions; water quality, pollutants and resources; soil quality, flora and fauna, and biotopes; land use and natural resources; waste management; noise pollution; chemicals; and protection of coastal areas. The Agency will also take into account the socio-economics dimension, cover transboundary and international matters, and avoid the duplication of the activities of other bodies. Agence européenne pour l'environnement Agenzia Europea per l'Ambiente Europees Milieuagentschap Europäische Umweltagentur European Environmental Council Conseil européen de l'environnement Consiglio Europeo dell'Ambiente Europese Milieuraad Europäischer Umweltrat accident source The cause or origin of an unexpected occurrence, failure or loss with the potential for harming human life, property or the environment. source d'accident sorgente dell'incidente oorzaak van een ongeluk Unfallsursache European nature reserve réserve naturelle européenne riserva naturale europea EuroPees natuurreservaat Europareservat European Parliament Formerly the "Assembly" of EEC. Comprises some 520 "representatives of the peoples" of European Community states, directly elected, and based in Strasbourg. Exercises advisory and supervisory powers; debates and passes resolutions and may veto admission of new member states. Parlement Européen Parlamento Europeo Europees Parlement Europäisches Parlament European Union . Union européenne Unione Europea Europese Unie Europäische Union eutrophication A process of pollution that occurs when a lake or stream becomes over-rich in plant nutrient; as a consequence it becomes overgrown in algae and other aquatic plants. The plants die and decompose. In decomposing the plants rob the water of oxygen and the lake, river or stream becomes lifeless. Nitrate fertilizers which drain from the fields, nutrients from animal wastes and human sewage are the primary causes of eutrophication. They have high biological oxygen demand (BOD). eutrophisation eutrofizzazione eutrofiëring Eutrophierung alga Simple, green, aquatic plants without stems, roots or leaves. They are among the microscopic organisms that form the start of the food chain. Algae are found floating in the sea and fresh water, but they also grow on the surface of damp walls, rocks, the bark of trees and on soil. They contain chlorophyll and other pigments that let them grow by photosynthesis. On land, algae can be useful in improving the fertility of soil by nitrogen fixation. algue alghe wieren Algen evaluation évaluation valutazione evaluatie Bewertung evaluation criterion A standard, norm, value or measurement by which the quantity or quality of a process, object or person's work performance is ascertained through an analysis and judgment of the relevant information in context and in view of established goals, objectives and standards. critère d'évaluation criterio di valutazione evaluatiecriterium Bewertungskriterium evaluation method méthode d'évaluation metodo di valutazione evaluatiemethode Bewertungsverfahren evaluation of technology évaluation de technologie valutazione della tecnologia evaluatie van technologie Technologiebewertung evaporation Conversion from a liquid or solid state to a vapour. évaporation evaporazione verdamping Evaporation evapotranspiration Discharge of water from the earth's surface to the atmosphere by evaporation from lakes, streams and soil surfaces and by transpiration from plants. Also known as fly-off. évapotranspiration evapotraspirazione verdamping(stranspiratie) Evapotranspiration evolution The biological theory or process whereby species of plants and animals change with the passage of time so that their descendants differ from their ancestors, i.e. development from earlier forms by hereditary transmission of slight variations in successive generations. évolution evoluzione evolutie Evolution exact science Mathematics and other sciences based on calculation. science exacte scienze esatte exacte wetenschap(pen) Exakte Wissenschaft excavated hole A pit, cavity, or other uncovered cutting produced by excavation. cavité creusée scavo (fossa) afgraving Baggerloch excavation (process) The removal of earth from its natural position. creusement scavo (processo) afgraven Abgrabung algal bloom Excessive and rapid growth of algae and other aquatic plants when they are stimulated to grow too quickly by pollution. It takes place when there are too many nutrients in the water and is aggravated when accompanied by a rise in temperature. Although the algae grow quickly they soon die because they have swallowed up all the water's nutrients. As they decompose they tend to rise to the surface and form a green slime. Algal bloom have increased because higher levels of nitrogen and phosphates from agricultural areas have leached from the fields into water courses. prolifération d'algues proliferazione algale algengroei Algenblüte excavation heap Residue in form of a heap, consisting of earth or other material, produced by excavation. tas de déblai materiale di scavo afgegraven grond Abgrabungshalde excavation site The location chosen for an excavation, meaning the act or process of removing soil and/or rock materials by digging, blasting, breaking, loading either at the surface or underground. terrain de déblayement scavo afgravingplaats Abgrabung (Ort) excessive height of chimney stacks hauteur excessive des cheminées d'usine altezza eccessiva dei camini overmatige hoogte van schoorstenen Schornsteinüberhöhung executive order An order or regulation issued by the president or some administrative authority under his direction for the purpose of interpreting, implementing or giving administrative effect to a provision of the constitution or of some law or treaty. mandat exécutif provvedimento esecutivo uitvoeringsbevel Durchführungsverordnung exhaust device 1) A duct or pipe through which waste material is emitted. 2) A combination of components which provides for enclosed flow of exhaust gas from engine parts to the atmosphere. dispositif d'évacuation dispositivo di scarico uitlaat Auspuffanlage exhaust gas Offgas produced during combustion processes discharged directly or ultimately to the atmosphere. gaz d'échappement gas di scarico uitlaatgas Auspuffgas existing chemical Chemical products existing before 18-09-1981. produits chimiques existant prodotti chimici già esistenti alla data del 18.09.1981 bestaande chemicalieën Altstoff (ChemG) exotic species Plants, animals or microorganisms which are introduced by humans into areas where they are not native. Exotics are often associated with negative ecological consequences for native species and the ecosystems. espèce exotique specie esotica uitheemse soorten Exot expenditure Spending by consumers, investors, or government for goods or services. dépense spesa besteding Ausgabe algicide Any substance or chemical applied to kill or control algal growth. algicide algicida algendodende stof Algizid experiment A test under controlled conditions that is made to demonstrate a known truth, examine the validity of a hypothesis, or determine the efficacy of something previously untried. expérience scientifique esperimento experiment Experiment expert system A computer configuration of hardware and software that simulates the judgment and behavior of a human or an organization with extensive knowledge in a particular field, often by giving answers, solutions or diagnoses. système expert sistema esperto expertensysteem Expertensystem exploration The search for economic deposits of minerals, ore, gas, oil, or coal by geological surveys, geophysical prospecting, boreholes and trial pits, or surface or underground headings, drifts, or tunnels. exploration esplorazione verkenning Exploration explosion A violent, sudden release of energy resulting from powders or gases undergoing instantaneous ignition or from some other means of detonation, often accompanied by a force producing great amounts of heat, major structural damages, shock waves and flying shrapnel. explosion esplosione ontploffing Explosion explosive A substance, such as trinitrotoluene, or a mixture, such as gunpowder, that is characterized by chemical stability but may be made to undergo rapid chemical change without an outside source of oxygen, whereupon it produces a large quantity of energy generally accompanied by the evolution of hot gases. explosif esplosivo springstof Explosivstoff export To send, take or carry an article of trade or commerce out of the country. To transport merchandise from one country to another in the course of trade. exportation esportazione uitvoer Ausfuhr export licence Permission from a government to carry or send abroad and sell a product manufactured within its borders. permis d'exportation licenza di esportazione uitvoervergunning Ausfuhrgenehmigung export of hazardous wastes Transporting by-products of society that possesses at least one of four characteristics (ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity) to other countries or areas for the conduct of foreign trade. exportation de déchets dangereux esportazione di rifiuti pericolosi uitvoer van gevaarlijke afvalstoffen Sonderabfallausfuhr exposure The time for which a material is illuminated or irradiated. exposition esposizione blootstelling Exposition expropriation To deprive an owner of property, especially by taking it for public use. expropriation esproprio onteigening Enteignung extensive cattle farming Farming system practiced in very large farms, characterized by low levels of inputs per unit area of land; in such situations the stocking rate, the number of livestock units per area , is low. élevage extensif de bétail allevamento estensivo di bestiame bovino extensieve veehouderij Extensive Viehzucht externality Discrepancies between private costs and social costs or private advantages and social advantages; the basic concept of externality is interdependence without compensation. externalité économique costi ambientali esternalizzati (non computati) uiterlijke kenmerken Externalität alicyclic compound Any substance composed of two or more unlike atoms held together by chemical bonds characterized by straight-chained, branched or cyclic properties. composé alicyclic composto aliciclico alicyclische samenstelling Alicyclische Verbindung extinction (ecological) 1) The complete disappearance of a species of plant or animal from the planet. 2) Disappearing of animals and plants from the biota. extinction estinzione het uitsterven Aussterben extinct species (IUCN) Animal or plant species which have completely disappeared from the planet. espèce éteinte specie estinta (IUCN) uitgestorven soorten (IUCN) Ausgestorbene Art extraction Any process by which a pure metal is obtained from its ore. extraction estrazione (attività) winning Extraktion alicyclic hydrocarbon A class of organic compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms joined to form one or more rings and having the properties of both aliphatic and cyclic substances. hydrocarbures cycloaliphatiques idrocarburi aliciclici cycloalifatische koolwaterstof Alicyclischer Kohlenwasserstoff extractive industry Primary activities involved in the extraction of non-renewable resources. industrie minière industria estrattiva extractieve bedrijfstakken Extraktivindustrie fabric Any cloth made from yarn or fibres by weaving, knitting, felting, etc. tissu tessuto (prodotto) geweven stof Gewebe factor market Significant elements or reasons for an outcome in the buying, selling, and trading of particular goods or services. marché des facteurs de production fattore di mercato markt van productiefactoren Faktormarkt factory farming The technique of capital intensive animal-raising in an artificial environment, used for chicken, egg, turkey, beef, veal and pork production. Animals are restrained in a controlled indoor environment and their food is brought to them. The building take on the appearance of industrial units. élevage industriel agricoltura industriale intensieve veehouderij Agrarfabrik faecal bacterium Bacteria contained in human and animal faeces. bactérie fécale batteri fecali faecesbacterieën Fäkalbakterien aliphatic compound Any organic compound of hydrogen and carbon characterized by a straight chain of the carbon atoms. composés aliphatiques composto alifatico alifatische verbinding Aliphatische Verbindungen fallout The descent of airborne solid or liquid particles to the ground, which occurs when the speed at which they fall due to gravity exceeds that of any upward motion of the air surrounding them. retombée fallout radioactieve neerslag Fallout fallow area Land area normally used for crop production but left unsown for one or more growing seasons. zone en friche area incolta braakliggend gebied Brachfläche fallow land Arable land not under rotation that is set at rest for a period of time ranging from one to five years before it is cultivated again, or land usually under permanent crops, meadows or pastures, which is not being used for that purpose for a period of at least one year. Arable land which is normally used for the cultivation of temporary crops but which is temporarily used for grazing is included. friche agricole maggese braakliggend terrein Brachland family A group comprising parents, offsprings and others closely related or associated with them. famille famiglia familie Familie family planning The control of the number of children in a family and of the intervals between them, especially by the use of contraceptives. planning familial pianificazione familiare gezinsplanning Familienplanung aliphatic hydrocarbon Hydrocarbons having an open chain of carbon atoms, whether normal or forked, saturated or unsaturated. hydrocarbures aliphatiques idrocarburi alifatici alifatische koolwaterstof Aliphatischer Kohlenwasserstoff famine A severe shortage of food, as through crop failure or over population. It may be due to poor harvests following drought, floods, earthquake, war, social conflict, etc. famine carestia hongersnood Hungersnot farm animal Animals reared in farms for working and producing food such as meat, eggs and milk. animal d'élevage animale di fattoria landbouw(huis)dier Vieh farm building The dwelling on a farm as distinguished from utility buildings as a barn, corncrib, milk house. ferme (bâtiment) casa colonica boerderij Bauernhof alkali land Any geomorphic area, often a level lake-like plain, with soil containing a high percentage of mineral salts, located especially in arid regions. terre alcaline terreni alcalini alkalische bodem Alkalischer Boden farm Any tract of land or building used for agricultural purposes, such as for raising crops and livestock. ferme (exploitation) tenuta agricola landbouwbedrijf Bauernhof fast traffic trafic à grande vitesse traffico veloce snelverkeer Schnellverkehr fauna The entire animal life of a given region, habitat or geological stratum. faune fauna fauna Fauna federal authority The power of a central government agency or its administrators to carry out the terms of the law creating the agency as well as to administer and implement regulations, laws and government policies. autorité fédérale autorità federale federale overheid Bundesbehörde federal government A system in which a country or nation formed by a union or confederation of independent states is governed by a central authority or organization. gouvernement fédéral governo federale federale regering Bundesregierung federal law A binding rule or body of rules established by a government that has been constituted as a union of independent political units or states. loi fédérale (D) legislazione federale federaal recht (D) Bundesrecht fee A charge fixed by law for services of public officers or for use of a privilege under control of government. frais administratifs retribuzione honorarium Gebühr feeding of animals The act and effect of supplying animals with food. alimentation des animaux alimentazione di animali het voeren van dieren Tierfütterung fen Waterlogged, spongy ground containing alkaline decaying vegetation, characterized by reeds, that may develop into peat. It sometimes occurs in the sinkholes of karst region. fagne torbiera alcalina ven Niedermoor fermentation Any enzymatic transformation of organic substrates, especially carbohydrates, generally accompanied by the evolution of gas; a physiological counterpart of oxidation, permitting certain organisms to live and grow in the absence of air; used in various industrial processes for the manufacture of products, such as alcohols, acids, and cheese by the action of yeasts, molds, and bacteria; alcoholic fermentation is the best-known example. Also known as zymosis. fermentation fermentazione gisting Fermentation fern Any of a large number of vascular plants composing the division Polypodiophyta, without flowers and fruits. fougère felci varens Farnpflanze fertiliser Substance added to soil for the purpose of promoting plant life, usually containing nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus, e.g. manure, guano, rock phosphates. engrais fertilizzante meststof Düngemittel fertiliser law loi sur les engrais legge sull'uso dei fertilizzanti meststoffenwet Düngemittelgesetz fibre An extremely long, pliable, cohesive natural or manufactured threadlike object from which yarns are spun to be woven into textiles. fibre fibra vezel Faser fibreglass A material made from small fibres of glass twisted together, which is used for keeping buildings warm, or a plastic strengthened by these fibres and used for making structures such as the outsides of cars and boats. fibre de verre fibra di vetro glasvezel Glasfaser field A limited area of land with grass or crops growing on it, which is usually surrounded by fences or closely planted bushes when it is part of a farm. champ campo akker Ackerland field damage A decline in the productivity of an area of land or in its ability to support natural ecosystems or types of agriculture. Degradation may be caused by a variety of factors, including inappropriate land management techniques, soil erosion, salinity, flooding, clearing, pests, pollution, climatic factors, or progressive urbanization. détérioration du terrain danno al terreno schade aan akkers Flurschaden field experiment Experiment carried out on a substance or on an organism in the open air as opposed to in a laboratory. expérience de terrain prova sul campo veldproef Freilandversuch field study Scientific study made in the open air to collect information that can not be obtained in a laboratory. étude de terrain ricerca sul campo veldonderzoek Feldstudie filling material Any substance used to fill the holes and irregularities in planed or sanded surfaces so as to decrease the porosity of the surface for finish coatings. matériau de remplissage materiale di riempimento vulmiddel Füllmaterial filling station A place where petrol and other supplies for motorists are sold. station-service distributore di carburante tankstation Tankstelle film A motion picture; a thin flexible strip of cellulose coated with a photographic emission, used to make negatives and transparencies. film film film Film filter A porous material for separating suspended particulate matter from liquids by passing the liquid through the pores in the filter and sieving out the solids. filtre filtro filter Filter filter cake Accumulated solids, wet or dry, generated by any filtration process, including accumulation on fabric filters in air filtering processes, or accumulation of wet solids in liquid filtering processes. gâteau de filtration residuo di filtrazione filterkoek Filterrückstand alkali soil Soil that contains sufficient exchangeable sodium to interfere with water penetration and crop growth, either with or without appreciable quantities of soluble salts. sol alcalin suoli alcalini alkalische bodem Alkalischer Boden filtration Separation of suspended particles from a liquid, gas, etc., by the action of a filter. filtration filtrazione (chimica) filtratie Filtration final storage A system where inert materials, which are not to be mobilized by natural processes even for long time periods, are confined by three barriers: the natural impermeable surroundings, an artificial barrier (such as liner) which can be controlled and, most important, the inert material itself. The concept of final storage includes the possibility to mine the materials in the future if such materials are sufficiently "clean" (mono-landfills) and if it becomes economic to mine such ores. stockage final immagazzinamento finale eindopslag Endlagerung finances The monetary resources or revenue of a government, company, organization or individual. finances finanza financiën Finanzen financial assistance Help and support provided on matters concerning money. aide au financement assistenza finanziaria financiële ondersteuning Finanzierungshilfe financial compensation The financial reparations that a claimant seeks or a court awards for injuries sustained or property harmed by another. dédommagement financier risarcimento pecuniario financiële vergoeding Finanzielle Entschädigung financial contribution Something given, including any form of income or price support; individual investor's monetary offering or contribution to common fund or stock; government agency's or lending aid agency's subsidy, grant, or other contribution to help bolster an economy. contribution financière contributo finanziario financiële bijdrage Finanzieller Beitrag financial instrument A generic term that refers to the many different forms of financing a business may use. For example - loans, shares, and bonds are all considered financing instruments. instrument financier strumento finanziario financieel instrumenten Finanzinstrument financial law loi de finances legge finanziaria financiële wet Finanzrecht financial market A place or institution in which buyers and sellers meet and trade monetary assets, including stocks, bonds, securities and money. marché financier mercato finanziario financiële markt Finanzmarkt financing Procurement of monetary resources or credit to operate a business or acquire assets. financement finanziamento financiering Finanzierung fine A pecuniary punishment or penalty imposed by lawful tribunal upon person convicted of crime or misdemeanor. amende multa boete Bussgeld fine dust Air-borne solid particles, originating from human activity and natural sources, such as wind-blown soil and fires, that eventually settle through the force of gravity, and can cause injury to human and other animal respiratory systems through excessive inhalation. fine poussière polvere fine fijne stof Feinstaub fire The state of combustion in which inflammable material burns, producing heat, flames and often smoke. incendie incendio brand Brand fire precaution Measure, action or installation implemented in advance to avert the possibility of any unexpected and potentially harmful combustion of materials. prévention des incendies misura antincendio voorzorgsmaatregel tegen brand Brandvorbeugung fireproofing agent A chemical used as a coating for or a component of a combustible material to reduce or eliminate a tendency to burn; used with textiles, plastics, rubbers, paints, and other materials. agent d'ignifugation agente ignifugo brandwerend middel Brandschutzmittel alkane Paraffins. A homologous series of saturated hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2. Their systematic names end in -ane. They are chemically inert, stable, and flammable. The first four members of the series (methane, ethane, propane, butane) are gases at ordinary temperatures; the next eleven are liquids, and form the main constituents of paraffin oil; the higher members are solids. Paraffin waxs consists mainly of higher alkanes. alcane alcani alkeen Alkan fire protection All necessary precautions to see that fire is not initiated, by ensuring that all necessary fire fighting apparatus is in good order and available for use if fire should break out, and by ensuring that personnel are properly trained and drilled in fighting fire. protection contre le feu protezione contro gli incendi brandbescherming Brandschutz fire safety requirement Rules to be followed and safety systems to be adopted for preventing or fighting fire. règles de prévention incendies requisiti per la prevenzione degli incendi brandveiligheidsvoorschrift Brandschutzauflage fire service Technical organisation with trained personnel for dealing with fires and other incidents and for co-operating in their prevention. service d'incendie vigili del fuoco brandweer Feuerwehr firing The process of applying fire or heat, as in the hardening or glazing of ceramics. cuisson cottura a fuoco het vuren Feuerung firm A commercial partnership of two or more persons, especially when incorporated. firme aziende ondernemingen Betriebe fish disease maladie ichtyologique malattia dei pesci visziekte Fischkrankheit fishery The industry of catching, processing and selling fish. pêche (général) pesca (attività) visserij Fischerei fisheries management The administration and handling of aspects of the fishing industry, including the catching, processing and selling of fish. gestion de la pêche sfruttamento razionale della pesca industriale visserijbeheer Fischereiwirtschaft fishery resource ressource halieutique risorse ittiche visbestanden Fischbestände fishery economics The production, distribution, and consumption of fish and seafood and all financial aspects of the fishing and seafood industry. économie de la pêche economia della pesca visserijeconomie Fischereiökonomie fishery policy Common Fisheries Policy which covers all fishing activities, the farming of living aquatic resources, and their processing and marketing, on the legal basis of Article 39 of the Treaty of Rome. It was agreed between members of the European Community in 1983. It lays down annual catch limits for major species of fish, a 12-mile exclusive fishing zone for each state, and an equal-access zone of 200 nautical miles from its coast within which any member state is allowed to fish. politique de la pêche politica della pesca industriale visserijbeleid Fischereipolitik fish Cold-blooded aquatic vertebrates. poisson pesci vis Fisch fish farming Raising of fish in inland waters, estuaries or coastal waters. pisciculture piscicoltura viskwekerij Fischzucht fishing The attempt to catch fish or other aquatic animal with a hook or with nets, traps, etc. pêche (action) pesca (ricreazione) het vissen Fischerei alkyl compound Compound containing one or more alkyl radicals. composé alkylique composto alchilico alkyl-verbinding Alkylverbindung fishing industry Industry for the handling, processing, and packing of fish or shellfish for market or shipment. industrie de la pêche industria della pesca visserijsector Fischindustrie fishing law Rules concerning fishing activities; in international law the matter is ruled by the 1958 Geneva Convention. loi sur la pêche legislazione sulla pesca visserijwet Fischereirecht fishing preserve Limited portion of a water body where angling is allowed. réserve de pêche riserva di pesca visreservaat Fischereischutzgebiet fishing vessel bateau de pêche peschereccio vissersboot Fischereifahrzeug fish kill Fish diseases observed in the past three decades and which have been attributed to pollution include: haemorrhages; tumours; fin rot; deformed fins; and missing scales and tails. In industrialized countries, increasing numbers of fish are deemed inedible. Many small kills are not noticed or are not reported, and large kills are often not included because of insufficient information to determine whether the kills were caused by pollution or by natural factors. Low dissolved oxygen levels resulting from excessive sewage is one of the leading causes. The second most common cause is pesticides. destruction des poissons moria di pesci vissterfte Fischsterben fish stock Quantity of fish held for future use. stock de poisson patrimonio ittico vis(be)stand Fischbestand fish toxicity toxicité des poissons tossicità del pesce toxiciteit van vissen Fischtoxizität fitting (plumbing) Plumbing equipment in a building. plomberie (bâtiment) accessori idraulici hulpstukken Armatur fixed schedule of charges plan d'échelonnement des coûts spese di rimborso fisse vaste belastingsschaal fester Kostenzeitplan flag of convenience Practice of registering a merchant vessel with a country that has favourable (i.e. less restrictive ) safety requirements, registration fees, etc. pavillon de complaisance bandiere ombra goedkope vlag Billigflaggen flaring 1) Flares use open flames during normal and/or emergency operations to combust hazardous gaseous. The system has no special features to control temperature or time of combustion; however, supplemental fuel may be required to sustain the combustion. Historically, flares have been used to dispose of waste gases in the oil and gas industry and at wastewater treatment plants having anaerobic digestors. Regulation for thermal destruction of hazardous wastes limit the practical use of flaring to combustion of relatively simple hydrocarbons, such as methane from digesters or landfill gas collection systems. 2) A control device that burns hazardous materials to prevent their release into the environment; may operate continuously or intermittently, usually on top a stack. brûlage à la torche degassamento affakkelen Abfackelung rapid test Tests performed in the medical field whose results are available very quickly. test rapide test veloce snelle proef Schnelltest flavouring A substance, such as an extract or a spice, that imparts flavor. arôme aroma (sostanza) smaakstof Aromastoff flea Any of the wingless insects composing the order Siphonaptera; most are ectoparasites of mammals and birds. puce pulci vlooien Floh allergen Any antigen, such as pollen, a drug, or food, that induces an allergic state in humans or animals. allergène allergene allergeen Allergen flexible approach to environmental protection Plans, referred to in various rules as emissions averaging, or flexible compliance plans, allow facilities to undercontrol some emission points that are too costly to control to mandated levels as long as these units are balanced by overcontrolling other emission units that are more cost-effective to control. réglementation souple de la protection de l'environnement flessibilità dell'approccio ambientale soepele benadering van milieubescherming Flexible Umweltschutzauflage flocculant A reagent added to a dispersion of solids in a liquid to bring together the fine particles to form flocs. floculant flocculante vlokmiddel Flockungsmittel flocculation A process of contact and adhesion whereby the particles of a dispersed substance form large clusters or the aggregation of particles in a colloid to form small lumps, which then settle out. floculation flocculazione vlokvorming Ausflockung flood An unusual accumulation of water above the ground caused by high tide, heavy rain, melting snow or rapid runoff from paved areas. crue piena overstroming Hochwasser flood control Measures taken to prevent or reduce harm caused by an unusual accumulation of water above the ground, often involving the construction of reservoirs and channeling structures. lutte contre les inondations controllo delle inondazioni overstromingsbeheersing Hochwasserbekämpfung flooding A general and temporary condition of partial or complete inundation of normally dry land areas from the overflow of inland and/or tidal waters, and/or the unusual and rapid accumulation or runoff of surface waters from any source. A great flow along a watercourse or a flow causing inundation of lands not normally covered by water. inondation allagamento overstroming Überschwemmung flora (biology) The plant life characterizing a specific geographic region or environment. flore flora (biologia) flora (gezamenlijke vegetatie) Flora flora restoration The process of returning plant ecosystems and habitats to their original conditions. restauration de la flore ricupero della flora floraherstel Florenwiederherstellung flotation A process used to separate particulate solids by causing one group of particles to float; utilizes differences in surface chemical properties of the particles, some of which are entirely wetted by water, others are not. flottation flottazione flotatie Flotation flow The forward continuous movement of a fluid through closed or open channels or conduits. débit corrente stroom Fluß (Bewegung) flower The reproductive structure of angiosperm plants, consisting of stamens and carpels surrounded by petals and sepals all borne on the receptacle. fleur fiore bloem Blume flowering plant Plants capable of producing conspicuous flowers. plante à fleur piante con fiori zaadplanten Blütenpflanzen flow field The velocity and the density of a fluid as functions of position and time. champ d'un écoulement campo di moto doorstromingsveld Strömungsfeld flowing water Moving waters like rivers and streams. eau courante acque lotiche stromend water Fließgewässer flue gas The gaseous combustion product generated by a furnace and often exhausted through a chimney (flue). gaz de carneau gas dei fumi rookgas Rauchgas allergy A condition of abnormal sensitivity in certain individuals to contact with substances such as proteins, pollens, bacteria, and certain foods. This contact may result in exaggerated physiologic responses such as hay fever, asthma, and in severe enough situations, anaphylactic shock. allergie allergia allergie Allergie fluidics A control technology that employs fluid dynamic phenomena to perform sensing, control, information, processing, and actuation functions without the use of moving mechanical parts. fluidique fluidica fluïdica Strömungslehre fluidisation A roasting process in which finely divided solids are suspended in a rising current of air (or other fluid), producing a fluidized bed; used in the calcination of various materials, in the coal industry, etc. fluidisation fluidizzazione het vloeibaar maken Wirbelschichtverfahren fluidised bed 1) A system for burning solid carbonaceous fuel efficiently and at a relatively low temperature, thus minimizing the emission of pollutants. The fuel is crushed to very small particles or a powder and mixed with particles of an inert material. The mixture is fed into a bed through which air is pumped vertically upwards, agitating the particles so they behave like a fluid. The forced circulation of air and the small size and separation of fuel particles ensures efficient burning. 2) A bed of finely divided solid through which air or a gas is blown in a controlled manner so that it behaves as a liquid. lit fluidisé letto fluido wervelbed Wirbelschicht fluoridation The addition of the fluorine ion to municipal water supplies in a final concentration of 0.8-1.6 ppm (parts per million) to help prevent dental caries in children. fluoration fluorizzazione fluoridering Fluoridierung fluorine A gaseous or liquid chemical element; a member of the halide family, it is the most electronegative element and the most chemically energetic of the nonmetallic elements; highly toxic, corrosive, and flammable; used in rocket fuels and as a chemical intermediate. fluor fluoro fluor Fluor fluvial resource Any source of supply derived from a river, particularly its water, which is collected, stored and treated, then distributed for domestic, industrial, farm and other uses. ressources fluviales risorse fluviali rivier hulpbronnen Fluvialressourcen river transport Transportation of goods or persons by means of ships travelling on rivers. transport fluvial trasporto fluviale vervoer over rivieren Binnengewässertransport fly ash Finely divided particles of ash that are entrained in flue gases resulting from the combustion of fuel or other material. The particles of ash may contain incompletely burned fuel and other pollutants. cendre volante cenere volante vliegas Flugasche foaming agent Substances which make it possible to form a homogenous dispersion of a gaseous phase in a liquid or solid medium. agent moussant agente schiumogeno schuimmiddel Schaumbildner fodder Bulk feed for livestock, especially hay, straw, etc. fourrage foraggio voeder Futtermittel fog Water droplets or, rarely, ice crystals suspended in the air in sufficient concentration to reduce visibility appreciably. brouillard nebbia mist Nebel mist Fine water droplets suspended in the air, which reduce visibility. Usually mists form at night, when the temperature falls because the sky is clear. If visibility falls below 1,000 metres, the mist becomes a fog. brume bruma mist Nebel allocation The assignment or allotment of resources to various uses in accord with a stated goal or policy. affectation allocazione bestemming Allokation foliage The green leaves of a plant. feuillage fogliame gebladerte Laub food A material that can be ingested and utilized by the organism as a source of nutrition and energy. aliment alimento voedsel Nahrung food additive Substances that have no nutritive value in themselves (or are not being used as nutrients) which are added to food during processing to improve colour, texture, flavour, or keeping qualities. additifs alimentaires et colorants additivo alimentare voedseladditief Lebensmittelzusatzstoff food chain A sequence of organisms on successive trophic levels within a community, through which energy is transferred by feeding; energy enters the food chain during fixation by primary producers (mainly green plants) and passes to the herbivores (primary consumers) and then to the carnivores (secondary and tertiary consumers). chaîne alimentaire catena alimentare voedselketen Nahrungskette allocation plan The formulation and application of such measures as laws, economic plans, urbanism, etc., to ensure a balance between the population's needs and the country's resources. plan d'affectation piano regolatore bestemmingsplan Bebauungsplan food colourant Any digestible substance, usually a synthetic dye, which manufacturers add to food to give it color and enhance its appearance. colorant alimentaire colorante alimentare voedselkleurstof Lebensmittelfarbe food commerce An interchange of any food commodity or related food products, usually on a large scale. commerce d'alimentation commercio di alimenti voedselhandel Nahrungsmittelgewerbe food contamination contamination des denrées alimentaires contaminazione degli alimenti voedselbesmetting Lebensmittelkontamination food hygiene That part of the science of hygiene that deals with the principles and methods of sanitation applied to the quality of foodstuffs, to their processing, preparation, conservation and consumption by man. hygiène alimentaire igiene alimentare voedselhygiëne Lebensmittelhygiene food industry The commercial production and packaging of foods that are fabricated by processing, by combining various ingredients, or both. industrie alimentaire industria alimentare voedingsmiddelenindustrie Lebensmittelindustrie food irradiation The most recent addition to food preservation technologies is the use of ionizing radiation, which has some distinct advantages over conventional methods. With irradiation, foods can be treated after packaging, thus eliminating post-processing contamination. In addition, foods are preserved in a fresh state and can be kept longer without noticeable loss of quality. Food irradiation leaves no residues, and changes in nutritional value due to irradiation are comparable with those produced by other processes. Irradiation is the process of applying high energy to a material, such as food, to sterilize or extend its shelf-life by killing microorganisms, insects and other pests residing on it. Sources of ionizing radiation that have been used include gamma rays, electron beams and X-rays. Gamma rays are produced by radioactive isotopes such as Cobalt-60. Electron beams are produced by linear accelerators, which themselves are powered by electricity. The dose applied to a product is the most important factor of the process. At high doses, food is essentially sterilized, just as occurs in canning. Products so treated can be stored at room temperature almost indefinitely. Controversial and banned in some countries. irradiation des aliments irradiazione degli alimenti voedselbestraling Lebensmittelbestrahlung food pollutant Potentially harmful substances in any food consumed by humans, or other animals, including inorganic and organic chemicals, viruses and bacteria. contaminant alimentaire inquinante alimentare verontreinigende stof in voedsel Lebensmittelverunreinigung food preservation Processing designed to protect food from spoilage caused by microbes, enzymes, and autooxidation. conservation des aliments conservazione degli alimenti voedselbewaring Lebensmittelkonservierung food processing industry A commercial establishment in which food is manufactured or packaged for human consumption. industrie alimentaire industria della lavorazione degli alimenti voedingsmiddelenindustrie Lebensmittelindustrie food production (agriculture) production alimentaire (agriculture) produzione alimentare (agricoltura) voedselproductie (landbouw) Lebensmittelerzeugung food quality qualité des denrées alimentaires qualità degli alimenti voedselkwaliteit Lebensmittelqualität food requirement The minimum food ration required for satisfying the essential needs of an organism. besoins alimentaires fabbisogno alimentare voedselbehoefte Nahrungsmittelbedarf food science The applied science which deals with the chemical, biochemical, physical, physiochemical, and biological properties of foods. science et technologie alimentaire scienza dell'alimentazione voedselwetenschap Lebensmittelkunde food storage Stock of food kept in storage as a national measure to provide security against fluctuations in food supply. stockage des aliments immagazzinamento di derrate alimentari voedselopslag Lebensmittellagerung foodstuff A substance that can be used or prepared for use as food. produit alimentaire generi alimentari voedsel Lebensmittel food technology The application of science and engineering to the refining, manufacturing, and handling of foods; many food technologists are food scientists rather than engineers. technologie alimentaire tecnologia alimentare voedseltechnologie Lebensmitteltechnologie food transport transport alimentaire trasporto di derrate alimentari voedselvervoer Lebensmitteltransport footpath A narrow path for walkers only. sentier pedestre passaggio pedonale voetpad Fußweg forage contamination Introduction of hazardous or poisonous substances such as arsenic or lead into, or onto, fodder for animals. The animals consume the contaminated feed and can become sick and may die. contamination du fourrage contaminazione del foraggio verontreiniging van (ruw)voer Futtermittelkontamination forage law loi sur l'alimentation des animaux d'élevage legge sui foraggi voederwet Futtermittelgesetz alloy Any of a large number of substances having metallic properties and consisting of two or more elements; with few exceptions, the components are usually metallic elements. alliage lega legering Legierung forecast An estimate or prediction of a future condition. prévision previsione voorspelling Vorhersage foreclosure To shut out, to bar, to destroy an equity of redemption. A termination of all rights of the mortgagor or his grantee in the property covered by the mortgage. The process by which a mortgagor of real or personal property, or other owner of property subject to a lien, is deprived of his interest therein. Procedure by which mortgaged property is sold on default of mortgagor in satisfaction of mortgage debt. In common usage, refers to enforcement of lien, trust deed, or mortgage in any method provided by law. saisie preclusione executie (hypotheek) Präklusion foreign economic relations Dealing in economic or monetary matters with foreign countries. relations économiques extérieures rapporti economici con l'estero buitenlandse economische betrekkingen Außenwirtschaftsbeziehungen foreign policy The diplomatic policy of a nation in its interactions with other nations. politique étrangère politica estera buitenlands beleid Außenpolitik foreign trade Trade between countries and firms belonging to different countries. commerce extérieur commercio con l'estero buitenlandse handel Außenhandel forest A vegetation community dominated by trees and other woody shrubs, growing close enough together that the tree tops touch or overlap, creating various degrees of shade on the forest floor. It may produce benefits such as timber, recreation, wildlife habitat, etc. forêt foresta bos Forst alluvion An overflowing; an inundation or flood, especially when the water is charged with much suspended material. alluvion alluvione alluvium Anschwemmung forest conservation préservation des forêts conservazione delle foreste bosbescherming Waldschutz forest cover destruction Destruction of forests is carried out in many countries in order to provide new land for agricultural or livestock purposes. It is often done without factors such as climate and topography having been sufficiently studied and on lands where slope nature of the soil or other physiographic characteristics clearly indicate that the land involved is suitable only for forest. Although these practices may lead to a temporary increase in productivity, there are also many indications that in the long run there is usually a decrease in productivity per unit of surface and that erosion and irreversible soil deterioration often accompany this process. Many factors contribute to forest cover destruction: timber production, clearance for agriculture, cutting for firewood and charcoal, fires, droughts, strip mining, pollution, urban development, population pressures, and warfare. réduction de la surface boisée distruzione della copertura forestale ontbossing Zerstörung der Waldbedeckung forest damage Reduction of tree population in forests caused by acidic precipitation, forest fires, air pollution, deforestation, pests and diseases of trees, wildlife, etc. dégâts forestiers danno forestale schade aan het bos Waldschaden forest ecosystem Any forest environment, in which plants and animals interact with the chemical and physical features of the environment, in which they live. ecosystème forestier ecosistema forestale bosecosysteem Waldökosystem forest fire A conflagration in or destroying large wooded areas having a thick growth of trees and plants. incendie de forêt incendio di foresta bosbrand Waldbrand alpha radiation A stream of alpha particles which are ejected from many radioactive substances having a penetrating power of a few cm in air but can be stopped by a thin piece of paper. rayonnement alpha radiazione alfa alfastraling Alphastrahlung forest industry A sector of the economy in which an aggregate of establishments is engaged in the management of an extensive area of woodland, often to produce products and benefits such as timber, wildlife habitat, clean water, biodiversity and recreation. industrie forestière industria forestale bosbouw Forstindustrie forest management Planning of forest utilization for wood production, conservation purposes, fauna and flora protection, recreation and water supply. gestion forestière gestione delle foreste bosbeheer Forstwirtschaft forest pest Organisms that damage trees. déprédateur des forêts infestazione forestale voor het bos schadelijke dieren of planten Forstschädling forest policy A course of action adopted and pursued by government or some other organization, which seeks to preserve or protect an extensive area of woodland, often to produce products and benefits such as timber, wildlife habitat, clean water, biodiversity and recreation. politique forestière politica forestale bosbeleid Forstpolitik forest production Forests produce a range of products including firewood and charcoal, lumber, paper, and crops such as coffee, oil palm, and rubber. With careful planning of growth and harvesting, wood and other forest products are, in principle, renewable resources. But achieving renewability takes time - often decades, sometimes centuries. Without careful management, pressure for short-term exploitation can lead to tree removal, soil degradation, and conversion of woodland to other uses. Consumption of forest resources can lead to environmental problems as well as loss of critical habitat and species. production forestière produzione forestale bosproductie Forstwirtschaftliche Produktion forest product Any material afforded by a forest for commercial use, such as tree products and forage. produit forestier prodotto forestale bosproduct Forstwirtschaftliches Erzeugnis forest reserve Forest area set aside for the purpose of protecting certain fauna and flora, or both. réserve forestière riserve forestali bosreservaat Waldschutzgebiet forest resource assessment évaluation des ressources forestières valutazione delle risorse forestali bosbestandsonderzoek Bewertung der Waldressourcen forest resource Forest resources consist of two separate but closely related parts: the forest land and the trees (timber) on that land. ressource forestière risorse forestali bosbestand Waldbestand forestry The management of forest lands for wood, forages, water, wildlife, and recreation. sylviculture attività forestali bosbouw Forstwirtschaft forestry economics The production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services from the industry involved with the process of establishing and managing forests. économie forestière economia forestale bosbouweconomie Forstökonomie forestry law A binding rule or body of rules prescribed by a government to regulate any extensive area of woodland, for the protection and preservation of game, timber and other forest resources. droit forestier diritto forestale bosbouwwet Forstgesetz forestry legislation A binding rule or body of rules prescribed by a government to regulate the use and conservation of wooded areas, most often those owned by the government itself. législation forestière legislazione forestale bosbouwwetgeving Forstrecht forestry practice The farming of trees to ensure a continuing supply of timber and other forest products. Foresters care for existing trees, protecting them from fire, pests and diseases, and felling where trees are overcrowded or dying and when ready for cropping. They also plant new areas (afforestation) and replant felled areas (reafforestation). pratique forestière pratica forestale bosbouwkundige praktijk Waldwirtschaft form of government Form of authority in which an individual or group of individuals wield power over the majority. forme de gouvernement forma di governo regeringsvorm Staatsform fossil Any remains, trace, or imprint of a plant or animal that has been preserved in the Earth's crust since some past geologic or prehistoric time. fossile fossile fossiel Fossil fossil fuel The energy-containing materials which were converted over many thousands of years from their original form of trees, plants and other organisms after being buried in the ground. Physical and chemical processes occurred in the Earth's crust that changed them into coal, peat, oil or natural gas. combustible fossile combustibile fossile fossiele brandstof Brennstoff (fossil) fouling growth The adhesion of different marine organisms to the underwater parts of ships, causing the ships to loose speed. salissure incrostazione biologica aangroei Fouling four stroke engine An internal combustion engine whose cycle is completed in four piston strokes; includes a suction stroke, compression stroke, expansion stroke, and exhaust stroke. moteur à quatre temps motore a quattro tempi viertaktmotor Viertaktmotor framework legislation A body of rules prescribed by a government, often composed in a series of inter-related parts, to establish or lay the foundation for a new project, agency or organizational structure. législation cadre legge quadro kaderwetgeving Rahmengesetzgebung access to information The ability, right and permission to approach and use, or the general availability of resources that convey knowledge. accès à l'information libertà di informazione toegankelijkheid van de informatie Informationsfreiheit freight transport Transportation of goods by ship, aircraft or other vehicles. transport de marchandises trasporto merci vrachtvervoer Gütertransport freon Trade name for a group of polyhalogenated hydrocarbons containing fluorine and chlorine; an example is trichlorofluoromethane. fréon freon freon Freon freshwater Water having a relatively low mineral content, generally less than 500 mg/l of dissolved solids. eau douce acqua dolce zoetwater Süßwasser freshwater biology The scientific study or the characteristic life processes of living organisms found in a natural body of water that does not contain significant amounts of dissolved salts and minerals, such as a lake or river. biologie de l'eau douce biologia delle acque dolci zoetwaterbiologie Süßwasserbiologie freshwater degradation Pollution immediately or eventually involves the hydrological cycle of the earth, because even pollutants emitted into the air and those present in the soil are washed out by precipitation. Water is considered polluted when it is altered in composition or condition so that it becomes less suitable for any or all of the functions and purposes for which it would be suitable in its natural state. This definition includes changes in the physical, chemical and biological properties of water, or such discharges of liquid, gaseous or solid substances into water as will or are likely to create nuisances or render such water harmful to public health, safety or welfare, or to domestic, commercial, industrial, agricultural, fish or other aquatic life. It also includes changes in temperatures, due to the discharge of hot water. dégradation des ressources en eau douce degrado delle acque dolci zoetwaterdegradatie Süßwasserdegradation freshwater ecosystem The living organisms and nonliving materials of an inland aquatic environment. écosystème d'eau douce ecosistema di acqua dolce zoetwaterecosysteem Süßwasserökosystem alternative material Materials employed in the place of others which are more dangerous for the environment, such as phosphate substitutes in detergents. matériau alternatif materiale alternativo alternatief materiaal Ersatzstoff freshwater monitoring contrôle de l' eau douce monitoraggio delle acque dolci zoetwatermeting Süßwasserüberwachung freshwater organism Organisms which live in freshwater. organisme d'eau douce organismo di acqua dolce zoetwaterorganisme Süßwasserorganismen freshwater pollution The direct or indirect human alteration of the biological, physical, chemical or radiological integrity of freshwater. pollution des eaux douces inquinamento delle acque dolci zoetwatervervuiling Süßwasserverschmutzung freshwater resource The network of rivers, lakes, and other surface waters that supply water for food production and other essential human systems. ressource en eau douce risorse di acqua dolce zoetwatervoorraden Süßwasserressourcen frog Any insectivorous anuran amphibian of the family Ranidae, such as Rana temporaria of Europe, having a short squat tailless body with a moist smooth skin and very long hind legs specialized for hopping. grenouille rane kikkers Frosch frost A deposit of interlocking ice crystals formed by direct sublimation on objects. gel gelata vorst Frost fruit A fully matured plant ovary with or without other floral or shoot parts united with it at maturity. fruit frutto fruit Obst fruit cultivation Cultivation of fruit trees for home consumption or on a commercial basis. culture fruitière frutticoltura fruitteelt Obstbau fruit tree Any tree that bears edible fruit. arbre fruitier albero da frutta vruchtenboom Obstbaum fuel Solid, liquid, or gaseous material such as gas, gasoline, oil, coal or wood, used to produce heat or power by burning. combustible combustibile brandstof Brennstoff fuel additive Substance (such as tetraethyl lead) which is added to petrol to prevent knocking. additif pour carburants additivo per carburanti brandstofadditief Kraftstoffzusatz fuel alcohol Alternative source of energy for motor vehicles. It is produced by fermentation of sugar cane by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. alcool-carburant alcool combustibile alcoholbrandstof Alkoholischer Brennstoff fuel composition composition des carburants composizione dei combustibili brandstofsamenstelling Brennstoffzusammensetzung alternative technology Technology that, as an alternative to resource-intensive and wasteful industry, aims to utilize resources sparingly, with minimum damage to the environment, at affordable cost and with a possible degree of control over the processes. technologie "propre" tecnologia alternativa alternatieve technologie Alternativtechnologie fuel consumption The amount of fuel utilized. consommation de combustible consumo di combustibili brandstofverbruik Kraftstoffverbrauch fuel oil A liquid product burned to generate heat, exclusive of oils with a flash point below 38°C; includes heating oils, stove oils, furnace oils, bunker fuel oils. fioul olio combustibile stookolie Heizöl fuel tank installation The operating, fuel-storage component of a fuel system. installation de réservoir à carburant deposito per combustibili brandstoftank Tankanlage fuel wood Wood used for heating. bois à usage de combustible legna da ardere hout als brandstof Brennholz fume Solids in the air that have been generated by the condensation of vapors, chemical reactions or sublimation (a direct change from solid to gas). Often metallic oxides or metals, these particles are less than 1 micrometer in diameter and may be toxic. fumée fumo (particolato) damp Schwaden alumina A natural or synthetic oxide of aluminum widely distributed in nature, often found as a constituent part of clays, feldspars, micas and other minerals, and as a major component of bauxite. alumine allumina aluminiumtrioxide Tonerde fumigation The use of a chemical compound in a gaseous state to kill insects, nematodes, arachnids, rodents, weeds, and fungi in confined or inaccessible locations; also used to control weeds, nematodes, and insects in the field. fumigation fumigazione ontsmetting Begasung functional substance A substance from the point of view of its function or purpose, for example a painting agent or a preserving substance. substance fonctionnelle sostanza funzionale werkend bestanddeel Stoffe (funktionsbezogen) soil function The main soil function is participation in the material transformation and migrating processes occurring in the natural environment on which the functioning of ecosystems depends. The most active participants in the occurring processes are microorganisms and invertebrates, whose activity, different variety, complex structure, and abundance accurately reflect the soil type and its characteristics: so they are important indicators of ecological stability. The variety of soil organisms determine its self-regulatory and self-cleaning capacity. fonction du sol funzione del suolo bodemfunctie Bodenfunktion mycete Nucleated usually filamentous, sporebearing organisms devoid of chlorophyll. mycète miceti myceten Myzeten fungus Nucleated usually filamentous, sporebearing organisms devoid of chlorophyll. champignon (ordre végétal) funghi paddestoel Pilz aluminium A light white metal, ductile and malleable, and a good conductor of electricity. It occurs widely in nature in clays and is the third most abundant element in the Earth's crust. It is extracted mainly from bauxite by electrolysis of a molten mixture of purified bauxite and cryolite. The metal and its alloys are used for aircraft, cooking utensils, electrical apparatus, and for many other purposes where its light weight is an advantage. Aluminium became implicated as an environmental health hazard in the 1980s on two counts. Biomedical scientists looking for possible causes of Alzheimer's disease, the premature senility indicated by loss of memory and confusion, found a circumstantial link with aluminium. The theory is a controversial one. aluminium alluminio aluminium Aluminium fungicide Chemicals used to kill or halt the development of fungi that cause plant disease, such as: storage rot; seedling diseases; root rots; vascular wilts; leaf blights, rusts, smuts and mildews, and viral diseases. These can be controlled by the early and continued application of selected fungicides that either kill the pathogens or restrict their development. fongicide fungicida schimmeldodend middel Fungizid fur The hair-covered, dressed pelt of such a mammal, used in the making of garments and as trimming or decoration. fourrure pelliccia bont Pelz fur animal Animals bred and slaughtered for their fur. animal à fourrure animale da pelliccia pelsdier Pelztier furan A colourless flammable toxic liquid heterocyclic compound, used in the synthesis of nylon. furanne furani furan Furan furnace A structure or apparatus in which heat is produced by the combustion of fuel, often to warm houses, melt metals, produce steam and bake pottery. four industriel fornace oven Ofen (Industrie) furniture The movable articles in a room or an establishment that make it fit for living or working. meubles mobile meubels Möbel aluminium container A can or box made of aluminium in which material is held or carried. emballage en aluminium contenitore di alluminio uit aluminium bestaande container of houder Aluminiumbehälter furniture industry industrie de l'ameublement industria dei mobili meubelindustrie Möbelindustrie furriery The business or trade of dressed furs and garments made from the coats of certain animals. pelleterie pellicceria bonthandel Kürschnerei gallinacean The order of birds that includes grouse, ptarmigan, capercaillie, partridges, pheasants, quails, turkeys and peacocks. These are mainly grain-eating, heavy-bodied, ground-nesting birds, capable of only short, rapid flights. The cocks are usually more colourful than the hens. gallinacé gallinacei hoenderachtigen Hühnervögel aluminium content Amount of aluminium contained in a solution. teneur en aluminium contenuto in alluminio aluminiumgehalte Aluminiumgehalt galvanisation The act of coating iron or steel with zinc, either by immersion in a bath of molten zinc or by deposition from a solution of zinc sulphate, to give protection against corrosion. galvanisation galvanizzazione galvanisatie Galvanotechnik game (animals) Wild animals, including birds and fish, hunted for sport, food or profit. gibier selvaggina wild Wild gamma radiation Radiation of gamma rays. rayonnement gamma radiazione gamma gammastraling Gammastrahlung garden A piece of land next to a house where flowers and other plants are grown and which often has an area of grass. jardin giardino tuin Garten aluminium industry A sector of the economy in which an aggregate of commercial enterprises is engaged in the mining and processing of aluminum. industrie de l'aluminium industria dell'alluminio aluminiumnijverheid Aluminiumindustrie garden waste Natural organic matter discarded from gardens and yards including leaves, grass clippings, prunings, brush and stumps. déchet de jardin rifiuto di giardino tuinafval Gartenabfall garrigue Mediterranean bush consisting of low evergreen shrubs and abundant herbaceous plants. garrigue gariga garrigue Garigue gas A substance that continues to occupy in a continuous manner the whole of the space in which it is placed, however large or small this place is mad, the temperature remaining constant. gaz gas gas Gasförmiger Stoff gas chromatography A separation technique involving passage of a gaseous moving phase through a column containing a fixed phase; it is used principally as a quantitative analytical technique for volatile compounds. chromatographie en phase gazeuse gascromatografia gaschromatografie Gaschromatographie gas company Company charged with the production and distribution of gas for domestic use. compagnie du gaz azienda del gas gasbedrijf Gaswirtschaft gas engine An internal combustion engine that uses gaseous fuel. moteur à gaz motore a gas gasmotor Gasmotor gaseous air pollutant Uncondensed or volatile gases, usually comprised of chemical compounds, discharged to the atmosphere. polluant atmosphérique gazeux inquinante atmosferico gassoso gasvormige luchtverontreiniger Gasförmige Luftverunreinigungen gaseous state State of matter in which the matter concerned occupies the whole of its container irrespective of its quantity. état gazeux stato gassoso gasvorm Gasförmiger Zustand treatment of gases Gas is treated before it can be supplied to the marketplace. The extent to which gas needs to be processed will depend on its quality, the amount of associated impurities such as water, carbon dioxide and sulphur compounds, and the ultimate end-use for the gas. Common gaseous impurities found in natural gas are carbon dioxide and sulphur compounds. Both have an acidic reaction and are given the generic name 'acid gases'. These gases can be removed by a number of commercial processes, using either a physical or a chemical solvent. Physical solvent processes tend to be used where gas pressures are high and for gases with lower levels of propane and heavier hydrocarbons. traitement des gaz trattamento dei gas behandeling van gassen Gasbehandlung gasification 1) Any chemical or heat process used to convert a substance to a gas. 2) The production of gaseous fuels by reacting hot carbonaceous materials with air, steam or oxygen. The process takes place at high temperature. The gasification product is a mixture of combustible gases and tar compounds, together with particles and water vapour. Depending on the gasification method, the proportion of components varies, but common to all the processes is that the gas has to be purified before it can be used directly in a gas engine or a gas turbine. gazéification gassificazione vergassing Vergasung gas liquefaction Conversion of a gas to the liquid phase by cooling or compression. liquéfaction de gaz liquefazione del gas vloeibaar maken van gas Gasverflüssigung gas mixture mélange gazeux miscela gassosa gasmengsel Gasgemisch gas network Interconnected system of pipes for the distribution and supply of gas. réseau gazier rete di distribuzione del gas gasnetwerk Gasnetz gasohol A mixture of 80% or 90% petrol with 20% or 10% ethyl alcohol, for use as a fuel in internal combustion engines. gazohol combustibile petrolio-alcool alcoholbenzine Gasohol gasoline engine An internal combustion engine that uses a mixture of air and gasoline vapour as a fuel. moteur à essence motore a benzina benzinemotor Ottomotor gas pipeline A long pipe, especially underground, used to transport gas over long distances. gazoduc gasdotto gaspijpleiding Gasrohrleitung gas powered plant Power station which burns gas, as opposed to a coal-fired station or nuclear power station. centrale à gaz centrale a gas gascentrale Gaskraftwerk gas purification Removal of pollutants or contaminants from waste incineration or other combustion processes. épuration des gaz depurazione dei gas gaszuivering Gasreinigung vapour recovery system Gas feedback device: while refuelling gasoline vapors are sucked off and led back again into the storage tank. recirculation des gaz riconduzione dei gas hercirculatie van gas Gasrückführung gas reservoir Large tank for storing coal gas or natural gas. réservoir à gaz serbatoio di gas gasreservoir Gasspeicher gas supply The provision and storage of any fuel gas, or the amount of any fuel gas stored, for the use of a municipality, or other fuel gas user. alimentation en gaz fornitura di gas gasvoorziening Gasversorgung accumulation in body tissues accumulation dans les tissues corporels accumulo nei tessuti del corpo weefselophoping Anreicherung im Körpergewebe alveolus A tiny, thin-walled, capillary-rich sac in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place. Also called air sac. alvéole alveolo alveole [longblaasje] Alveole gastropod Any mollusc of the class Gastropoda, typically having a flattened muscular foot for locomotion and a head that bears stalked eyes. gastéropode gasteropodi buikvoetigen Schnecke gaswork Place where gas, especially coal gas, is made. usine à gaz impianto per la produzione di gas gasfabriek Gaswerk gender issue A point, matter or dispute concerning the capabilities, societal roles or other differences and divisions between women and men, especially the relative weight of biological and physical difference versus culture and socialization as a cause of those distinctions. égalité des sexes relazioni tra i sessi man-vrouw vraagstukken Geschlechtsspezifische Fragen gene bank Storehouses of seeds or vegetative tissue, kept in low humidity and temperature, to help maintain genetic diversity. Sometimes known as seed banks or germ plasm banks. their contents mostly originate from a wide range of primitive strains and wild crop varieties. The International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR), which was established in 1974, promotes the collection, documentation, evaluation, conservation and eventual use of genetic resources of significant plant species. Gene banks are the subject of international controversy because they contain seeds that have mostly been acquired from the developing countries by the industrially rich countries, where they have been used in breeding programmes to develop new strains. Instead of taking decades over a traditional plant breeding programme by fertilization, it is now possible to manipulate directly the genes of plants, creating genetically modified organisms (GMOs), which are plants modified to give a higher resistance to disease and improved growth and yields and, therefore, increase the profit of the plant breeder and farmer. banque de gênes banca di geni genenbank Genbank general administrative order An administrative mandate outlining the process by which a concept, plan, decree or law is to be put into actual practice by a specific organization or government agency. instruction administrative générale regolamento di esecuzione algemene administratieve opdracht Allgemeine Verwaltungsmaßnahme general chemistry The study of the elements and the compounds they form. chimie générale chimica generale algemene scheikunde Allgemeine Chemie gene A unit of heredity composed of DNA occupying a fixed position on a chromosome. A gene may determine a characteristic of an individual by specifying a polypeptide chain that forms a protein or part of a protein (structural gene); or repress such operation (repressor gene). gène gene gen Gen genetic diversity The variation between individuals and between populations within a species. diversité génétique diversità genetica genetische diversiteit Genetische Vielfalt genetic effect Inheritable change, chiefly mutations produced by chemical substances, herbicides, radiations, etc. effet génétique effetto genetico genetisch effect Genetische Wirkung genetic engineering 1) The complex of techniques for the production of new genes and the alteration of the structure of the chromosomes to produce effects beneficial to man, in agriculture and medicine. 2) The intentional production of new genes and alteration of genomes by the substitution or addition of new genetic material. génie génétique ingegneria genetica genetische manipulatie Gentechnik genetic engineering legislation législation en matière de génie génétique legislazione sull'ingegneria genetica wetgeving over genetische manipulatie Gentechnikrecht genetic information The information for protein synthesis contained in the nucleotide sequences of the DNA polynucleotide chain. information génétique informazione genetica genetische informatie Genetische Information amalgam A solution of a metal in mercury. amalgame amalgama amalgaam Amalgam genetic modification Inheritable changes produced by ionizing radiation, exposure to certain chemicals, ingestion of some medication and from other causes. modification génétique modificazione genetica genetische wijziging Genmutation genetic resource The gene pool in natural and cultivated stocks of organisms that are available for human exploitation. It is desirable to maintain as diverse a range of organisms as possible, particularly of domesticated cultivars and their ancestors, in order to maintain a wide genetic base. The wider the genetic base, the greater the capacity for adaptation to particular environmental conditions. ressource génétique risorse genetiche genetische hulpbronnen Genetische Ressourcen genetics The science that is concerned with the study of biological inheritance. génétique genetica genetica Genetik genetic variation Change in one or more phenotypic characteristics, due to gene mutation or rearrangement, environmental effects, etc. variation génétique variazione genetica genetische variatie Genetische Variation geodesy A subdivision of geophysics which includes determination of the size and shape of the earth, the earth's gravitational field, and the location of points fixed to the earth's crust in an earth-referred coordinate system. géodésie geodesia geodesie Geodäsie geogenic factor Geogenic factors are those which originate in the soil, as opposed to those of anthropic origin (anthropogenic). facteur géogénique fattore geogenico geogene factor Geogener Faktor geographic information system An organized collection of computer hardware, software, geographic data, and personnel designed to efficiently capture, store, update, manipulate, analyze, and display all forms of geographically referenced information that can be drawn from different sources, both statistical and mapped. système d'information géographique sistema informativo geografico geografisch informatiesysteem Geographisches Informationssystem geography The study of the natural features of the earth's surface, comprising topography, climate, soil, vegetation, etc. and man's response to them. géographie geografia geografie Geographie geological disaster Disasters caused by movements and deformation of the earth's crust. désastre géologique disastro geologico geologische ramp Geologische Katastrophe geological process Dynamic actions or events that occur at the Earth's surface due to application of natural forces resulting from gravity, temperature changes, freezing and thawing, chemical reactions, seismic shaking, and the agencies of wind and moving water, ice and snow. Where and when a force exceeds the strength of the earth material, the material is changed by deformation, translocation, or chemical reactions. processus géologique processi geologici geologische processen Geologischer Prozess geology The study or science of the earth, its history, and its life as recorded in the rocks; includes the study of geologic features of an area, such as the geometry of rock formations, weathering and erosion, and sedimentation. géologie geologia geologie Geologie geomorphic process The physical and chemical interactions between the Earth's surface and the natural forces acting upon it to produce landforms. The processes are determined by such natural environmental variables as geology, climate, vegetation and baselevel, to say nothing of human interference. The nature of the process and the rate at which it operates will be influenced by a change in any of these variables. processus géomorphologique processi geomorfici geomorfologische processen Geomorphologischer Prozeß geomorphology The study of the classification, description, nature, origin, and development of present landforms and their relationships to underlying structures, and of the history of geologic changes as recorded by these surface features. géomorphologie geomorfologia geomorfologie Geomorphologie geophysics The physics of the earth and its environment, that is, earth, air and space. géophysique geofisica geofysica Geophysik geotechnology The application of scientific methods and engineering techniques to the exploitation and use of natural resources. géotechnologie geotecnologia geotechnologie Geotechnologie geothermal energy An energy produced by tapping the earth's internal heat. At present, the only available technologies to do this are those that extract heat from hydrothermal convection systems, where water or steam transfer the heat from the deeper part of the earth to the areas where the energy can be tapped. The amount of pollutants found in geothermal vary from area to area but may contain arsenic, boron, selenium, lead, cadmium, and fluorides. They also may contain hydrogen sulphide, mercury, ammonia, radon, carbon dioxide, and methane. énergie géothermique energia geotermica geothermische energie Erdwärme germ 1) A pathogenic micro-organism. 2) Living substance capable of developing into an organ, part, or organism as a whole; a primordium. germe germe ziektekiem Keim germination The beginning or the process of development of a spore or seed. germination germinazione kieming Keimung germ plasm The hereditary material transmitted to the offspring via the gametes. protoplasme des germes germoplasma kiemplasma Keimplasma Americas The landmasses and islands of North America, South America, Mexico, and Central America included in the Western Hemisphere. Les Amériques Americhe Noord- en Zuid-Amerika Amerika glacier Slow moving masses of ice which have accumulated either on mountains or in polar regions. They are found where warm, moist air or warm water meets cold air or water. They move, influenced by the force of gravity and the pressure of the ice, above the underlying slush layers and slide downhill, eventually melting at lower levels to form rivers or reaching sea-level, where they form ice shelves or fall into the water as icebergs. glacier ghiacciaio gletsjer Gletscher glaciology 1) The study of all aspects of snow and ice; the science that treats quantitatively the whole range of processes associated with all forms of solid existing water. 2) The study of existing glaciers and ice sheets, and of their physical properties. glaciologie glaciologia glaciologie Gletscherforschung glass A hard, amorphous, inorganic, usually transparent, brittle substance made by fusing silicates, sometimes borates and phosphates, with certain basic oxides and then rapidly cooling to prevent crystallization. verre vetro glas Glas glass industry Industry for the production of glassware. industrie du verre industria del vetro glasindustrie Glasindustrie global aspect Aspects concerning the whole world considered as being closely connected by modern telecommunications and as being interdependent economically, socially and politically. aspect global aspetti globali wereldwijd aspect Globale Aspekte global convention A worldwide assembly of national, political party or organizational delegates, or the pact or the agreement that arises from such an assembly that forms, often, the preliminary to an international treaty. convention internationale convenzione globale wereldconventie Globale Konvention Global Environment Facility An international organization established in 1990 to provide practical assistance to governments in achieving environmental improvements. The GEF is managed by the World Bank, which contributes 2/3 of its funds, the remaining 1/3 being controlled by the United Nations Development Programme. Fonds mondial pour la protection de l'environnement Fondo Globale per l'Ambiente Wereldmilieufonds Globale Umweltfazilität global model Models concerning different aspects of reality which can be applied at global level. modèle global modello globale wereldwijd model Globalmodell global warming Changes in the surface-air temperature, referred to as the global temperature, brought about by the greenhouse effect which is induced by emission of greenhouse gases into the air. réchauffement mondial riscaldamento globale dell'atmosfera wereldwijde opwarming Treibhauseffekt-Potential glossary An alphabetical list of terms concerned with a particular subject, field or area of usage that includes accompanying definitions. glossaire glossario verklarende woordenlijst Glossar glue A crude, impure, amber-colored form of commercial gelatin of unknown detailed composition produced by the hydrolysis of animal collagen; gelatinizes in aqueous solutions and dries to form a strong, adhesive layer. colle colla lijm Klebstoff goal of individual economic business The aim, purpose, objective, or end for a profit-seeking enterprise engaged in commerce, manufacturing, or a service. objectifs des entreprises obiettivi economici di aziende individuali doelstellingen van individuele economische ondernemingen Einzelwirtschaftliches Ziel Ames test A bioassay developed by Bruce N. Ames in 1974, performed on bacteria to assess the capability of environmental chemicals to cause mutations. test de Ames prova di Ames Ames-test AMES-Test golf A game played on a large open course, the object of which is to hit a ball using clubs, with as few strokes as possible, into each of usually 18 holes. golf golf golf Golf (Spiel) good management The competent, skillful and successful process of planning, leading and working toward the accomplishment or completion of goals, objectives and mission of an organization or institution. bonne gestion amministrazione corretta behoorlijk bestuur Ordnungsgemäße Verwaltung government advisory body organe de conseil auprès du gouvernement organo consultivo dello stato overheidsadviesorgaan Regierungsberatungsorgan government building Building for the offices of the main departments of government. édifice gouvernemental edificio governativo overheidsgebouw Regierungsgebäude government (cabinet) A body of top government officials appointed to advise the President or the chief executive officer of a country, usually consisting of the heads of government departments or agencies. gouvernement governo (istituzione) regering (kabinet) Regierung (Institution) government environmental expenditure dépense publique pour l'environnement spesa governativa per l'ambiente milieu-uitgaven van de overheid Staatsumweltausgaben government liability A public body's debt or other legal obligation arising out of transactions in the past which must be liquidated, renewed or refunded at some future date. responsabilité gouvernementale garanzia governativa overheidsaansprakelijkheid Staatshaftung government policy Any course of action adopted and pursued by a ruling political authority or system, which determines the affairs for a nation, state or region. politique gouvernementale politica di governo overheidsbeleid Regierungspolitik amine One of a class of organic compounds which can be considered to be derived from ammonia by replacement of one or more hydrogens by organic radicals. amine ammine amine Amin grain Edible, starchy seeds of the grass family (Graminae) usable as food by man and his livestock. céréale cereale graan Getreide grass A very large and widespread family of Monocotyledoneae, with more than 10.000 species, most of which are herbaceous, but a few are woody. The stems are jointed, the long, narrow leaves originating at the nodes. The flowers are inconspicuous, with a much reduced perianth, and are wind-pollinated or cleistogamous. The fruit in single-seeded, usually a caryopsis. Grasses are the most important of all plants for food. herbe erbe grassen Gras amino acid Organic compounds containing a carboxyl group (-COOH) and an amino group (-NH2). About 30 amino acids are known. They are fundamental constituents of living matter because protein molecules are made up of many amino acid molecules combined together. Amino acids are synthesized by green plants and some bacteria, but some (arginine, histidine, lysine. threonine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, valine, phenylalanine, tryptophane) cannot be synthesized by animals and therefore are essential constituents of their diet. Proteins from specific plants may lack certain amino acids, so a vegetarian diet must include a wide range of plant products. acide aminé amminoacidi aminozuur Aminosäure grass fire A conflagration in or destroying large areas of any vegetation in the Gramineae family as found in fields, meadows, savannas or other grasslands. feu de prairie incendio di prateria grasbrand Grasbrand grasshopper A plant-eating insect with long back legs that can jump very high and makes a sharp high noise using its back legs or wings. sauterelle cavallette sprinkhanen Heuschrecke grassland Grassland cover nearly one-fifth of the Earth's land surface. They include savannah, the prairies of North America, and the steppes of Russia and Central Asia. Grassland ecosystems support thousands of different species, above and below the ground, and have a vital part to play maintaining the ecological balance of the world. prairie prateria erbosa grasland Grünland grassland ecosystem The interacting system of the biological communities located in biomes characterized by the dominance of indigenous grasses, grasslike plants and forbs, and their non-living environmental surroundings. écosystème prairie ecosistema di prateria ecosysteem van grasland Graslandökosystem gravel A mixture of rock fragments and pebbles that is coarser than sand. gravier ghiaia grind Kies gravel extraction Obtaining a mixture of coarse sand and small water- worn or pounded stones, (used for paths and roads and as an aggregate) from the earth. extraction de gravier estrazione di ghiaia grindwinning Kiesabbau gravel pit A place where gravel is dug out of the ground. gravière cava di ghiaia grindgroeve Kiesgrube grazing The vegetation on pastures that is available for livestock to feed upon. pâturage vegetazione per pascolo begrazing Beweidung ammonia A colorless gaseous alkaline compound that is very soluble in water, has a characteristic pungent odour, is lighter than air, and is formed as a result of the decomposition of most nitrogenous organic material. ammoniac ammoniaca ammoniak Ammoniak greenbelt 1) An area of land, not necessarily continuous, near to and sometimes surrounding a large built-up area. The area is kept open by permanent and severe restriction on building. 2) An irrigated, landscaped, and regularly maintained fuelbreak, usually put to some additional use, such as a golf course, park, or playground. 3) A planning designation that mandates the setting aside of otherwise developable lands for the purpose of creating natural or semi-natural open spaces. Greenbelts are usually linear parkways, tracts, or belts of land running through or around urban conurbations. 4) An area or zone of open, semi-rural, low-density land surrounding existing major urban areas, but not necessarily continuous. The zone is to be kept open by permanent and severe restrictions on new development. ceinture verte cintura verde groengordel Grüngürtel green building The self-contained dwelling where man simulates the ways of ecosystems, i.e. his wastes are converted to fuel by anaerobic digestion for methane production and the residues from the digestion are used for growing food. The food residues are composted and/or used for methane production. Solar energy is trapped by the greenhouse effect and used for house, crop and water heating. A windmill would be used for electricity. Thus, given sufficient space, sunshine, rainfall and wind, the ecohouse is in theory a self-contained system recycling its own wastes and using the sun as its energy input. construction "verte" edificio ecocompatibile ecologisch bouwen Öko-Haus green corridor Avenues along which wide-ranging animals can travel, plants can propagate, genetic interchange can occur, populations can move in response to environmental changes and natural disasters, and threatened species can be replenished from other areas. coulée verte corridoio verde groene (door)gang Grünstreifen environmental tax An amount of money demanded by a government to finance clean-up, prevention, reduction, enforcement or educational efforts intended to promote ecological integrity and the conservation of natural resources. écotaxe tassa ambientale milieuheffing Umweltsteuer greenhouse cultivation Cultivation of plants, especially of out-of-season plants, in glass-enclosed, climate-controlled structures. horticulture en serre coltivazione in serra glastuinbouw Unterglasanbau greenhouse effect The warming of the Earth's atmosphere caused by the increasing concentration of atmospheric gases, such as water vapour and carbon dioxide. These gases absorb radiation emitted by the Earth, thus slowing down the loss of radiant energy from the Earth back to space. effet de serre effetto serra broeikaseffect Treibhauseffekt greenhouse gas A collective expression for those components of the atmosphere that influence the greenhouse effect, namely carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxides, ozone, CFCs and water vapour. gaz à effet de serre gas a effetto serra broeikasgas Treibhausgas green manure Herbaceous plant material plowed into the soil while still green. engrais vert sovescio groenbemester Gründünger green revolution The name given to the widespread development of high-yield strains of wheat, corn and rice during the 1960s and early 1970s. It was more formally known as the Indicative World Plan for Agricultural Development. The revolution came after the Food and Agricultural Organization held the World Food Congress in 1963. A "Freedom from Hunger" campaign was set up with the goal of increasing food supplies and solving the world's hunger problems. révolution verte rivoluzione verde groene revolutie Grüne Revolution green space A plot of vegetated land separating or surrounding areas of intensive residential or industrial use and devoted to recreation or park uses. espace vert spazio verde groenvoorziening Grünfläche green vegetable A vegetable having the edible parts rich in chlorophyll and forming an important source of vitamins and micronutrients. légume vert ortaggi verdi groene groente Blattgemüse grinding To reduce to powder or small fragments. broyage triturazione (ver)malen Zerkleinern gross national product Gross domestic product adjusted for foreign transactions, i.e. to the figure for Gross Domestic Product must be added any income accruing to residents of the country arising from investment and other factor earnings abroad and from it must be deducted any income earned in the domestic market by factors owned by foreigners abroad. produit national brut prodotto nazionale lordo bruto nationaal product Bruttosozialprodukt ammonification Addition of ammonia or ammonia compounds, especially to the soil. ammonisation ammonificazione ammonificatie Ammonifikation groundwater Water that occupies pores and crevices in rock and soil, below the surface and above a layer of impermeable material. It is free to move gravitationally, either downwards towards the impermeable layer or by following a gradient. eaux souterraines acqua sotterranea grondwater Grundwasser groundwater extraction The process, deliberate or inadvertent, of extracting ground water from a source at a rate so in excess of the replenishment that the ground water level declines persistently, threatening exhaustion of the supply or at least a decline of pumping levels to uneconomic depths. puisage des eaux souterraines estrazione di acqua sotterranea grondwaterwinning Grundwasserentnahme groundwater pollution Contamination of any water found under the earth's surface by any leaching pollutants, such as inorganic compounds (chlorides, nitrates, heavy metals, etc.), synthetic organic chemicals (pesticides, fertilizers, etc.) and pathogens (bacteria, parasites, etc.). pollution des eaux souterraines inquinamento della falda grondwaterverontreiniging Grundwasserverunreinigung groundwater protection Precautionary actions, procedures or installations undertaken to prevent or reduce harm to the environmental integrity of fresh water found beneath the earth's surface, usually in aquifers, which supply wells and springs. protection des réserves d'eau souterraines protezione delle acque sotterranee grondwaterbescherming Grundwasserschutz group behaviour An observable pattern of activity displayed by persons in and as an aggregate. comportement collectif comportamento di gruppo groepsgedrag Gruppenverhalten ammonium The radical NH4+. ammonium ammonio ammonium Ammonium accumulator A rechargeable device for storing electrical energy in the form of chemical energy, consisting of one or more separate secondary cells. accumulateur accumulatore accu Akkumulator gulf An inlet of the sea of large areal proportions, more indented than a bay and generally more enclosed. golfe golfo baai Golf (Küste) gymnosperm Any seed-bearing plant of the division Gymnospermae, in which the ovules are borne naked on the surface of the mega sporophylls, which are often arranged in cones. gymnosperme gimnosperme naaktzadigen Nacktsamer gypsum A colourless or white mineral used in the building industry and in the manufacture of cement, rubber, paper and plaster of Paris. gypse gesso (lavorato) gips Gips habitat 1) The locality in which a plant or animal naturally grows or lives. It can be either the geographical area over which it extends, or the particular station in which a specimen is found. 2) A physical portion of the environment that is inhabited by an organism or population of organisms. A habitat is characterized by a relative uniformity of the physical environment and fairly close interaction of all the biological species involved. In terms of region, a habitat may comprise a desert, a tropical forest, a prairie field, the Arctic Tundra or the Arctic Ocean. habitat habitat habitat Habitat haematology The branch of medical science concerned with diseases of the blood. hématologie ematologia leer van het bloed Hämatologie hail Precipitation in the form of balls or irregular lumps of ice, always produced by convective clouds, nearly always cumulonimbus. grêle grandine hagel Hagel half-life The time required for one-half the atoms of a given amount of radioactive material to undergo radioactive decay. demi-vie tempo di dimezzamento halveringstijd Halbwertszeit haloform A haloalkane, containing three halogen atoms, e.g. iodoform, CHI3; a haloform reaction is a reaction to produce haloforms from a ketone. For example, if propanone is treated with bleaching powder, the chlorinated ketone so formed reacts to form chloroform. haloforme aloformio haloform Haloform halogenated biphenyl Halogen derivatives of biphenyl. biphényles halogénés bifenili alogenati halogeenbifenyl Halogenbiphenyle halogenated hydrocarbon One of a group of halogen derivatives of organic hydrogen and carbon containing compounds; the group includes monohalogen compounds (alkyl or aryl halides) and polyhalogen compounds that contain the same or different halogen atoms. hydrocarbure halogéné idrocarburi alogenati halogeenkoolwaterstof Halogenkohlenwasserstoff halogenated phenol Halogen derivatives of phenol. phenol halogéné fenoli alogenati halogeenfenol Halogenphenole halogenated pollutant An organic compound bonded with one of the five halogen elements (astatine, bromine, chlorine, fluorine, and iodine). Several of these compounds contribute to reductions in the concentration of ozone in the stratosphere. polluant halogéné inquinante alogenato halogeenbevattende verontreinigende stof Halogenierter Schadstoff halogenated terphenyl terphenyl halogéné terfenili alogenati halogeenterphenyl Halogenierte Terphenyle handicraft business The profession, commercial firm or trade involving the production and distribution of articles that are made through the skilled use of one's hands. entreprise artisanale impresa artigiana ambachtelijke nijverheid (Kunst)handwerksunternehmen handicraft A particular skill performed with the hands. artisanat d'art artigianato manuale handenarbeid Kunsthandwerk harbour Area of water next to the coast, often surrounded by thick walls, where ships and boats can be sheltered. port porto haven Hafen hardness Resistance of a solid to indentation, scratching, abrasion or cutting. dureté durezza hardheid Härte hard-to-dispose-of waste Discarded material, often hazardous or in large volume, for which there is no obvious disposal route. déchet encombrant rifiuto di difficile smaltimento moeilijk verwerkbaar afval Schwerentsorgbarer Abfall waste water pollution The impairment of the quality of some medium due to the introduction of spent or used water from a community or industry. pollution des eaux usées inquinamento da acque di rifiuto afvalwatervervuiling Abwasserbelastung harmonisation of law The process by which two or more states, sometimes under the auspices of an interstate or international organization, change their legislation relevant to some area of common concern to conform their statutes and to facilitate compliance and enforcement across borders. harmonisation des lois armonizzazione delle leggi harmonisatie van wetten Rechtsvereinheitlichung harvest The amount or measure of the crop gathered in a season. récolte raccolto oogst Ernte hazard A physical or chemical agent capable of causing harm to persons, property, animals, plants or other natural resources. danger pericoli gevaren Gefahren hazard of pollutants Risk or danger to human health, property or the environment posed by the introduction of a harmful substances into the ecosystem. risque dû aux polluants rischio derivato da inquinanti gevaar van vervuilende stoffen Gefahr durch Schadstoffe hazardous substance Any material that poses a threat to human health and/or the environment. Typical hazardous substances are toxic, corrosive, ignitable, explosive, or chemically reactive. matière dangereuse sostanza pericolosa gevaarlijke stof Gefahrstoff hazardous substances legislation A binding rule or body of rules prescribed by a government to regulate the production, use or clean-up of materials that pose a threat to human health and the environment, particularly materials that are toxic, corrosive, ignitable, explosive or chemically reactive. législation des matières dangereuses legislazione sulle sostanze pericolose gevaarlijkestoffenwetgeving Gefahrstoffrecht hazardous waste dump Disposal facilities where hazardous waste is placed in or on land. Properly designed and operated landfills are lined to prevent leakage and contain systems to collect potentially contaminated surface water run-off. décharge de déchets dangereux discarica per rifiuti pericolosi stortplaats voor gevaarlijk afval Sonderabfalldeponie hazardous waste Any waste or combination of wastes with the potential to damage human health, living organisms or the environment. Hazardous wastes usually require special handling and disposal procedures which are regulated by national and international laws. déchets dangereux rifiuto pericoloso gevaarlijk afval Gefährlicher Abfall hazardous working material A poison, corrosive agent, flammable substance, explosive, radioactive chemical, or any other material which can endanger human health or well-being if handled improperly. substance dangereuse à manipuler materiale da lavoro pericoloso gevaarlijk bouwmateriaal Gefährlicher Arbeitsstoff haze Reduced visibility in the air as a result of condensed water vapour, dust, etc., in the atmosphere. brume foschia nevel Dunst headland (farm) A strip of land left at the end of a furrow in a field in order to facilitate the turning of the plough. fourrière (culture des champs) margine di campo coltivato a fasce wendakker Ackerrandstreifen health A state of dynamic equilibrium between an organism and its environment in which all functions of mind and body are normal. santé salute gezondheid Gesundheit health care soins de santé cura della salute gezondheidszorg Gesundheitsfürsorge health-environment relationship Relationship between the quality of the environment and the health conditions of individuals. relation santé-environnement relazioni ambiente-salute verbanden tussen de gezondheid en de (natuurlijke en/of woon-)omgeving Gesundheit-Umweltbeziehung amphibian A class of vertebrate animals characterized by a moist, glandular skin, gills at some stage of development, and no amnion during the embryonic stage. batracien anfibi amfibieën Amphibien health facility A facility or location where medical, dental, surgical, or nursing attention or treatment is provided to humans or animals. institution sanitaire infrastruttura sanitaria (gezondheids)zorginstelling Gesundheitseinrichtung health hazard risque pour la santé rischio per la salute gevaar voor de gezondheid Gesundheitsgefährdung health legislation Laws, ordinances, or codes prescribing sanitary, clean air, etc., standards and regulations, designed to promote and preserve the health of the community and working conditions of businesses. législation sanitaire legislazione sanitaria gezondheidswetgeving Gesundheitsrecht health protection protection de la santé protezione della salute gezondheidsbescherming Gesundheitsschutz health regulation A body of rules or orders prescribed by government or management to promote or protect the soundness of human bodies and minds in the workplace, at home or in the general environment. réglementation sanitaire regolamento sanitario gezondheidsvoorschrift Gesundheitsrecht amusement park An open-air entertainment area consisting of stalls, side shows etc. parc de loisirs parco dei divertimenti pretpark Freizeitpark health-related biotechnology Health-related biotechnologies are concerned with large-molecule protein pharmaceuticals, genetic engineering, etc. biotechnologie à but médical biotecnologie collegate alla salute biotechnologie met betrekking tot de gezondheid Gesundheitsbezogene Biotechnologie health service The supply of health care to the public. service de santé servizio sanitario gezondheidsdienst Gesundheitsdienst hearing impairment A decrease in strength or any abnormality or partial or complete loss of hearing or of the function of ear, or hearing system, due directly or secondarily to pathology or injury; it may be either temporary or permanent. trouble de l'audition danno all'udito gehoorschade Gehörschädigung hearing procedure Any prescribed course or mode of action governing the preliminary examination by a magistrate of basic evidence and charges to determine whether criminal proceedings, a trial or other judicial actions are justified. procédure d'audition procedura delle udienze hoorzitting Anhörungsverfahren hearing protection The total of measures and devices implemented to preserve persons from harm to the faculty of perceiving sound. protection de l'ouïe protezione dell'udito gehoorbescherming Gehörschutz hearing (sense) The general perceptual behaviour and the specific responses made in relation to sound stimuli. audition (sens) udito gehoor (zintuig) Gehör heat (physics) A form of energy that is transferred by a difference in temperature: it is equal to the total kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules of a system. chaleur calore warmte (fysica) Wärme heat and power station Power station which produces both electricity and hot water for the local population. A CHP (Combined Heat and Power Station) plant may operate on almost any fuel, including refuse. centrale à co-génération centrale combinata per la produzione di energia e il riscaldamento warmtekrachtcentrale Heizkraftwerk heater An apparatus that heats or provides heat. appareil de chauffage apparecchiatura per riscaldamento verwarmingstoestel Heizgerät heathland An area with poor acid soil, typically dominated by ling (Calluna) or heaths (Erica). lande brughiera heide Heide heating A system for supplying heat, especially central heating, to a building. chauffage riscaldamento (industria) verwarming Heizung heating plant Plant for producing and supplying heat. centrale de chauffage impianto termico verwarmingsinstallatie Heizwerk heat pump A device which transfers heat from a cooler reservoir to a hotter one, expending mechanical energy in the process, especially when the main purpose is to heat the hot reservoir rather than refrigerate the cold one. pompe à chaleur pompa di calore warmtepomp Wärmepumpe heat storage Keeping heat created during a period of low consumption until a peak period when it is needed. stockage de chaleur accumulo di calore opslag van warmte Wärmespeicherung heat supply The provision of heating fuel, coal or other heating source materials, or the amount of heating capacity, for the use of a municipality, or other heat user. fourniture de chaleur fornitura di calore warmtevoorziening Wärmeversorgung anaerobic condition A mode of life carried on in the absence of molecular oxygen. anaerobiose condizione anaerobica anaërobe voorwaarden anaerobe Bedingungen heavy goods vehicle traffic Traffic of large motor vehicles designed to carry heavy loads. transport de marchandises lourdes traffico merci pesante lento vervoer van zware goederen Schwerlastverkehr heavy metal load The amount of stress put on an ecosystem by heavy metal pollution released into it. charge en métaux lourds carico da metalli pesanti gehalte aan zware metalen Schwermetallbelastung heavy metal A metal whose specific gravity is approximately 5.0 or higher. métal lourd metallo pesante zware metalen Schwermetall hedge A line of closely planted bushes or shrubs, marking the boundaries of a field. The type of hedge varies between parts of the country, and its age can be dated from the number of species of tree and shrub present. Over the last thirty years hedge-row removal has had a marked visual effect on lowland agricultural landscapes. From the farmer's point of view, in areas of predominant arable or intensively managed grazing, there is little or no economic justification for retaining hedges. haie siepe haag Hecke herbicide A chemical that controls or destroys undesirable plants. herbicide erbicida herbicide Herbizid herbivore An animal that feeds on grass and other plants. herbivore erbivoro planteneter Pflanzenfresser heterocyclic compound Compound in which the ring structure is a combination of more than one kind of atom. hétérocycle composti eterociclici heterocyclische verbinding Heterozyklen anaerobic process A process from which air or oxygen not in chemical combination is excluded. pocessus anaérobie processo anaerobico anaërobe proces Anaerober Prozess higher education Study beyond secondary school at an institution that offers programs terminating in undergraduate and graduate degrees. enseignement supérieur istruzione superiore hoger onderwijs Hochschulausbildung highland ecosystem The interacting systems of the biological communities and their non-living surroundings in regions of relatively high elevation, typically characterized by decreased air pressure and temperature, reduced oxygen availability and increased isolation. écosystème de montagne ecosistema di altopiano ecosysteem van hooglanden Hochlandökosystem high mountain haute montagne alta montagna hoge berg Hochgebirge high protein food alimentation riche en protéines alimento altamente proteico proteïnerijk voedsel Eiweißreiche Nahrung high-rise building Any tall, multistoried structure or edifice that is equipped with elevators. immeuble de grande hauteur costruzione di grande altezza hoogbouw Hochhaus high-speed railway The term "high-speed traffic" encompasses all trains running at speeds over 200 km/h but also trains running at 200 km/h if the terrain, population density or economic reasons do not justify higher speeds. voie ferrée à grande vitesse ferrovia ad alta velocità hogesnelheids(spoor)lijn Hochgeschwindigkeitsbahn high-speed train Trains travelling at maximum speeds of 300kmh on special high-speed rail lines. train à grande vitesse treno ad alta velocità hogesnelheidstrein Hochgeschwindigkeitszug high tide water The level of water when the tide is at its highest level. marée haute acqua di alta marea hoogwater Gezeitenhochwasser high voltage line An electric line with a voltage on the order of thousands of volts. ligne à haute tension linea elettrica a alta tensione hoogspanningsleiding Hochspannungsleitung highway A public road especially an important road that joins cities or towns together. route superstrada snelweg Öffentliche Straße hill A natural elevation of the land surface, rising rather prominently above the surrounding land, usually of limited extent and having a well-defined outline, rounded rather than peaked or rugged, with no specific definition of absolute elevation. colline collina heuvel Hügel analysis Examination or determination. analyse analisi analyse Analyse historical evolution The process by which small but cumulative changes in the learned, nonrandom, systematic behavior and knowledge of a people occur from generation to generation. évolution historique evoluzione storica geschiedkundige evolutie Historische Entwicklung historical monument Monument built in memory of an historical event. monument historique monumento di valore storico geschiedkundig monument Baudenkmal historical research The study of events in relation to their development over time. recherche historique ricerca storica geschiedkundig onderzoek Geschichtliche Forschung historical site Place where significant historical events occurred and which is important to an indigenous culture or a community. site historique sito di valore storico geschiedkundige plaats Historischer Standort analysis programme programme d'analyse programma di analisi analyseprogramma Untersuchungsprogramm history A systematic written account comprising a chronological record of events (as affecting a city, state, nation, institution, science, or art) and usually including a philosophical explanation of the cause and origin of such events. histoire storia geschiedenis Geschichte holiday camp A place providing accommodation, recreational facilities, etc. for holiday-makers. camp de vacances campo per vacanze vakantiekamp Ferienlager holiday 1) A period in which a break is taken from work or studies for rest, travel or recreation 2) A day on which work is suspended by law or custom, such as a religious festival, bank holiday, etc. vacances vacanza vakantie Urlaub analytical chemistry The branch of chemistry dealing with techniques which yield any type of information about chemical systems. chimie analytique chimica analitica analytische scheikunde Analytische Chemie horse A large animal with four legs which people ride on or use for carrying things or pulling vehicles. cheval cavallo paard Pferd horticulture The art and science of growing plants. horticulture orticoltura tuinbouw Gartenbau hospital A place where people who are ill or injured are treated and taken care of by doctors and nurses. hôpital ospedale ziekenhuis Krankenhaus hospital waste Solid waste, both biological and non-biological, produced by hospitals and discarded and not intended for further use. déchet hospitalier rifiuto di ospedale ziekenhuisafval Krankenhausabfall hotel industry The industry related with the provision of lodging and usually meals and other services for travelers and other paying guests. industrie hôtelière industria alberghiera hotelsector Gastronomiebetriebe hot water eau chaude acqua calda warm water Warmwasser analytical equipment Equipment employed in analytical techniques. appareil d'analyse apparecchiatura per analisi analytische apparatuur Analysenausrüstung household A group of persons sharing a home or living space, who aggregate and share their incomes, as evidenced by the fact that they regularly take meals together. ménage nucleo familiare huishouden Haushalt household chemical produit chimique ménager prodotto chimico per uso domestico huishoudchemicaliën Haushaltschemikalien household goods Goods needed for living in a household. produits ménagers casalinghi huishoudelijke artikelen Haushaltsware analytical method méthode analytique metodo di analisi analysemethode Analysenverfahren housing 1) Dwelling-houses collectively and the provision of these. 2) Shelter, lodging. logement alloggio huisvesting Unterkunft housing density The number of dwelling units or the residential population of a given geographic area. densité de l'habitat densità di abitazioni woningdichtheid Wohndichte housing finance financement immobilier finanziamento per l'alloggio huisvestingsfinanciering Wohnungsbaufinanzierung housing improvement An addition, renovation or repair to a place of residence that increases its aesthetic, functional or financial value. amélioration des logements miglioria degli alloggi woningverbetering Wohnverbesserung housing legislation A binding rule or body of rules prescribed by a government to regulate the buying, selling, leasing, construction or maintenance of dwelling places. législation immobilière legislazione sugli alloggi woningwetgeving Wohnrecht housing need besoin de logement fabbisogno di abitazioni woningnood Wohnbedarf housing programme A planned system of projects, services or activities intended to support individuals or families in need of shelter, including transitional or permanent housing and safe havens for low-income, elderly or homeless populations. programme immobilier programma di assegnazione di alloggi huisvestingsprogramma Wohnungsbauprogramm housing quality standard A norm or measure applicable in legal cases and considered to reflect a relatively high grade or level of excellence in the construction, maintenance, operation, occupancy, use or appearance of dwelling units. norme de qualité des logements standard di qualità degli alloggi kwaliteitsnorm voor woningen Wohnqualitätsnorm swans, geese and ducks A family of waterfowl, including ducks, gees, mergansers, pochards and swans, in the order Anseriformes. anatidé anatidi Anatidae Entenvögel installation restoration The process of repairing or reconstructing an edifice in order to return it to its original condition. réhabilitation du logement restauro di immobili herstelling van een installatie Anlagensanierung human biology The study of human life and character. biologie humaine biologia umana menselijke biologie Humanbiologie human disease An interruption, cessation or disorder of human bodily functions, systems or organs resulting from genetic or developmental errors, infection, nutritional deficiency, toxicity, illness or unfavorable environmental factors. maladie humaine malattia umana menselijke ziekte Menschliche Krankheit human ecology The study of the growth, distribution, and organization of human communities relative to their interrelationships with other humans and other species and with their environment. écologie humaine ecologia umana ecologie (als onderdeel van de sociologie) Humanökologie human exposure to pollutants exposition des personnes aux polluants esposizione dell'uomo agli inquinanti menselijke blootstelling aan vervuilende stoffen Menschliche Schadstoffaussetzung human health The avoidance of disease and injury and the promotion of normalcy through efficient use of the environment, a properly functioning society, and an inner sense of well-being. santé humaine salute umana menselijke gezondheid Menschliche Gesundheit human-made disaster Violent, sudden and destructive change in the environment caused by man. catastrophe anthropogénique disastro provocato dall'uomo door de mens veroorzaakte ramp Anthropogene Katastrophe human pathology Branch of medicine concerned with the cause, origin, and nature of disease, including the changes occurring as a result of disease. pathologie humaine patologia umana menselijke ziektenleer Humanpathologie human physiology A branch of biological sciences that studies the functions of organs and tissues in human beings. physiologie humaine fisiologia umana menselijke verrichtingsleer Humanphysiologie human population Group of individuals having common characteristics. population popolazione umana bevolking Bevölkerung anatomy The science concerned with the physical structure of animals and plants. anatomie anatomia anatomie Anatomie human rights The rights of individuals to liberty, justice, etc. droits de l'homme diritti umani mensenrechten Menschenrecht human settlement Cities, towns, villages, and other concentrations of human populations which inhabit a given segment or area of the environment. Human settlements are associated with numerous and complex environmental, pollution, and living condition problems for planning and management. établissement humain insediamento umano nederzetting Siedlung human settlement management gestion des établissements humains gestione degli insediamenti umani beheer van (menselijke) vestigingen Siedlungswirtschaft humus The more or less decomposed organic matter in the soil. Besides being the source of most of the mineral salts needed by plants, humus improves the texture of the soil and holds water, so reducing the loss of nutrients by leaching. humus humus humus Humus hunting The pursuit and killing or capture of wild animals, regarded as a sport. chasse caccia jacht Jagd hunting reserve Area of land where the pursuit and killing or capture of game and wild animals is permitted. réserve de chasse riserva di caccia jachtgebied Jagdreservat hurricane A tropical cyclone of great intensity; any wind reaching a speed of more than 73 miles per hour (117 kilometers per hour) is said to have hurricane force. cyclone uragano orkaan Hurrikan hybridisation The act or process of producing hybrids that is an animal or plant resulting from a cross between genetically unlike individuals. Hybrids between different species are usually sterile. hybridation ibridizzazione kruising Hybridisierung hydraulic construction Any structure built to route the flow of water, or to support the weight and pressure of a body of water. construction hydraulique costruzione idraulica waterbouwkundig bouwwerk Wasserbau hydraulic engineering A branch of civil engineering concerned with the design, erection, and construction of sewage disposal plants, waterworks, dams, water-operated power plants and such. génie hydraulique ingegneria idraulica waterbouw Wasserbau hydraulics The branch of science and technology concerned with the mechanics of fluids, especially liquids. hydraulique idraulica hydraulica Hydraulik hydrobiology Study of organisms living in water. hydrobiologie idrobiologia hydrobiologie Hydrobiologie hydrocarbon A very large group of chemical compounds composed only of carbon and hydrogen. hydrocarbure idrocarburi koolwaterstof Kohlenwasserstoff hydrochloric acid A solution of hydrogen chloride gas in water; a poisonous, pungent liquid forming a constant-boiling mixture at 20% concentration in water; widely used as a reagent, in organic synthesis, in acidizing oil wells, ore reduction, food processing, and metal cleaning and pickling. Also known as muriatic acid. acide chlorhydrique acido cloridrico zoutzuur Salzsäure hydroculture Growing plants without soil but in sand or vermiculite or other granular material, using a liquid solution of nutrients to feed them. culture hors sol coltivazione idroponica hydrocultuur Hydrokultur hydroelectric power plant Power station which operates with the free renewable source of energy provided by falling water. centrale hydroélectrique centrale idroelettrica waterkrachtcentrale Wasserkraftwerk hydrogen A flammable colourless gas that is the lightest and most abundant element in the universe. It occurs mainly in water and in most organic compounds and is used in the production of ammonia and other chemicals, in the hydrogenation of fats and oils, and in welding. hydrogène idrogeno waterstof Wasserstoff hydrogen sulphide Flammable, poisonous gas with characteristic odour of rotten eggs, perceptible in air in a dilution of 0.002 mg/l. It is used as a reagent in chemical analysis; extremely hazardous; collapse, coma and death from respiratory failure may come within a few seconds after one or two inspirations; low concentrations produce irritation of conjunctiva and mucous membranes. Headache, dizziness, nausea, lassitude may appear after exposure. sulfure d'hydrogène idrogeno solforato zwavelwaterstof Schwefelwasserstoff hydrogeology The science dealing with the occurrence of surface and ground water, its utilization, and its functions in modifying the earth, primarily by erosion and deposition. hydrogéologie idrogeologia hydrogeologie Hydrogeologie hydrography Science which deals with the measurement and description of the physical features of the oceans, lakes, rivers, and their adjoining coastal areas, with particular reference to their control and utilization. hydrographie idrografia hydrografie Hydrographie angiosperm The class of seed plants that includes all the flowering plants, characterized by the possession of flowers. The ovules, which become seeds after fertilization, are enclosed in ovaries. The xylem contains true vessels. The angiospermae are divided into two subclasses: Monocotyledoneae and Dycotiledoneae. angiospermes angiosperme bedektzadigen Bedecktsamer hydrologic disaster Violent, sudden and destructive change either in the quality of the earth's water or in the distribution or movement of water on land, below the surface or in the atmosphere. catastrophe hydrologique disastro idrologico hydrologische ramp Wasserkatastrophe hydrologic balance An accounting of the inflow to, outflow from, and storage in a hydrologic unit such as a drainage basin, aquifer, soil zone, lake or reservoir; the relationship between evaporation, precipitation, runoff, and the change in water storage. bilan hydrologique bilancio idrologico waterbalans Wasserbilanz hydrologic cycle The movement of water between the oceans, ground surface and atmosphere by evaporation, precipitation and the activity of living organisms, as one of the mayor biogeochemical cycles. Each day water evaporates from the oceans and is carried in the air from the sea over the land, which receives it as precipitation, and finally returns from the land to the sea through rivers, thus completing the cycle. cycle de l'eau ciclo idrologico waterkringloop Wasserkreislauf hydrology The science that treats the occurrence, circulation, distribution, and properties of the waters of the earth, and their reaction with the environment. hydrologie idrologia hydrologie Hydrologie hydrolysis 1) Decomposition or alteration of a chemical substance by water. 2) In aqueous solutions of electrolytes, the reactions of cations with water to produce a weak base or of anions to produce a weak acid. hydrolyse idrolisi hydrolyse Hydrolyse angling The art or sport of catching fish with a rod and line and a baited hook or other lure, such as a fly. pêche à la ligne pesca sportiva hengelsport Angeln hydrometeorology That part of meteorology of direct concern to hydrologic problems, particularly to flood control, hydroelectric power, irrigation, and similar fields of engineering and water resource. hydrométéorologie idrometeorologia hydrometeorologie Hydrometeorologie water power Energy obtained from natural or artificial waterfalls, either directly by turning a water wheel or turbine, or indirectly by generating electricity in a dynamo driven by a turbine. énergie hydraulique energia idrica waterkracht Wasserkraft hydrosphere The waters of the Earth, as distinguished from the rocks (lithosphere), living things (biosphere), and the air (atmosphere). Includes the waters of the ocean; rivers, lakes, and other bodies of surface water in liquid form on the continents; snow, ice, and glaciers; and liquid water, ice, and water vapour in both the unsaturated and saturated zones below the land surface. Included by some, but excluded by others, is water in the atmosphere , which includes water vapour, clouds, and all forms of precipitation while still in the atmosphere. hydrosphère idrosfera hydrosfeer Hydrosphäre hygiene The science that deals with the principles and practices of good health. hygiène igiene hygiëne Hygiene hymenopteran Insects including bees, wasps, ants, and sawflies, having two pair of membranous wings and an ovipositor specialized for stinging, sawing or piercing. hymenoptère imenotteri vliesvleugeligen Hautflügler ice The dense substance formed by the freezing of water to the solid state; it commonly occurs in the form of hexagonal crystals. glace ghiaccio ijs Eis iceberg A large mass of detached land ice floating in the sea or stranded in shallow water. iceberg iceberg ijsberg Eisberg ice pack Large areas of floating ice, usually occurring in polar seas, consisting of separate pieces that have become massed together. banquise banchisa pakijs Packeis identification of pollutants The determination of the specific substance or substances that are causing pollution. identification des polluants identificazione degli inquinanti bepaling van vervuilende stoffen Schadstoffbestimmung ideology A body of ideas that reflects the beliefs and interest of a nation, political system, etc. and underlies political action. idéologie ideologia ideologie Ideologie image processing The process of converting 'raw' remotely sensed data into a usable form through the application of various transformations such as supervised and unsupervised classification schemes. traitement de l'image elaborazione di immagini beeldverwerking Bildverarbeitung IMCO code Codes published by Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organisation (IMCO) relating to international shipping, particularly regarding safety and marine pollution. codification OMCI codice IMCO IMCO-code IMCO-Code bastardisation of fauna One of the possible consequences of the introduction of animal species in an area where they are not indigenous. Such translocation of species always involves an element of risk if not of serious danger. Newly arrived species may be highly competitive with or otherwise adversely affect native species and communities. introduction d'espèces animales étrangères imbastardimento della fauna spontanea faunavervalsing Faunenverfälschung bastardisation of flora One of the possible consequences of the introduction of plant species in an area where they are not indigenous. introduction d'espèces végétales étrangères imbastardimento della flora spontanea floravervalsing Florenverfälschung immission The reception of material, such as pollutants, by the environment and from any source. immission immissione immissies Immission immission control Legislative and administrative procedures aimed at reducing the damage caused by emissions. Pollution control programmes are normally based on human-oriented acceptable dose limits. A very important measure concerns the organisation of an emission inventory. contrôle des immisions controllo delle immissioni immissiebeheersing Immissionsschutz immission control law loi de contrôle des immissions legge sul controllo delle immissioni immissiebeheersingswet Immissionsschutzgesetz immission damage Damage caused by pollution from a distinct source of emission. dégât d'immission danno da immissioni immissieschade Immissionsschaden animal behaviour Behaviour of animals in their normal environment, including all the processes, both internal and external, by which they respond to changes in their environment. comportement animal comportamento animale dierengedrag Tierverhalten immission forecast The prediction of immissions is calculated on the basis of the pollutant load, the source height, the wind speed and the dispersion coefficient. prévisions des immissions previsione delle immissioni voorspelde immissie Immissionsprognose immission limit Maximum levels of selected pollutants which would lead to unacceptable air quality. limitation des immissions limite delle immissioni immissiegrens Immissionsgrenzwert immission load The total amount of immissions introduced in a given environment. charge d'immission carico di immissione immissielast Immissionsbelastung immune system A body system that helps an organism to resist disease, through the activities of specialised blood cells or antibodies produced by them in response to natural exposure or inoculation. système immunitaire sistema immunitario immuniteitsysteem Immunsystem immunity The ability of an organism to resist disease or toxins by natural or artificial means. immunité immunità immuniteit Immunität immunoassay Any of several methods for the quantitative determination of chemical substances such as hormones, drugs, and certain proteins that utilize the highly specific binding between an antigen and an antibody. test immunologique saggio immunologico immuniteitsonderzoek Immunoassay immunological disease The disruption of the complex system of interacting cells, cell products and cell-forming tissues that protects the body from pathogens, destroys infected and malignant cells and removes cellular debris. maladie immunologique malattia immunologica immunologische ziekte Immunologische Krankheit immunology A branch of biological science concerned with the native or acquired resistance of higher animal forms and humans to infection with microorganisms. immunologie immunologia immunologie Immunologie impact assessment Evaluation of the effect of a project upon the environment. évaluation de l'impact valutazione degli impatti het inschatten van het effect van iets Verträglichkeitsprüfung impact minimisation Actions, procedures or installations undertaken to reduce the extent or degree of negative effects on human health and the ecosystem introduced by human design or interaction with the environment. minimisation de l'impact minimizzazione degli impatti het minimaliseren van de effecten van iets Wirkungsminimierung impactor Instrument which samples atmospheric suspensoids by impaction; such instruments consist of a housing which constrains the air flow past a sensitized sampling plate. impacteur conimetro ad urto proefhoofd Impaktor impact prevention Precautionary measures, actions or installations implemented to avert negative effects on the environment. prévention de l'impact prevenzione degli impatti het voorkomen van de effecten van iets Vorbeugung gegen Schadwirkungen impact source Elements of an action which cause damage to the surrounding environment. sources d'immission sorgente di impatto impactbronnen Wirkungsquellen implementation law loi de mise en oeuvre legge esecutiva uitvoeringswet Ausführungsgesetz import The act of bringing goods and merchandise into a country from a foreign country. importation importazione invoer Einfuhr import licence Permission from a government to bring within its borders and sell a product manufactured in a foreign country. permis d'importation licenza di importazione invoervergunning Einfuhrlizenz animal disease maladie animale malattia degli animali dierenziekte Tierkrankheit impoverishment appauvrissement impoverimento verarming Verarmung impregnating agent A material used to fill holes in wood, plaster, or other surfaces before applying a coating such as paint or varnish. agent d'imprégnation impregnante impregneermiddel Imprägnierungsmittel impregnation (materials) The forcing of a liquid substance into the spaces of a porous solid in order to change its properties, as the impregnation of wood with creosote to preserve its integrity against water damage. imprégnation impregnazione doordrenking (materialen) Imprägnierung improvement of efficiency The beneficial development or progress in the volume of output that is achieved in terms of productivity and input, or in getting the maximum possible output from given or allocated resources. amélioration de l'efficacité miglioramento del grado di efficienza de verhoging van de efficiëntie Wirkungsgradverbesserung sudden load Sudden immission in considerable amount of one or more pollutants in the atmosphere, in a water body or in the soil. charge impulsionnelle carico improvviso di inquinanti impulslading Stossbelastung impulsive noise Noise characterized by transient short-duration disturbances distributed essentially uniformly over the useful passband of a transmission system. bruit impulsif rumore impulsivo impulsgeluid Impulsschall incineration Controlled process by which solid, liquid, or gaseous combustible wastes are burned and changed into gases; residue produced contains little or no combustible material. incinération incenerimento verbranding Verbrennung incineration of waste The controlled burning of solid, liquid, or gaseous combustible wastes to produce gases and solid residues containing little or no combustible material in order to reduce the bulk of the original waste materials. incinération des déchets incenerimento di rifiuti afvalverbranding Abfallverbrennung incinerator Device which burns waste. incinérateur inceneritore verbrandingsinstallatie Verbrennungsanlage slope The inclined surface of any part of the Earth's surface, as a hillslope; also, a broad part of a continent descending toward an ocean, as the Pacific slope. pente pendio helling Hang income The gain derived from capital, from labour or effort, or both combined, including profit or gain through sale or conversion of capital. revenu reddito inkomen Einkommen incorporation incorporation incorporazione opname Inkorporation animal dung as fuel Excrement from animals that may be dried and burned to generate energy or converted to liquid or gaseous fuels, such as methane, through chemical processes. utilisation du fumier (séché) comme carburant sterco come combustibile dierlijke uitwerpselen als brandstof Stalldünger als Kraftstoff indemnity Financial compensation, reimbursement or security for damages or loss offered by a government, insurance policy or contractual agreement under specified conditions and for specific casualties. indemnisation indennizzo schadevergoeding Schadenersatz Indian Ocean A body of water between the continents of Africa, Antarctica, Asia and Australia including the Bay of Bengal in the east and the Arabian Sea (with the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aden and the Persian Gulf) in the west, and containing several islands and island chains, such as the Andaman, Nicobar and Seychelles. Océan indien Oceano Indiano Indische Oceaan Indischer Ozean indicator Something that provides an indication especially of trends. indicateur indicatore indicator Indikator acid deposition A type of pollution which washes out of the atmosphere as dilute sulphuric and nitric acids. It tends to be a regional rather than a global phenomenon, linked to particular industrial activities and meteorological conditions. It includes rain, more than normally acidic snow, mist, sleet, fog, gas and dry particles. It upsets the balance of nature, disrupting ecosystems, and destroys forests and woodlands, plants and crops; kills aquatic life by altering the chemical balance of lakes and rivers and corrodes building materials and fabrics. The pollutants are caused principally by discharges from power station chimneys of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides released by burning fossil fuels, coal and oil. retombée acide deposizione acida zure neerslag Saure Deposition animal ecology A study of the relationships of animals to their environment. écologie animale ecologia animale dierenecologie Tierökologie indicator of environmental management indicateur du management environnemental indicatore di gestione ambientale milieubeheerindicator Umweltindikator indicator of environmental quality Qualitative or quantitative parameter used as a measure of an environmental condition, e.g. of air or water quality. indicateur de la qualité environnementale indicatore di qualità ambientale milieukwaliteitsindicator Umweltqualitätsindikator indigenous forest Forests which are native to a given area. forêt primaire foresta indigena inheems bos Naturwald indigenous technology Technologies employed by the native inhabitants of a country and which constitute an important part of its cultural heritage and should therefore be protected against exploitation by industrialized countries; the problem of indigenous knowledge has been discussed during the Rio Conference but it does not receive much protection under the Biodiversity Convention. Article 8 mandates that parties "respect, preserve and maintain knowledge, innovations and practices of indigenous and local communities embodying traditional life styles... and promote their wider application with the approval and involvement of holders of such knowledge, innovations and practices and encourage the equitable sharing of benefits arising from them". technologie indigène tecnologia indigena inheemse technologie Einheimische Technologie indirect discharger A non-domestic source introducing pollutants into a publicly owned waste-treatment system. Indirect dischargers can be commercial or industrial facilities whose wastes enter local sewers. inducer indirect introduttore indiretto indirecte inductor Indirekteinleiter indoor air pollution Chemical, physical or biological contaminants in the air inside buildings and other enclosed spaces occupied by humans. This pollution can arise from tobacco smoke, pesticides, cleaning agents, gases released from building materials, rugs, household products, etc. pollution atmosphérique intérieure inquinamento atmosferico in ambiente confinato luchtvervuiling binnenshuis Luftverschmutzung von Innenräumen animal experiment Investigation carried out in animals for research purposes. expérimentation animale sperimentazione animale dierenproef Tierversuch indoor environment Environment situated in the inside of a house or other building. environnement intérieur ambiente confinato binnenmilieu Innenraum industrial area Areas allocated for industry within a town-planning scheme or environmental plan. The range of industries accommodated in a plan may include: light industry, service industry, general industry, hazardous, noxious or offensive industry, waterfront industry, extractive industry. Standards are usually defined for industrial areas relating to access and roads, drainage, car parking, aesthetics, landscaping, buffer zones, noise levels, and air and water pollution. zone industrielle area industriale industriegebied Industriegebiet industrial association association industrielle associazione industriale industriebond Industrieverband industrial building A building directly used in manufacturing or technically productive enterprises. Industrial buildings are not generally or typically accessible to other than workers. Industrial buildings include buildings used directly in the production of power, the manufacture of products, the mining of raw materials, and the storage of textiles, petroleum products, wood and paper products, chemicals, plastics, and metals. bâtiment industriel edificio industriale industrieel bedrijfsgebouw Betriebsgebäude industrial crop Any crop that provides materials for industrial processes and products such as soybeans, cotton (lint and seed), flax, and tobacco. culture industrielle coltura industriale industriële gewassen Industriepflanze industrial development développement industriel sviluppo industriale industriële ontwikkeling Industrielle Entwicklung industrial dumping The disposal of any waste generated by a manufacturing or processing process by the agency or body which produced it. décharge industrielle scarico industriale industriële stortplaats Industriehalde industrial economics The production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services resulting from all manufacturing business. économie industrielle economia industriale industriële economie Industrieökonomie industrial effluent Materials generally discarded from industrial operations or derived from manufacturing processes. effluent industriel effluente industriale industrieel afvalwater Industrieabwasser animal foodstuff Any crops or other food substances for animal consumption. aliment pour animaux alimento per animali dierenvoeder Tierfutter industrial emission Gas-borne pollutants discharged into the atmosphere from smokestacks of industrial plants. émissions industrielles emissioni industriali industrie-uitstoot Industrieemission industrial environmental policy The guiding procedure, philosophy or course of action for the protection of natural resources from pollution generated by manufacturing or business enterprises. politique environnementale industrielle politica ambientale aziendale industriële milieuzorg Industrie-Umweltpolitik industrial equipment Equipment related to industrial activities. équipement industriel apparecchiatura industriale industriële uitrusting Industrieausrüstung industrial fume Any smokelike or vaporous exhalation from matters or substances, especially of an odorous or harmful nature, which result from trading, commercial or manufacturing processes. fumée industrielle fumi industriali industriële rook Industrielles Abgas industrial installation A device, system or piece of equipment installed for a particular industry. installation industrielle installazione industriale industriële installatie Industrieanlage industrialisation The process whereby manufacturing industry comes to occupy the predominant position in a national or regional economy. industrialisation industrializzazione industrialisatie Industrialisierung industrial legislation A binding rule or body of rules prescribed by a government to regulate working conditions or the acquisition, processing and disposal of materials by the aggregate of factories, companies and enterprises in one or more manufacturing or technically productive fields. législation industrielle legislazione industriale industriële wetgeving Industrierecht industrial material matériau industriel materiale per l'industria industrieel materiaal Industrieller Stoff animal genetics The scientific study of the hereditary material of animals for theoretical and practical applications such as increased population, conservation and disease research. génétique animale genetica animale dierlijke erfelijkheidsleer Tiergenetik industrial medicine The branch of medicine which deals with the relationship of humans to their occupations, for the purpose of the prevention of disease and injury and the promotion of optimal health, productivity, and social adjustment. médecine du travail en industrie medicina del lavoro industriële geneeskunde Arbeitsmedizin industrial noise Noise produced by industrial plants activities. bruit industriel rumore di origine industriale industrieel lawaai Industrielärm industrial planning The process of making arrangements or preparations to facilitate the manufacturing, producing and processing of goods or merchandise. planning industriel pianificazione industriale industriële planning Industrieplanung industrial plant (building) Buildings where the operations related to industrial productive processes are carried out. établissement industriel (bâtiment) impianto industriale fabriek Industrieanlage industrial policy Course of action adopted by national government to support and promote industrial activities. politique industrielle politica industriale industrieel beleid Industriepolitik industrial pollution Pollution as a result of industrial processes and manufacturing. pollution industrielle inquinamento industriale industriële vervuiling Industriebedingte Umweltverschmutzung industrial process processus industriel processi industriali industriële processen Industrielle Verfahren industrial production Any process of converting or transforming raw materials and other resources into goods or services which have value. production industrielle produzione industriale industriële productie Industrieproduktion industrial production statistics statistiques de la production industrielle statistica della produzione industriale industriële productiestatistieken Industrieproduktionsstatistik industrial product produit industriel prodotti industriali industrieel product Industrieprodukt industrial property right A justifiable claim granted by government or some other authority that offers protection or excludes others from making, using or selling an invention, a unique design of an article of manufacture or some other creation or discovery. droit de propriété industrielle diritto di protezione industriale industrieel eigendomsrecht Schutzrecht industrial site The location for the individual manufacturing firm. site industriel sito industriale industriële locatie Industriestandort industrial sludge Sludge produced as a result of industrial production processes or manufacturing. boue industrielle fango industriale industrieel slib Industrieschlamm industrial society A large-scale community with diverse manufacturing sectors and an infrastructure and economy based on the science, technology and instrumental rationality of the modern West. société industrielle società industriale industriële samenleving Industriegesellschaft industrial waste Waste materials discarded from industrial operations, or derived from manufacturing processes; may be solid, sludge (wet solids) or liquid wastes and may or may not be considered hazardous. déchet industriel rifiuto industriale industrieel afval Industrieabfall industrial waste gas Waste gases resulting from manufacturing and other industrial processes which may be treated and released, treated and reused or released without treatment. effluent gazeux industriel gas di rifiuto industriale industrieel afvoergas Industrieabgas industrial waste water Waste water that results from industrial processes and manufacturing. It may either be disposed of separately or become part of the sanitary or combined sewage. eau usée industrielle acqua di rifiuto industriale industrieel afvalwater Industrieabwasser industrial zoning A system of land use planning that forms zones or boundaries to be used only by manufacturing or business enterprises. zonage industriel zonizzazione industriale industrieel gebied Industrieansiedlung industry An industry is a group of establishments engaged in the same or similar kinds of economic activities. Industries produce commodities that are sold with the expectation of recovering the total cost of production. A single industry can produce many different commodities. industrie industria industrie Industrie animal housing Any kind of shelter, refuge affording protection to animals. logement pour animaux alloggio per animali dierenhuisvesting Tierbehausung inertisation The process of waste inertisation includes solidification and stabilisation; stabilisation is the process used for reduction of hazard potential of the waste by converting the contaminants into their least soluble, least immobile, or least toxic form. Solidification physically binds or encapsulates the waste in a monolithic solid of high structural integrity. Thus solidification may be used for powders, liquids or gases. inertage inertizzazione inert makend Inertisierung inert waste Wastes that do not undergo any significant physical, chemical, or biological transformations when deposited in a landfill. déchet inerte rifiuto inerte inert afval Inertabfall infant mortality The rate of deaths occurring in the first year of life for a given population. mortalité infantile mortalità infantile kindersterfte Säuglingssterblichkeit infection The entry and development or multiplication of an infectious agent in the body of a living organism. infection infezione ontsteking Infektion infectious disease Pathogenic condition resulting from invasion of an host by a pathogen that propagates causing infection. maladie infectieuse malattia infettiva besmettelijke ziekte Infektionskrankheit infestation of crops Invasion of crop by parasites. Among vertebrate animals, many crop pests are mammals, especially in the order of rodents and birds. Among invertebrates, certain species of gastropods and a large number of roundworms from the class of nematodes harm crops. The most varied and numerous species of crop pests are arthropods-insects, arachnids and some species of millipedes and crustaceans. Diseases vary from viral, bacterial, and nutritional to fungal, environmental and non-specific. The FAO has estimated that annual worldwide losses done by plant pests and diseases amount to approximately 20-25% of the potential worldwide yield of food crops. infestation des cultures infestazione di raccolti besmetting van gewassen Pflanzenbefall animal husbandry A branch of agriculture concerned with the breeding and feeding of domestic animals. élevage allevamento di animali veehouderij Tierhaltung infestation of food Food that has been contaminated and deteriorated by some kind of pest. infestation des aliments infestazione di alimenti voedselbesmetting Lebensmittelbefall infiltration Movement of water through the soil surface into the ground. infiltration infiltrazione indringing Infiltration inflammable substance Substance liable to catch fire. substance inflammable sostanza infiammabile brandgevaarlijke stof Brennbarer Stoff inflow 1) Water other than wastewater that enters a sewer system (including sewer service connections) from sources such as, but not limited to, roof leaders, cellars drains, yard drains, area drains, drains from springs and swampy areas, manhole covers, cross connections between storm sewers and sanitary sewers, catch basins, cooling towers, storm waters, surface runoff, street wash waters, or drainage. Inflow does not include, and is distinguished from, infiltration. 2) Action of flowing in; an inflow of effluent into a river. affluent afflusso instroom Zufluss informal negotiation négociation informelle negoziato informale informeel overleg Informales Verwaltungshandeln informatics Science and technique of data elaboration and of automatic treatment of information. informatique informatica informatica Informatik information All facts, ideas or imaginative works of the mind which have been communicated, published or distributed formally or informally in any format, or the knowledge that is communicated or received. information informazione informatie Information information processing A systematic series of actions performed by a person or computer on data elements including classifying, sorting, calculating, summarizing, transmitting, retrieving and receiving. traitement de l'information trattamento dell'informazione informatieverwerking Informationsverarbeitung information service An organized system of providing assistance or aid to individuals who are seeking information, such as by using databases and other information sources to communicate or supply knowledge or factual data. service d'information servizio informativo informatiedienst Informationsdienst information source Generally, any resource initiating and substantiating the reception of knowledge or specifically, the origin of a data transmission. source d'information fonte d'informazione informatiebron Informationsquelle information system Any coordinated assemblage of persons, devices and institutions used for communicating or exchanging knowledge or data, such as by simple verbal communication, or by completely computerized methods of storing, searching and retrieving information. système d'information sistema informativo informatiesysteem Informationssystem information technology The systems, equipment, components and software required to ensure the retrieval, processing and storage of information in all centres of human activity (home, office, factory, etc.), the application of which generally requires the use of electronics or similar technology. technologie de l'information tecnologia dell'informazione informatietechnologie Informationstechnologie infraction A breach, violation, or infringement; as of a law, a contract, a right or duty. infraction infrazione overtreding Strafbare Handlung infrared radiation Electron magnetic radiation whose wavelengths lie in the range from 0.75 or 0.8 micrometer to 1000 micrometers. rayonnement infrarouge radiazione infrarossa infraroodstraling Infrarotstrahlen animal manure Animal excreta collected from stables and barnyards with or without litter; used to enrich the soil. fumier concime animale dierlijke mest Tiermist infrasound Vibrations of the air at frequencies too low to be perceived as sound by the human ear, below about 15 hertz. infrason infrasuono infrageluid Infraschall infrastructure The basic network or foundation of capital facilities or community investments which are necessary to support economic and community activities. infrastructure infrastrutture infrastructuur Infrastruktur inhabitant A person occupying a region, town, house, country, etc. habitant abitante bewoner Bewohner injury A stress upon an organism that disrupts the structure or function and results in a pathological process. blessure lesione letsel Verletzung ink A dispersion of a pigment or a solution of a dye in a carrier vehicle, yielding a fluid, paste, or powder to be applied to and dried on a substrate; writing, marking, drawing, and printing inks are applied by several methods to paper, metal, plastic, wood, glass, fabric, or other substrate. encre inchiostro inkt Druckfarbe inland fishery Fishing grounds located in lakes, streams, etc. pêche en eau douce pesca interna binnenvisserij Binnenfischerei inland navigation The navigation of inland waterways, i.e. navigable rivers, canals, sounds, lakes, inlets, etc. navigation fluviale navigazione interna binnenvaart Binnenschiffahrt inland water A lake, river, or other body of water wholly within the boundaries of a state. eaux intérieures acque interne binnenwater Binnengewässer inland waterways transport Transportation of persons and goods by boats travelling on rivers, channels or lakes. transport fluvial trasporto su vie di navigazione interna binnenwatervervoer Binnengüterschiffahrt animal noise Noise caused by animals such as dogs kept in kennels or in private homes as pets. bruit dû aux animaux rumore di animali dierengeluid Tierlärm innovation Something newly introduced, such as a new method or device. innovation innovazione vernieuwing Innovation inorganic chemistry A branch of chemistry dealing with the chemical reactions and properties of all inorganic matter. chimie minérale chimica inorganica anorganische chemie Anorganische Chemie inorganic fertiliser Inorganic chemical which promotes plant growth by enhancing the supply of essential nutrients such as ammonium sulphate or lime. engrais inorganique fertilizzante inorganico anorganische meststof Mineraldünger inorganic pollutant A pollutant of mineral origin and not of basically carbon structure. polluant inorganique inquinante inorganico anorganische vervuiler Anorganischer Schadstoff animal nutrition Ingestion, digestion and/or assimilation of food by animals. nutrition animale nutrizione degli animali dierenvoeding Tierernährung inorganic substance Chemical compounds that do not contain carbon as the principal element (excepting carbonates, cyanides, and cyanates), that is, matter other than plant or animal. substance inorganique sostanze inorganiche anorganische stoffen Anorganische Substanzen insecticide Any chemical agent used to destroy invertebrate pests. insecticide insetticida insecticide Insektizid insectivore Any placental mammal of the order Insectivora, being typically small, with simple teeth, and feeding on invertebrates. The group includes shrews, moles, and hedgehogs. insectivores insettivori insecteneters Insektenfresser insect A class of the Arthropoda typically having a segmented body with an external, chitinous covering, a pair of compound eyes, a pair of antennae, three pairs of mouthparts, and two pairs of wings. insecte insetti insecten Insekt in situ In the natural or normal place. in situ in situ ter plaatse in-situ inspection An official examination and evaluation of the extent to which specified goals, objectives, standards, policies or procedures of an agency, organization, department or unit have been met properly. inspection ispezione inspectie Inspektion inspection of records inspection des registres esame dei documenti inspectie van de boeken Akteneinsicht inspection service An organization designated to look into, supervise and report upon, the staff members and workings of some institution or department, or the conforming to laws and regulations by a segment of society or other group. service d'inspection servizio di ispezione keuringsdienst Prüfdienst installation requiring approval The official authorization needed to assemble and place into position any apparatus, facility, military post or machinery. installation nécessitant une habilitation installazione soggetta ad approvazione installatie die goedgekeurd vereist Genehmigungsbedürftige Anlage institutionalisation The establishment and normalization of a law, custom, usage, practice, system or regulative principle in the activity or purpose of a group or organization. institutionnalisation istituzionalizzazione institutionalisering Institutionalisierung instrument manufacture industrie d'appareillage industria delle apparecchiature instrumentenvervaardiging Instrumentenherstellung animal physiology Study of the normal processes and metabolic functions of animal organisms. physiologie animale fisiologia animale dierenfysiologie Tierphysiologie sound insulation material Material used to reduce the transmission of sound to or from a body, device, room, etc. matériau isolant materiale insonorizzante isolatiemateriaal Dämmstoff insurance The act, system, or business of providing financial protection contingencies, such as death, loss or damage and involving payment of regular premiums in return for a policy guaranteeing such protection. assurance assicurazione verzekering Versicherung insurance business A commercial service which provides a guarantee against most losses or harm to a person, property or a firm in return for premiums paid. compagnie d'assurance compagnia di assicurazioni verzekeringsmaatschappij Versicherungswirtschaft insurance coverage The protection provided against risks or a risk, often as specified by the type of protection or the item being protected. couverture d'assurance copertura assicurativa dekking (door een verzekering) Versicherungsschutz integral natural reserve Areas allocated to preserve and protect certain animals and plants, or both. They differ from national parks, which are largely a place for public recreation, because they are provided exclusively to protect species for their own sake. Endangered species are increasingly being kept in nature reserves to prevent them from extinction. Nature reserves also serve as a place for more plentiful species to rest, breed or winter. réserve naturelle intégrale riserva naturale integrale integraal natuurreservaat Integrales Naturreservat integrated environmental protection technology Technologies that meet environmental objectives by incorporating pollution prevention concepts in their design. Integrated environmental control strategies introduced in the early design stages of a process, rather than an end-of-pipe control option introduced in the later stages, improve the technical and economic performance of a process. technologie de protection environnementale intégrée tecnologia integrata per la protezione ambientale geïntegreerde milieubeschermingstechnologie Integrierte Umweltschutztechnik integrated pest control A systematic, comprehensive approach to pest control that uses the insect's or rodent's own biology and behaviour to find the least toxic control methods at the lowest cost. lutte intégrée contre les nuisibles controllo integrato delle infestazioni geïntegreerde ongediertebestrijding Integrierte Schädlingsbekämpfung integrated pollution control A procedure whereby all major emissions to land, air, and water are considered simultaneously and not in isolation to avoid situations in which one control measure for one medium adversely affects another. contrôle intégré de la pollution controllo integrato dell'inquinamento geïntegreerde vervuilingsbeheersing Integrierter Umweltschutz intensive animal husbandry Specialized system of breeding animals where the livestock are kept indoors and fed on concentrated foodstuffs, with frequent use of drugs to control diseases which are a constant threat under these conditions. élevage intensif allevamento intensivo di animali intensieve veehouderij Intensivtierhaltung intensive farming Farming in which as much use is made of the land as possible by growing crops close together or by growing several crops in a year or by using large amounts of fertilizers. agriculture intensive coltura intensiva intensieve landbouw Intensivlandwirtschaft interaction of pesticides The enhancement of activity of pesticides when they are used in combination with others. interaction des pesticides interazione di pesticidi wisselwerking van bestrijdingsmiddelen Pestizidwechselwirkung interchange of electronic data A transference of binary coded information items between two or more computers across any communications channel capable of carrying electromagnetic signals. échange de données informatisées scambio di dati informatizzati uitwisseling van elektronische gegevens Elektronischer Datenaustausch acidification Addition of an acid to a solution until the pH falls below 7. acidification acidificazione verzuring Versauerung interdisciplinary research The utilisation, combination and coordination of two or more appropriate disciplines, technologies and humanities in an integrated approach toward environmental problems. recherche interdisciplinaire ricerca interdisciplinare interdisciplinair onderzoek Interdisziplinäre Forschung interest A sum paid or charged for the use of money or for borrowing money over a given time period. intérêts interessi belang Zins interest group A group of people who share common traits, attitudes, beliefs or objectives and who have formed a formal organization to serve specific concerns of the membership. groupe d'intérêt gruppo di interesse belangengroep Interessenverband interim decision décision provisoire decisione provvisoria tussentijds besluit Teilbescheid interlaboratory comparison Tests performed at the same time in different laboratories to validate the quality of the results. comparaison interlaboratoire test ad anello vergelijking tussen laboratoria Ringversuch animal production production animale produzione animale dierlijke productie Tierproduktion intermediate goods Partly finished goods or products that re-enter into production elsewhere. produits intermédiaires prodotto intermedio (economia) tussenproducten Zwischenprodukt intermittent noise Noise occurring at regular or irregular intervals. bruit intermittent rumore intermittente afwisselend geluid Intermittierendes Geräusch internal European market marché intérieur européen mercato europeo interno Europese binnenmarkt Europäischer Binnenmarkt internalisation of environmental costs internalisation des coûts environnementaux internalizzazione di costi ambientali interne aanrekening van milieukosten Internalisierung der Umweltkosten international agreement Cooperation in international efforts to support global environmental goals. Solutions to environmental problems such as trans-boundary airborne and waterborne pollution, ozone depletion and climate change require action by all responsible countries. accord international accordo internazionale internationale overeenkomst Internationale Vereinbarung international competitiveness The ability of firms to strive with rivals in the production and sale of commodities in worldwide markets. compétitivité internationale concorrenza internazionale internationale concurrentie Internationale Wettbewerbsfähigkeit animal product produit animal prodotto animale dierlijk product Tierisches Produkt international convention Treaties and other agreements of a contractual character between different countries or organizations of states creating legal rights and obligations between the parties. convention internationale convenzione internazionale internationale conventie Internationale Übereinkommen international co-operation The collaboration between governments, businesses or individuals in which it is agreed to work together on similar objectives or strategies, particularly in research or in setting industrial standards. coopération internationale cooperazione internazionale internationale samenwerking Internationale Zusammenarbeit International Court of Justice Judicial arm of the United Nations. It has jurisdiction to give advisory opinions on matters of law and treaty construction when requested by the General Assembly, Security Council or any other international agency authorised by the General Assembly to petition for such opinion. It has jurisdiction, also, to settle legal disputes between nations when voluntarily submitted to it. Cour internationale de justice Corte di Giustizia Internazionale Internationaal Gerechtshof Internationaler Gerichtshof international distribution The worldwide allocating of resources or dispersing of goods. distribution internationale distribuzione internazionale internationale verdeling Internationale Verteilung international division of labour division internationale du travail divisione internazionale del lavoro internationale verdeling van werk Internationale Arbeitsteilung international environmental relations The political or diplomatic interaction or dealings between independent nations that pertain to ecological concerns. relations internationales pour l'environnement relazioni ambientali internazionali internationale milieuverhoudingen Internationale Umwelbeziehungen international harmonisation Harmonisation of the interrelationship of sovereign states by the application of general principles recognized by civilized nations. harmonisation internationale armonizzazione internazionale internationale harmonisatie Internationale Harmonisierung animal protection Precautionary actions or procedures taken to prevent or reduce the harm to sentient, non-human species, posed, in most cases, by humans. protection des animaux protezione degli animali (movimento) dierenbescherming Tierschutz international law The system of law regulating the interrelationship of sovereign states and their rights and duties with regard to one another. droit international diritto internazionale internationaal recht Internationales Recht internationally important ecosystem Ecosystems whose importance is recognised at international level and which are, in some cases, protected by international conventions. écosystème d'importance internationale ecosistema di importanza internazionale internationaal belangrijk ecosysteem International wichtiges Ökosstem international organisation An association of independent states, whose representatives gather for the promotion of common interests including defense and trade. organisation internationale organizzazione internazionale internationale organisatie Internationale Organisation international politics The use of methods, strategy, intrigue, decision making and power by governments and their representatives to achieve goals in policy making or governmental affairs in a worldwide or international arena. politique internationale politica internazionale internationale politiek Internationale Politik international relations The political or diplomatic interaction or dealings between independent nations. relation internationale relazioni internazionali internationale betrekkingen Internationale Beziehungen international river basin Land area drained by a river and its tributaries whose waters are situated in and utilized by two or more countries. bassin fluvial international bacino fluviale internazionale internationaal rivierbekken Grenzüberschreitendes Flußeinzugsgebiet international safety Freedom from danger or the quality of averting risk of harm to persons, property or the environment shared across one or more national boundaries; consequently, the combined efforts of more than one nation to achieve or preserve that state. sécurité internationale sicurezza internazionale internationale veiligheid Internationale Sicherheit international standardisation The process of establishing or conforming something to a norm or measure that is recognized beyond the boundaries of a single country or nation. normalisation internationale standardizzazione internazionale internationale standaardisatie Internationale Normierung international trade The flow of commodities and goods between nations. commerce international commercio internazionale internationale handel Internationaler Handel international watercourse Portions of a geographical area which constitutes a hydrogeological unit as the catchment area for a single river which are under the jurisdiction of two or more countries. cours d'eau international corso d'acqua internazionale internationale waterweg Internationale Wasserstraße animal resource ressource animale risorse animali dierenstand Tierressourcen interpretation method Method employed in the assessment of the meaning and significance of data, results, facts, etc. méthode d'interprétation metodo di interpretazione interpretatiemethode Auswertungsverfahren intertidal zone 1) The area between land and sea which is regularly exposed to the air by the tidal movement of the sea. Marine organisms that inhabit the intertidal zones have to adapt to periods of exposure to air and to the waves created by wind, which makes it the most physically demanding of the marine habitats. 2) The shore zone between the highest and lowest tides. zone intertidale zona intertidale gebied tussen de hoog- en de laagwaterlijn Tidebereich intervention in nature and landscape Stepping in or participating in problem solving efforts for troublesome or perplexing situations involving the natural world or scenery. intervention au niveau de la nature et des paysages intervento su natura e paesaggio tussenkomst in natuur en landschap Eingriff in Natur und Landschaft inventory A detailed list of articles, goods, property, etc. inventaire (environnement) inventario inventaris Inventar inventory of forest damage Survey of a forest area to determine forest depletion. The aim of the inventory is to give an overview of the forest conditions. Especially should the inventory aim to detect any changes in the forest conditions, but it should also provide the distribution of the forest damages and find out any relation with site and stand conditions. inventaire des dégâts forestiers inventario dei danni forestali inventarisatie van bosschade Waldschadensinventur inversion A reversal in the usual direction of a process, as in the change of density of water at 4° C. inversion inversione inversie Inversion inversion layer The atmosphere layer through which an inversion occurs. couche d'inversion strato di inversione omkeringslaag Inversionsschicht invertebrate Any animal lacking a backbone, including all species not classified as vertebrates. invertébré invertebrati ongewervelde dieren Invertebraten investment Any item of value purchased for profitable return, as income, interest or capital appreciation. investissement investimento investering Investition animal for slaughter Animals bred and killed for the production of food. animal destiné à l'abattage animale da macello slachtdier Schlachtvieh in vitro assay Assay taking place in an artificial environment. test in vitro prova in vitro in vitro proef in vitro-Test in vivo assay Experiments that are carried out in the living organism. test in vivo prova in vivo in vivo proef in vivo-Test iodine A nonmetallic halogen element; the poisonous, corrosive dark plates or granules are readily sublimed; insoluble in water, soluble in common solvents; used as germicide and antiseptic, in dyes, tinctures, and pharmaceuticals, in engraving lithography, and as a catalyst and analytical reagent. iode iodio jodium Jod ion exchange The process in which ions are exchanged between a solution and an insoluble solid, usually a resin. échange d'ions scambio ionico ionen(uit)wisseling Ionenaustausch ion exchanger A permanent insoluble material (usually a synthetic resin) which contains ions that will exchange reversibly with other ions in a surrounding solution. Both cation and anion exchangers are used in water conditioning. The volume of an ion exchanger is measured in cubic liters of exchanger after the exchanger bed has been backwashed and drained, and has settled into place. échangeur d'ions scambiatore di ioni ionen(uit)wisselaar Ionenaustauscher animal shelter A protection providing housing for animals in bad weather. abri pour animaux riparo per animali dierenasiel Tierheim ionising radiation Radiation that is capable of energizing atoms sufficiently to remove electrons from them. In this state atoms become more reactive, so that ionizing radiation increases chemical activity and in this way produces biological effects, including effects that involve alterations induced in DNA. X-rays and gamma-rays are the only electromagnetic waves that cause ionization in biological material. rayonnement ionisant radiazione ionizzante ioniserende straling Ionisierende Strahlung ionosphere A region of the earth's atmosphere, extending from about 60 to 1000 kilometers above the earth's surface, in which there is a high concentration of free electrons formed as a result of ionizing radiation entering the atmosphere from space. ionosphère ionosfera ionosfeer Ionosphäre ion An electrically charged atom or group of atoms formed by the loss or gain of one or more electrons. ion ione ionen Ionen iron A malleable ductile silvery-white ferromagnetic metallic element occurring principally in haematite and magnetite. It is widely used for structural and engineering purposes. fer ferro ijzer Eisen animal Any living organism characterized by voluntary movement, the possession of cells with noncellulose cell walls and specialized sense organs enabling rapid response to stimuli, and the ingestion of complex organic substances such as plants and other animals. animal animali dieren [algemeen, niet systematisch] Tier iron industry A sector of the economy in which an aggregate of commercial enterprises is engaged in the extraction and refinement of iron ore to produce cast iron, wrought iron and steel. industrie sidérurgique industria del ferro ijzerindustrie Eisenindustrie ironwork industry Industry for the production of iron articles. industrie sidérurgique industria dei prodotti in ferro ijzergieterij(sector) Eisenhüttenindustrie irradiation To subject to or treat with light or other electromagnetic radiation or with beams of particles. irradiation irradiazione bestraling Bestrahlung irrigation 1) To supply land with water so that crops and plants will grow or grow stronger. irrigation irrigazione bevloeiing Bewässerung irrigation canal A permanent irrigation conduit constructed to convey water from the source of supply to one or more farms. canal d'irrigation canale di irrigazione bevloeiingskanaal Bewässerungskanal irrigation farming Farming based on the artificial distribution and application of water to arable land to initiate and maintain plant growth. culture irriguée coltura irrigua bevloeiingslandbouw Bewässerungslandbau animal textile fibre A filament or threadlike strand derived from animals that manufacturers use to produce clothes or other goods that require weaving, knitting or felting, which include silk, wool, mohair and other forms of animal hair. fibre textile d'origine animale fibra tessile animale textielvezels van dierlijke oorsprong Tierische Textilfaser island A land mass, especially one smaller than a continent, entirely surrounded by water. île isola eiland Insel island ecosystem Unique but fragile and vulnerable ecosystems due to the fact that the evolution of their flora and fauna has taken place in relative isolation. Many remote islands have some of the most unique flora in the world; some have species of plants and animals that are not found anywhere else, which have evolved in a specialized way, sheltered from the fierce competition that species face on mainland. écosystème insulaire ecosistema insulare eilandecosysteem Inselökosystem insulation (process) The process of preventing or reducing the transmission of electricity, heat, or sound to or from a body, device, or region by surrounding it with a nonconducting material. isolation (procédé) isolamento (processo) isolatie Isolierung isomer 1) Two or more compounds having the same molecular formula, but a different arrangement of atoms within the molecule. 2) One of two or more chemical substances having the same elementary percentage composition and molecular weight but differing in structure, and therefore in properties; there are many ways in which such structural differences occur. isomère isomero isomeer Isomer animal trade The process or act of exchanging, buying or selling animals, especially livestock. commerce des animaux commercio di animali dierenhandel Tierhandel isotope One or two or more atoms with the same atomic number that contain different numbers of neutrons. isotope isotopo isotoop Isotop ivory The fine-grained creamy-white dentine forming the tusks of elephants, and the teeth or tusks of certain other large animals such as the walrus; it has long been esteemed for a wide variety of ornamental articles. ivoire avorio ivoor Elfenbein animal waste Discarded material from industries directly associated with the raising of animals, such as those wastes produced by livestock farming (manure, milk, etc.), meat production and animal testing (animal bodies, animal parts, feathers, etc.) and fur breeding (fur, blood, etc.). déchet animal rifiuto animale dierlijk afval Tierische Abfälle joint debtor Persons united in a joint liability or indebtedness. Two or more persons jointly liable for the same debt. débiteur commun debito totale medeschuldenaar Gesamtschuldner joint implementation (Rio Conference) mise en application commune (Conférence de Rio) attuazione comune (Conferenza di Rio) gezamenlijke tenuitvoerlegging (Conferentie van Rio de Janeiro) Gemeinsame Umsetzung (Rio-Konferenz) judicial assistance A program sponsored or administered by a government to guide through and represent in court proceedings persons who are in financial need and cannot afford private counsel. entraide judiciaire assistenza giudiziaria rechtsbijstand Amtshilfe judicial body Any public organization or branch of government responsible for the administration of justice or the enforcement of laws. organe judiciaire organo giudiziario rechterlijk orgaan Rechtsorgan judiciary rule Specific norms, regulations and precedents governing the conduct, procedure and arrangement of a judicial system, its various divisions and its officers. règlement judiciaire norme giuridiche rechtsregel Gerichtsregelung anion An ion that is negatively charged. anion anione anion Anionen jurisdiction The power of a court to hear and decide a case or make a certain order. juridiction giurisdizione rechtsgebied Rechtsprechung jurisprudence The science or philosophy of law. jurisprudence giurisprudenza (scienza) jurisprudentie Jura karst 1) A German rendering of a Serbo-Croat term referring to the terrain created by limestone solution and characterized by a virtual absence of surface drainage, a series of surface hollows, depressions and fissures, collapse structures, and an extensive subterranean drainage network. 2) A type of topography that is formed on limestone, gypsum, and other rocks by dissolution, and that is characterized by sinkholes, caves, and underground drainage. Etymology: German, from the Yugoslavian territory Krs; type locality, a limestone plateau in the Dinaric Alps of northwestern Yugoslavia and northeastern Italy. karst carso karst Karstgebiet stocking To keep a supply accumulated for future use. garder en stock immagazzinamento iets in voorraad houden Lagerung kerosene A thin oil distilled from petroleum or shale oil, used as a fuel for heating and cooking, in lamps, and as a denaturant for alcohol. kérosène cherosene kerosine Kerosin annelid Any worms of the phylum Anellida, in which the body is divided into segments both internally and externally. The group includes the earthworms, lugworm, ragworm, and leeches. annélides anellidi ringwormen Ringelwurm labelling Attaching a notice to a product or container bearing information concerning its contents, proper use, manufacturer and any cautions or hazards of use. étiquetage etichettatura etikettering Kennzeichnung laboratory A room or building with scientific equipment for doing scientific tests or for teaching science, or a place where chemicals or medicines are produced. laboratoire laboratorio laboratorium Laboratorium laboratory experiment Tests or investigations carried out in a laboratory. expérience de laboratoire esperimento di laboratorio laboratoriumexperiment Laborversuch laboratory research Research carried out in a laboratory for testing chemical substances, growing tissues in cultures, or performing microbiological, biochemical, hematological, microscopical, immunological, parasitological tests, etc. recherche en laboratoire ricerca di laboratorio laboratoriumonderzoek Laboruntersuchung laboratory technique technique de laboratoire tecnica di laboratorio laboratoriumprocedure Labortechnik laboratory waste Discarded materials produced by analytical and research activities in a laboratory. déchet de laboratoire rifiuto di laboratorio laboratoriumafval Laboratoriumsabfall labour One of the factors of production. It includes all the exertions - manual, physical or mental - by individuals, directed towards the production of wealth. travail lavoro arbeid Arbeit antagonism The situation in which two chemicals upon interaction interfere in such a way that the action of one partially or completely inhibits the effects of the other. antagonisme antagonismo antagonisme Antagonismus labour law The branch of the legal system which lays down the rules governing employment relationships, trade union relations, and state intervention to provide protection against particular situations of need for citizens who are workers. droit du travail diritto del lavoro arbeidsrecht Arbeitsrecht labour market marché du travail mercato del lavoro arbeidsmarkt Arbeitsmarkt labour relations The dynamics or general state of the association between management and non-management employees in an enterprise, industry or nation, with special attention to the maintenance of agreements, collective bargaining and the status of unions. fonctionnement du monde du travail rapporti di lavoro arbeidsverhouding Arbeitsverhältnisse lacquer A material which contains a substantial quantity of a cellulose derivative, most commonly nitrocellulose but sometimes a cellulose ester, such as cellulose acetate or cellulose butyrate, or a cellulose ether such as ethyl cellulose; used to give a glossy finish, especially on brass and other bright metals. laque vernice alla cellulosa lak Lack lagoon A body of water cut off from the open sea by coral reefs or sand bars. lagune laguna lagune Lagune lake basin 1) The depression in the Earth's surface occupied or formerly occupied by a lake and containing its shore features. 2) The area from which a lake receives drainage. bassin lacustre bacino lacustre meerbekken Seebecken lake pollution The direct or indirect human alteration of the biological, physical, chemical or radiological integrity of lake water, or a lake ecosystem. pollution de lac inquinamento di lago meervervuiling Seenverunreinigung lake An enclosed body of water, usually but not necessarily fresh water, from which the sea is excluded. lac lago meer See lamp A device that produces light, such as an electric lamp. lampe lampada lamp Lampe land A specified geographical tract of the Earth's surface including all its attributes, comprising its geology, superficial deposits, topography, hydrology, soils, flora and fauna, together with the results of past and present human activity, to the extent that these attributes exert a significant influence on the present and future land utilization. pays territorio (geografia) land Land antagonistic effect of toxic substances effet antagoniste des substances toxiques effetto antagonistico di sostanze tossiche antagonistisch effect van giftige stoffen antagonistische Wirkung von Giftstoffen land access The permission or freedom to use, enter, approach or pass to and from a tract of land, which often consists of real estate property. accès à la terre accesso al territorio toegang tot land Landzugang land allotment Procedure by which big land properties are divided in parcels of smaller size. allocation de terrain pour cultivation parcellizzazione fondiaria toekenning van land Flächenwidmung land and property register The system of registering certain legal estates or interests in land. It describes the land and any additional rights incidental to it, such as rights of way over adjoining land. cadastre catasto dei terreni e delle proprietà eigendomsregister Grundbuch land carrying capacity The maximum extent to which ground or soil area may be exploited without degradation or depletion. capacité de charge capacità del terreno hoeveelheid vervuiling dat een land kan verdragen Aufnahmekapazität des Bodens land clearing Removal of trees, undergrowth, etc. in preparation for ploughing, building, etc. défrichement dissodamento leegruimen van land Rodung Antarctica A continent lying chiefly within the Antarctic Circle and asymmetrically centered on the South Pole: it consists of an ice-covered plateau (some 95 percent of Antarctica is covered by an icecap averaging 1,6 km in thickness), 1800-3000 m above sea level, and mountains ranges rising to 4500 m with some volcanic peaks; average temperatures all below freezing and human settlement is confined to research station. Antarctique Antartide Antarctica Antarktis land conservation The care, preservation and re-use of solid areas of the earth's surface, especially soil regions valued as a natural resource or utilized as an agricultural resource. protection des terres conservazione del territorio landbehoud Landespflege land consolidation Joining small plots of land together to form larger farms or large fields. remembrement accorpamento parcellare ruilverkaveling Flurbereinigung land cover Land cover is the physical state of the land surface. It is the combination of vegetation, soil, rock, water and human-made structures, which make up the earth's landscape. The land cover is the interface between the earth's crust and the atmosphere, influencing the exchange of energy and matter in the climatic system and biogeochemical cycles. couverture spatiale (SIG) copertura del suolo landbedekking Landbedeckung land development Planning of infrastructures, services and industrial settlements in order to promote the socio-economic growth of certain land area. développement du territoire sviluppo del territorio landinrichting Landesentwicklung land ecology Study of the relationship between terrestrial organisms and their environment. écologie des terres ecologia terrestre landecologie Bodenökologie landfill The oldest method of waste disposal for the solid matter discarded in the domestic dustbin, along with the packaging material and paper from high street shops and offices. Landfill sites are usually disused quarries and gravel pits. When they were filled, previous practice was to cover them up with soil and forget about them. Housing estates have been built, often with disastrous consequences, on old landfill dumps. Waste burial has now become a serious technology and a potential source of energy. Landfill sites can be designed to be bioreactors, which deliberately produce methane, gas as a source of biofuel or alternative energy. Traditionally, waste tips remained exposed to air and aerobic microbes - those which thrive in air - in order to turn some of the waste into compost. However, open tips also encourage vermin, smell in hot weather and disfigure the landscape. In the 1960s, as a tidier and safer option, landfill operators began to seal each day's waste in a clay cell. While excluding vermin, the clay also excluded air. Decomposition relied on anaerobic microbes, which die in air. However, the process produced methane (natural gas), which was a safety hazard. The methane is now extracted by sinking a network of perforated pipes into the site. décharge discarica afvalstortplaats Deponie landfill covering The protective shielding, consisting of soil or some other material, that encloses disposal sites for compacted, non-hazardous solid waste, or secures disposal sites for hazardous waste to minimize the chance of releasing hazardous substances into the environment. couche de couverture (décharge) interramento di discarica afdekking van een afvalstortplaats Deponieabdeckung landfill degasification Landfill gas is highly dangerous as methane is highly explosive; therefore it must be controlled at all operational landfill sites, whether by active or passive ventilation or both especially in the case of deep sites. There exist venting systems for shallow and deep sites respectively. dégazage de décharge degassificazione di discarica ontgassing van een afvalstortplaats Deponieentgasung landfill gas Landfill gas is generated in landfill sites by the anaerobic decomposition of domestic refuse (municipal solid waste). It consists of a mixture of gases and is colourless with an offensive odour due to the traces of organosulphur compounds. Aside for its unpleasantness, it is highly dangerous as methane is explosive in concentrations in air between 5 per cent, the Lower Explosive Limit (LEL), and the Upper Explosive Limit (UEL) of 15 per cent. Landfill gas must be controlled at all operational landfill sites, whether actively or passively vented or both especially in the case of deep sites. gaz de décharge gas di discarica stortgas Deponiegas landfill leachate Liquid that has seeped through solid waste in a landfill and has extracted soluble dissolved or suspended materials in the process. lixiviat de décharge lisciviato di discarica afvalstortplaatspercolaat Deponiesickerwasser land forming remodelage de terrain prosciugamento di terreno landvorming Bodengestaltung landform Any physical, recognizable form or feature of the Earth's surface, having a characteristic shape and produced by natural causes; it includes major forms such as plane, plateau and mountain, and minor forms such as hill, valley, slope, esker, and dune. Taken together the landforms make up the surface configuration of the Earth's. relief forme del rilievo terrestre vorm van der aardkorst Geographische Form Antarctic ecosystem écosystème de l'Antarctique ecosistema antartico Antarctisch ecosysteem Ökosystem der Antarktis land mammal mammifère terrestre mammifero terrestre landzoogdier Landsäugetier land occupation The use, settlement or possession of solid areas of the earth's surface. occupation du sol occupazione del suolo landgebruik Flächennutzung land planning The activity of designing, organizing or preparing for the future use of solid areas of the earth's surface, especially regions valued for natural resources, utilized as agricultural resources or considered for human settlement. aménagement du territoire pianificazione territoriale landinrichting Landplanung land pollution The presence of one or more contaminants upon or within an area of land, or its constituents. pollution du sol inquinamento del territorio landvervuiling Bodenverunreinigung Antarctic Ocean The waters, including ice shelves, that surround the continent of Antarctica, which comprise the southernmost parts of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans, and also the Ross, Amundsen, Bellingshausen and Weddell seas. océan antarctique Oceano Antartico Antarctische Oceaan Südpolarmeer land reclamation Making land capable of more intensive use by changing its general character, as by drainage of excessively wet land; irrigation of arid or semiarid land; or recovery of submerged land from seas, lakes and rivers. mise en valeur des terres conquista di territorio terreinsanering Rekultivierung land register A register or survey of land, containing information on the surface of properties, tenants' names, commencing with the earliest owners through successive ownership and partitions, and such like. cadastre catasto dei terreni legger van het kadaster Kataster land restoration The treatment of any unusable land usually by filling with refuse or levelling until the land can be brought into productive use. restauration de terrain bonifica del territorio landherstel Bodensanierung landscape The traits, patterns, and structure of a specific geographic area, including its biological composition, its physical environment, and its anthropogenic or social patterns. An area where interacting ecosystems are grouped and repeated in similar form. paysage paesaggio landschap Landschaft landscape after mining The process of mining disfigures the surface of the land, and in the absence of reclamation leads to permanent scars. The process spoils the vital topsoil, disrupts drainage patterns, destroys the productive capacity of agricultural and forest land and impairs their aesthetic and social value. paysage minier paesaggio delle zone minerarie landschap na mijnbouw Bergbaufolgelandschaft Antarctic region An area within the Antarctic Circle that includes the fifth largest continent and its surrounding waters, consisting mostly of thick ice shelves. région antarctique regione antartica Antarctisch gebied Antarktis landscape alteration Landscapes might change through time as a result of human activities or natural processes such as fires or natural disasters. Changes in landscape structure can be documented by using data from aerial photographs or satellite images, and new technologies, such as remote sensing and geographic information systems. modification du paysage alterazione del paesaggio landschapsverandering Landschaftsveränderung landscape architecture The creation, development, and decorative planting of gardens, grounds, parks, and other outdoor spaces. Landscape gardening is used to enhance nature helping to create a natural setting for individual residences and buildings, and even towns, particularly where special approaches and central settings are required. aménagement du paysage architettura del paesaggio landschapsarchitectuur Landschaftsarchitektur landscape component In visual assessment work, landscapes can be divided into four major elements. a) Form is the perceived mass or shape of an object that appears unified, and which provides a consciousness of its distinction and relation of a whole to the component parts. b) Line is the real or imagined path, border, boundary, or intersection of two planes, such as a silhouette, that the eye follows when perceiving abrupt differences in form, colour or texture. c) Colour is a visual perception that enables the eye to differenciate otherwise identical objects based on the wavelengths of reflected light. d) Texture is the visual feel of a landscape. élément du paysage elemento del paesaggio landschapselement Landschaftselement landscape conservation The safeguarding, for public enjoyment, of landscape and of opportunities for outdoor recreation, tourism and similar activities; the concept includes the preservation and enhancement not only of what has been inherited but the provision of new amenities and facilities. protection du paysage conservazione del paesaggio landschapsbehoud Landschaftsschutz landscape conservation policy politique de préservation des paysages politica di conservazione del paesaggio landschapsbehoudbeleid Landschaftspflege landscape ecology The study of landscapes taking account of the ecology of their biological populations. The subjects thus embraces geomorphology and ecology and is applied to the design and architecture of landscapes. écologie du paysage ecologia del paesaggio landschapsecologie Landschaftsökologie landscape management Measures aiming at preserving landscape or controlling its transformations caused by anthropic activities or natural events. gestion du paysage gestione del paesaggio landschapsbeheer Landschaftspflege landscape planning The aspect of the land use planning process that deals with physical, biological, aesthetic, cultural, and historical values and with the relationships and planning between these values, land uses, and the environment. aménagement du paysage pianificazione del paesaggio landschapsplanning Landschaftsplanung landscape protection Elaboration and implementation of strategies and measures for the conservation, preservation, suitable use, and renewal of natural resources and nature or man-made components of landscape, in particular wildlife and natural systems of various standing. protection du paysage protezione del paesaggio landschapsbescherming Landschaftsschutz landscape protection area Area where landscape is protected for its particular features in order to maintain its role in contributing to the wider enjoyment of the countryside. zone de protection du paysage area di protezione del paesaggio beschermd landschap Landschaftsschutzgebiet landscape consumption Using parts of landscape in a way that heavily modifies its features. consommation du paysage consumo del paesaggio landschapsverbruik Landschaftsverbrauch landscape utilisation Using landscape or parts of it for tourism, sports, or agriculture. utilisation du paysage uso del paesaggio landschapsgebruik Landschaftsnutzung land setup The formulation of regional objectives, plans and programmes and the harmonization of the regional effects of sectorial planning. aménagement du territoire assetto del territorio landinrichting Flächenstruktur landslide Mass-movement landforms and processes involving the downslope transport, under gravitationary influence of soil and rock material en masse. éboulement frana aardverschuiving Erdrutsch land transportation Transport of persons and goods by a network of roads or railways. transport terrestre trasporto via terra vervoer over land Überlandtransport land use The term land use deals with the spatial aspects of all human activities on the land and with the way in which the land surface is adapted, or could be adapted, to serve human needs. affectation des sols uso del territorio grondgebruik Flächennutzung anthropic activity Action resulting from or influenced by human activity or intervention. action anthropique azione antropica antropische activiteit Anthropogene Aktivität land use classification The arrangement of land units into a variety of categories based on the properties of the land or its suitability for a particular purpose. It has become an important tool in rural land-resource planning. classification de l'usage des sols classificazione dell'uso del territorio classificatie op basis van het grondgebruik Flächennutzungsklassifikation land use planning The interdisciplinary process of evaluating, organising, and controlling the present and the future development and use of lands and their resources in terms of their suitability on sustained yield basis. Includes an overall ecological evaluation in terms of specific kinds of uses as well as evaluations of social, economic, and physical contexts to the land concerned. aménagement du territoire pianificazione dell'utilizzazione del territorio grondgebruiksplanning Flächennutzungsplanung soil use regime Type of management and utilization of the soil. systématisation de l'affectation des sols regime del suolo grondgebruiksstelsel Bodennutzungssystem land value The monetary or material worth in commerce or trade of an area of ground considered as property. valeur de la terre valore fondiario grondwaarde Bodenwert large combustion plant Any sizable building which relies on machinery that converts energy released from the rapid burning of a fuel-air mixture into mechanical energy. grande installation de combustion grande impianto di combustione grote verbrandingsinstallatie Grossfeuerungsanlage laser Acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation; a device that produces a powerful, highly directional, monochromatic, coherent beam of light. Laser consist of a transparent cylinder with a reflecting surface at one end and a partially reflecting surface at the other. Light waves are reflected back and forth, some of them emerging at the partially reflecting end. The light source may be a ruby, whose chromium atoms are excited by a flash lamp so that they emit pulses of highly coherent light, or a mixture of inert gases that produce a continuos beam, or a cube of treated gallium arsenide which emits infrared radiation when an electric current passes through it. laser laser (radiazione) laser Laser acidity The state of being acid that is of being capable of transferring a hydrogen ion in solution. acidité acidità zuurtegraad Acidität anthropogenic factor facteur anthropique fattori antropogeni antropogene factor Anthropogener Faktor laundering The act of washing and ironing clothes, linen, etc. blanchissage lavanderia wassen en strijken Wäsche law (individual) One of the rules making up the body of law. loi legge wetten Gesetze law amendment An alteration of or addition to any statute with legal force that, if approved by the appropriate legislative authority, supersedes the original statute. amendement de loi emendamento legislativo wetswijziging Gesetzesnovellierung anthropologic reserve Area of protection of the life style of societies where traditional human activities are still maintained and the exploitation of natural resources is still carried out without compromising the future availability. réserve anthropologique riserva antropologica anthropologisch reservaat Anthropologisches Reservat law enforcement Any variety of activities associated with promoting compliance and obedience to the binding rules of a state, especially the prevention, investigation, apprehension or detention of individuals suspected or convicted of violating those rules. application de loi applicazione della legge wetshandhaving Gesetzesvollzug neighbourhood law A binding rule or body of rules prescribed by a government to protect human health and the environment, manage growth and development or enhance the quality of life in small geographical and social areas within cities where residents share values and concerns and interact with one another on a daily basis. loi sur le voisinage legislazione sul vicinato buurtwet Nachbarschaftsrecht law (science) Complex of rules fixed by law or custom which regulate social relations. droit (science) diritto (scienza) recht Rechtswissenschaft leaching 1) The process of separating a liquid from a solid (as in waste liquid by percolation into the surrounding soil. 2) Extraction of soluble components of a solid mixture by percolating a solvent through it. 3) To lose or cause to lose soluble substances by the action of a percolating liquid. lixiviation dilavamento (chimica) uitloging Auswaschung lead A heavy toxic bluish-white metallic element that is highly malleable; occurs principally as galena and is used in alloys, accumulators, cable sheaths, paints, and as a radiation shield. plomb piombo lood Blei lead compound Lead compounds are present as gasoline additives, in paint, ceramic products, roofing, caulking, electrical applications, tubes, or containers. Lead exposure may be due to air, water, food, or soil. Lead in the air is primarily due to lead-based fuels and the combustion of solid waste, coal, oils, and emissions from alkyl lead manufacturers, wind blown dust volcanoes, the burning of lead-painted surfaces, and cigarette smoke. Lead in drinking water comes from leaching from lead pipes, connectors, and solder in both the distribution system and household plumbing. composé de plomb composto del piombo loodverbinding Bleiverbindung lead contamination The presence and release into the air, water and soil, of lead, a toxic metal used in plumbing, gasoline and lead-acid batteries. contamination par le plomb contaminazione da piombo loodverontreiniging Bleiverseuchung lead-in-petrol law A binding rule or body of rules prescribed by a government to reduce or eliminate the lead content in petroleum fuels used in vehicular and other engines that pollute the air with lead-carrying exhaust. loi sur l'essence chargée en plomb legislazione sul contenuto in piombo dei carburanti wet op loodgehalte in benzine Benzinbleigesetz lead level in blood A measure of the amount of lead or lead salts absorbed by the body as a possible sign of acute or chronic lead poisoning, which can affect the nervous, digestive or muscular systems. taux de plomb dans le sang livello ematico del piombo loodgehalte in het bloed Blutbleispiegel antibiotic A chemical substance, produced by microorganisms and synthetically, that has the capacity to inhibit the growth of, and even to destroy, bacteria and other microorganisms. antibiotique antibiotico antibiotica Antibiotika leaf The main organ of photosynthesis and transpiration in higher plants, usually consisting of a flat green blade attached to the stem directly or by a stalk. feuille foglia blad Blatt (Pflanze) leakage The accidental, uncontrolled discharge or seepage of liquids, gases and other substances to unintended and unwanted locations, frequently causing risks of damage or harm to persons, property or the environment. fuite perdita lek Leckage leather The dressed or tanned hide of an animal, usually with the hair removed. cuir cuoio leder Leder leather industry Industry for the production of leather goods such as garments, bags, etc. industrie du cuir industria del cuoio lederindustrie Lederindustrie legal basis The fundamental law or judicial precedent that warrants or supports a subsequent decision or action by any governmental, corporate or private entity. base légale base legale rechtsgrond(slag) Rechtsgrundlage antibody A complex protein that is produced in response to the introduction of a specific antigen into an animal. Antibodies belong to a class of proteins called immunoglobins, which are formed by plasma cells in the blood as a defence mechanism against invasion by parasites, notably bacteria and viruses, either by killing them or rendering them harmless. anticorps anticorpo antilichaam Antikörper legally protected right A justifiable claim to have or obtain something or to act in a certain way, which is supported by law and is covered or shielded from the danger of being revoked or repealed. droit légal diritto legittimo door de wet beschermd recht Rechtsgut legal regulation Any order or rule issued by a government stipulating its procedures for the creation, execution or adjudication of laws. réglementation juridique disposizioni legali rechtsregel Rechtsverordnung legal remedy The means by which a right is enforced or the violation of a right is prevented, redressed, or compensated. recours judiciaire ricorso legale rechtsmiddel Rechtsbehelf legal text The exact wording or language of a law or other document in conformity with the law or having the authority of law. texte juridique testo legislativo wettekst Rechtsdokument legislation The act or process of making laws. législation legislazione wetgeving Gesetzgebung anticipation of danger The act of foreseeing, expecting and taking measures against possible future exposure to harm, death or a thing that causes these. anticipation d'un danger previsione del pericolo het voorkomen van gevaar Gefahrenvorsorge legislation on pollution Rules concerning the limits of pollutant emissions. législation en matière de pollution legislazione sull'inquinamento wetgeving inzake vervuiling Umweltschutzrecht water resources legislation A binding rule or body of rules prescribed by a government to manage and protect an area's natural water supply and waterways. législation en matière de ressources en eau legislazione sulle risorse idriche wetgeving inzake water(voorraden) Wasserressourcenrecht legislative authority The power of a deliberative assembly of persons or delegates to bring a bill, resolution or special act to an official, legally binding status. autorité législative autorità legislativa wetgevende macht Gesetzgeber legislative competence The skill, knowledge, qualification, capacity or authority to make, give or enact rules with binding force upon a population or jurisdiction. compétence législative competenza legislativa wetgevende bevoegdheid Gesetzgebungskompetenz legislative information Knowledge or a service providing knowledge concerning actual and proposed laws, including approval status, the history and content of deliberative proceedings and the specific language of those laws. information législative informazione legislativa informatie over wetgeving Gesetzesinformation legislature The department, assembly, or body of persons that makes statutory laws for a state or nation. corps législatif legislatura wetgevende macht Legislative leisure activity Sports and recreational activities carried out in the time free from work or other duties. loisirs attività ricreative vrijetijdsbesteding Freizeitbereich leisure time Time free from work or other duties; spare time. temps libre tempo libero vrije tijd Freizeit lepidopteran A large order of scaly-winged insects, including the butterflies, skippers, and moths; adults are characterized by two pairs of membranous wings and sucking mouthparts, featuring a prominent, coiled proboscis. lépidoptère lepidotteri schubvleugeligen Lepidoptera antifouling agent Agent that inhibits the growth of barnacles and other marine organisms on a ship's bottom (an antifouling paint or other coating). Organo-tin compounds have been the most often used agents in this application since they are effective against both soft and hard fouling organisms. However, in spite of their performance, they have a negative impact on the marine environment and their long half life in the environment, has prompted marine paint manufacturers to look for a nonpersistent alternative. produit antivégétal agente antiincrostante anti-blokkeringsmiddel Antifouling leukaemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood forming organs; a distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. leucémie leucemia leukemie Leukämie levy A ratable portion of the produce of the property and labor of the individual citizens, taken by the nation, in the exercise of its sovereign rights, for the support of government, for the administration of the laws, and as the means for continuing in operation the various legitimate functions of the state. impôt imposta heffing Abgabe lexicon The vocabulary of a particular sphere of activity, region, social class or individual, or the total set of morphemes or meaningful units of a language and its words. lexique lessico woordenboek Lexikon liability Subjection to a legal obligation. Liability is civil or criminal according to whether it is enforced by the civil or criminal courts. responsabilité responsabilità civile aansprakelijkheid Haftpflicht liability for marine accidents Subjection to a legal obligation, such as financial recompense or ecological reparations, for any harm or damage inflicted on persons, property or the environment in the course of commercial or recreational activity in, on or near a sea. responsabilité pour les accidents en mer responsabilità per incidenti marittimi aansprakelijkheid voor zee-ongevallen Haftung für maritime Havarien liability for nuclear damages Subjection to a legal obligation, such as financial recompense or ecological reparations, for any harm or damage inflicted on persons, property or the environment during the production, use or transport of radioactive materials used as an energy source or in weaponry. responsabilité pour les dommages nucléaires responsabilità per danni nucleari aansprakelijkheid voor nucleaire schade Atomschadenshaftung liability legislation A law or body of laws enacted that pertains to or establishes an obligation, debt or responsibility for loss, penalty, evil, expense or burden. législation en matière de responsabilité legislazione sulla garanzia aansprakelijkheidswetgeving Haftungsrecht library Place where books and other literary materials are kept. bibliothèque biblioteca bibliotheek Bibliothek licencing Any process of granting and certifying legal or administrative permission to a person or organization to pursue some occupation or to perform some activity or business. délivrance de permis concessione di licenza vergunningen toekennen Genehmigungsverfahren licencing procedure Procedures performed by administrative agencies in conjunction with issuance of various types of licences. procédure pour l'obtention d'un permis procedura di concessione di licenza procedure bij het verstrekken van vergunningen Genehmigungsverfahren licencing obligation Obligation to obtain a permit to pursue an occupation or to carry on some business. soumission à autorisation obbligo di licenza vergunningseis Genehmigungspflicht lichen Composite organisms formed by the symbiosis between species of fungi and an algae. They are either crusty patches or bushy growths on tree trunks, stone walls, roofs or garden paths. Because they have no actual roots they get their sustenance from the atmosphere and rainwater. Lichens play an important role in the detection and monitoring of pollution, especially sulphur dioxide, as they are highly sensitive to pollution and different species disappear if pollution reaches specific levels. lichen licheni korstmossen Flechten acidity degree The amount of acid present in a solution, often expressed in terms of pH. degré d'acidité grado di acidità zuurtegraa Säuregrad life cycle The phases, changes, or stages through which an organism passes throughout its lifetime. cycle de la vie ciclo vitale levenscyclus Lebenszyklus life science A science based on living organisms collectively. sciences de la vie scienze della vita levenswetenschappen Biowissenschaften lifestyle The particular attitudes, habits or behaviour associated with an individual or group. mode de vie stile di vita leefwijze Lebensstil light Electromagnetic radiation that is capable of causing a visual sensation. lumière luce licht Licht lighting The supply of illumination in streets or dwellings. éclairage illuminazione verlichting Beleuchtung separator of light liquids A mechanical device for separating and removing residues from fuel and lubricating oil from waste water coming from filling stations and industrial plants in order to avoid pollution of water bodies; this system is based on the different specific weights of water and fuel residues that float on the water and can be easily removed. séparateur pour liquides légers separatore per liquidi leggeri scheider voor lichte vloeistoffen Leichtflüssigkeitsabscheider lignite Coal of relatively recent origin consisting of accumulated layers of partially decomposed vegetation, intermediate between peat and bituminous coal; often contains patterns from the wood from which it formed. lignite lignite bruinkool Braunkohle lignite mining Extraction of brown coal from natural deposits; lignite is a brownish-black solid fuel in the second stage in the development of coal. It has a little over half the heating value of bituminous or anthracite coal. mine de lignite estrazione di lignite bruinkoolwinning Braunkohlenbergbau lime Any of various mineral and industrial forms of calcium oxide differing chiefly in water content and percentage of constituent such as silica, alumina and iron. chaux calce kalk Kalk limestone A sedimentary rock consisting chiefly of calcium carbonate, primarily in the form of the mineral calcite and with or without magnesium carbonate. Limestones are formed by either organic or inorganic processes, and may be detrital, chemical, oolitic, earthy, crystalline, or recrystallized; many are highly fossiliferous and clearly represent ancient shell banks or coral reefs. calcaire calcare kalksteen Kalkstein limit value A workplace exposure criterion or standard that determines if a facility or building has a concentration of a substance to which most workers can be exposed without harmful or adverse effects. valeur limite valore limite (pianificazione) grenswaarde Grenzwert antipollution incentive Financial reward or penalty used to incite action towards greater responsibility in reducing the presence of pollution or substances in the environment deemed harmful to human health or natural resources. incitation à la lutte contre la pollution incentivo antiinquinamento anti-vervuilingsaanmoediging Umweltschutzanreiz limnology The study of bodies of fresh water with reference to their plant and animal life, physical properties, geographical features, etc. limnologie limnologia limnologie Limnologie linear source of sound Point noise sources placed one after the other one as, for instance, in a row of cars moving on a road. source linéaire de son sorgente lineare di suono lineaire geluidsbron Linienschallquelle liner material A layer of synthetic or natural materials, on the sides of or beneath a landfill, landfill cell or surface impoundment, that restricts the downward or lateral escape of liquids carrying leachate into the surrounding environment. revêtement d'étanchéité materiale impermeabilizzante bekledingsmateriaal Dichtungsbahn line source Line source means a one-dimensional source. An example of a line source is the particular emissions from a dirt road. source linéaire (de pollution) sorgente lineare lijnbron Linienquellen lipid One of a class of compounds which contain long-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives, such as fatty acids, alcohols, amines, amino alcohols, and aldehydes; includes waxes, fats, and derived compounds. lipide lipidi lipide Lipid lipophilic substance Substances having an affinity for lipids. substance lipophile sostanza lipofila lipofiele stof Lipophiler Stoff liquefied gas A gaseous compound or mixture converted to the liquid phase by cooling or compression; examples are liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), liquefied natural gas (LNG), liquid oxygen, and liquid ammonia. gaz liquéfié gas liquefatto vloeibaar (gemaakt) gas Flüssiggas liquid manure Any fertilizer substance with a moisture content of over ninety percent, usually consisting of animal excrement with water added. purin concime liquido vloeibare mest Flüssigmist liquid state A state of matter intermediate between that of crystalline substances and gases in which a substance has the capacity to flow under extremely small shear stresses and conforms to the shape of a confining vessel, but is relatively incompressible, lacks the capacity to expand without limit, and can posses a free surface. état liquide stato liquido vloeibare toestand Flüssiger Zustand liquid waste Fluid wastes, consisting of sewage and domestic wastewater, or processed water, or other liquids, produced by industrial activity, particularly by such industries as pulp and paper production, food processing, and the manufacture of chemicals. déchet liquide rifiuto liquido vloeibaar afval Flüssiger Abfall literature Written material such as poetry, novels, essays, especially works of imagination characterized by excellence of style and expression and by themes of general or enduring interest. littérature letteratura letterkunde Literatur literature data bank A fund of information on a particular subject or group of related subjects, divided into discrete documents and usually stored in and used with a computer system. banque de données bibliographiques banca dati di letteratura letterkundig gegevensbestand Literaturdatenbank literature evaluation The action of evaluating or judging the quality or character of written materials such as poetry, essays, novels, biographies and historical writings. critique littéraire critica letteraria letterkundige evaluatie Literaturauswertung literature study The identification, description, analysis and classification of books and other materials used or consulted in the preparation of a work. recherche bibliographique ricerca bibliografica letterkundig onderzoek Literaturstudie lithosphere The solid portion of the Earth, as compared with the atmosphere and the hydrosphere. lithosphère litosfera lithosfeer Lithosphäre litter Straw, hay or similar material used as bedding by animals. ordures immondizia sparsa afdekstro Unrat littoral The intertidal zone of the seashore. littoral litorale litoraal Litoral AOX value Organic halogens subject to absorption. This is a measure of the amount of chlorine (and other halogens) combined with organic compounds. valeur des composés organo-halogénés adsorbables valore AOX gehalte aan adsorbeerbare organohalogenen (AOX) AOX-Wert livestock Cattle, horses, and similar animals kept for domestic use especially on a farm. cheptel sur pied bestiame vee Viehbestand livestock breeding The raising of livestock by crossing different varieties to obtain new varieties with desired characteristics. élevage de bétail allevamento controllato di bestiame veefokkerij Viehzucht livestock farming Breeding of cattle, horses and similar animals. élevage de bétail allevamento di bestiame veehouderij Viehwirtschaft living condition An element or characteristic of a habitation considered in light of its ability to sustain and promote the health and general well-being of occupants. condition de vie condizioni di vita levende toestand Lebensbedingung living marine resource ressources marines biologiques risorse biologiche marine natuurlijke rijkdommen van de zee Biologische Meeresressourcen living space Any room, structure or area used as a residence and associated with subsistence activities, including sleeping, relaxing or eating. espace vital spazio vitale leefruimte Lebensraum lizard Any reptile of the suborder Lacertilia, especially those of the family Lacertidae, typically having an elongated body, four limbs, and a small tail: includes the gechos, iguanas, chameleons, monitors, and slow worms. lézard lucertole hagedissen Eidechse load bearing capacity The maximum load that a system can support before failing. tolérance de charge (eau) capacità portante draagvermogen Belastbarkeit local authority The power of a government agency or its administrators to administer and implement laws and government policies for a city, town or small district. municipalité autorità locale gemeente Kommunalbehörde apartment block An apartment building in which each apartment is individually wholly owned and the common areas are jointly owned. immeuble en copropriété condominio flatgebouw Mehrfamilienhaus local finance The theory and practice of all public money matters pertaining to city, town or small district governments. finances locales finanza locale plaatselijke financiën Kommunalfinanzen local government policy Any course of action adopted and pursued by a ruling political authority or system, which determines the affairs for a city, town, county or regional area. politique des administrations locales politica locale beleid van de plaatselijke overheid Kommunalpolitik teleheating The supply of heat, either in the form of steam or hot water, from a central source to a group of buildings. chauffage à distance riscaldamento domestico fornito da impianti industriali situati nelle vicin afstandsverwarming Fernheizung local building material matériau de construction local materiale locale da costruzione plaatselijke bouwmaterialen Örtliche Baustoffe local passenger service Passenger transport system for a limited local area. trafic voyageurs à courte distance servizio di trasporto locale plaatselijk openbaar vervoer Personennahverkehr local traffic Traffic moving within a city, town, or area and subject to frequent stops, as distinguished from long distance traffic. trafic local traffico locale plaatselijk verkeer Nahverkehr location of industries The particular place that seems apt for the installation of a new plant; the choice of the site depends on a number of economic and environmental factors. site industriel localizzazione di industrie vestiging van industrieën Industriestandort locomotive A self -propelled engine driven by steam, electricity or diesel power and used for drawing trains along railway tracks. locomotive locomotiva locomotief Lokomotive apiculture Large-scale commercial beekeeping. apiculture apicoltura bijenteelt Bienenzucht long-distance traffic Traffic moving over extended areas, great distances and usually not subject to frequent stops. trafic à grande distance traffico interurbano langeafstandsverkeer Fernverkehr long-distance transport The conveyance of materials or commodities over land, water or through air in which a great distance is covered. transport long courrier trasporto su lunga distanza langeafstandsvervoer Weiträumiger Transport long-term effect Effects which will last long after the cause has ceased. effet à long terme effetto a lungo termine langetermijneffect Langzeitwirkung long-term effect of pollutants effet polluant à long terme effetto a lungo termine degli inquinanti langetermijneffect van vervuilende stoffen Langzeitwirkung von Schadstoffen long-term experiment 1) Experiment lasting for a relatively long period of time. 2) Experiment whose results become effective after a long period of time. expérience sur le long terme esperimento a lungo termine langetermijnexperiment Langzeitversuch long-term forecasting The act or process of predicting and calculating the likely conditions or occurrences for an extended and future point in time, often involving the study and analysis of pertinent data. prévision à long terme previsione a lungo termine voorspelling op lange termijn Langzeitvorhersage long-term trend The prevailing tendency or general direction expected for some observed value over a lengthy and extended period of time, often determined by studying and analyzing statistical data. tendance à long terme tendenze a lungo termine langetermijntrend Langzeittrend lorry A large motor vehicle designed to carry heavy loads, especially one with a flat platform. camion camion vrachtwagen Lastkraftwagen loss The result of a business operation where overhead costs are greater than the receipts or income. perte perdita (economica) verlies Verlust (wirtschaftlich) loss of biotope Destruction of biotopes produced by environmental degradation which in turn is caused by air- or water-borne pollution. perte de biotope perdita di biotopi het verloren gaan van biotopen Biotopverlust loudness The magnitude of the physiological sensation produced by a sound, which varies directly with the physical intensity of sound but also depends on frequency of sound and waveform. sonorité livello di percezione sonora geluidssterkte Lautstärke low-cost housing Residences built at minimal expense and designed to keep the rental rate or price of purchase affordable for persons with limited means, usually determined by an annual income level set below the local median. habitation à loyer modéré (HLM) alloggio a basso costo betaalbare huisvesting Kostensparende Bauweise appeal Resort to a superior court to review the decision of an inferior court or administrative agency. appel appello beroep Anfechtung Lower House The body of a bicameral legislature composed of representatives elected by the general populace and organized into electorates or districts, each comprising an equal number of citizens. Chambre des Députés Camera dei deputati Tweede Kamer (NL) Unterhaus lower risk species (IUCN) Animals, birds, fish, plants or other living organisms that have been deemed as not being in danger of extinction. espèces à faible risque specie a basso rischio (IUCN) minder bedreigde soorten (IUCN) Weniger gefährdete Arten low flow Phase of lowest level of a water course. étiage magra laag debiet Niedrigwasserabfluß low-level flight Flying at low altitude. vol à basse altitude volo a bassa quota laagvliegerij Tiefflug appeal procedure Procedure through which it is possible to resort to a superior court to review the decision of an inferior court. procédure d'appel procedura di appello beroepsprocedure Beschwerdeverfahren low-level technology Any relatively unsophisticated technical equipment or method with an amplitude or functionality below what is available in a similar or comparable system. technologie de base tecnologia di basso livello lagere technologie Grundtechnologien lubricant A substance used to reduce friction between parts or objects in relative motion. lubrifiant lubrificante smeermiddel Schmierstoff luminosity The functional relationship between stellar magnitude and the number and distribution of stars of each magnitude interval. Also known as relative luminosity factor. luminosité luminosità helderheid Helligkeit applied ecology The application of ecological principles to the solution of human problems. écologie appliquée ecologia applicata toegepaste ecologie Angewandte Ökologie lye The alkaline solution that is obtained from the leaching of wood ashes. lessive liscivia reinigingsmiddel Lauge lymphatic system A system of vessels and nodes conveying lymph in the vertebrate body, beginning with capillaries in tissue spaces and eventually forming the thoracic ducts which empty in the subclavian veins. système lymphatique sistema linfatico lymfatisch systeem Lymphsystem lysimetry The measurement of the water percolating through soils and the determination of the materials dissolved by the water. lysimétrie lisimetria lysimetrie Lysimetrie applied nutrition Putting to use general principles of the science of human nourishment to address or solve specific problems. nutrition appliquée nutrizione applicata toegepaste voeding Angewandte Ernährung machine manufacture The making or production of mechanical apparatuses used for commercial or industrial purposes, such as engines and turbines, elevators and conveying equipment, computers and office equipment, and hoists, cranes and industrial trucks. industrie mécanique industria dei macchinari machine-industrie Maschinenbau macroeconomic goal An aim or objective pertaining to the production, distribution and use of income, wealth and commodities in a country, region or other large area, typically concerned with governmental fiscal and monetary policy as it affects employment, consumption, investment and growth levels. objectif macroéconomique obiettivi di macroeconomia macro-economische doelstelling Gesamtwirtschaftliches Ziel macroeconomics Modern economic analysis that is concerned with data inaggregate as opposed to individual form such as national income, consumption and investment. macro-économie macroeconomia macro-economie Volkswirtschaftslehre applied science Science whose results are employed in technical applications. science appliquée scienze applicate toegepaste wetenschap Angewandte Wissenschaft magnetic tape A plastic, paper, or metal tape that is coated or impregnated with magnetizable iron oxide particles, used in magnetic recording. bande magnétique nastro magnetico magneetband Magnetband magnetism A class of physical phenomena associated with moving electricity, including the mutual mechanical forces among magnets and electric currents. magnétisme magnetismo magnetisme Magnetismus mailing list A series of addresses or e-mail addresses to which solicited or unsolicited mass mailings can be sent. liste de diffusion indirizzario verzendingslijst Adressenliste maintenance of environment maintenance de l'environnement manutenzione dell'ambiente milieuonderhoud Umweltpflege major accident An unexpected occurrence, failure or loss beyond normal or specified levels with the potential for harming human life, property or the environment. accident majeur incidente grave zwaar ongeluk Großer Unfall malaria A group of human febrile diseases with a chronic relapsing course caused by hemosporidian blood parasites of the genus Plasmodium, transmitted by the bite of Anopheles mosquito. paludisme malaria malaria Malaria malformation Permanent structural change that may adversely affect survival, development or function. malformation malformazione misvorming Missbildung malnutrition Defective nutrition due to inadequate intake of nutrients or to their faulty digestion, assimilation or metabolism. malnutrition malnutrizione ondervoeding Unterernährung appropriate technology 1) A flexible and participatory approach to developing economically viable, regionally applicable and sustainable technology. 2) Technology designed to be used in developing countries. Typical requirements are that it should: be easy to use by the unskilled; have no difficult-to-get parts; be easily repaired on the spot. Typical example: a simple windmill to pump water rather than a diesel-driven pump. The terms `alternative', `intermediate' and `appropriate' are often used interchangeably. technologie appropriée tecnologia appropriata geschikte technologie Angepasste Technik (Technologietransfer) mammal Any animal of the Mammalia, a large class of warm-blooded vertebrates having mammary glands in the female, a thoracic diaphragm, and a four-chambered heart. The class includes the whales, carnivores, rodents, bats, primates, etc. mammifère mammiferi zoogdieren Säugetier man (society) A member of the human race. homme uomo (società) mens Mensch management Government, control, superintendence, physical or manual handling or guidance; act of managing by direction or regulation, or administration, as management of family, or of household, etc. gestion gestione beheer Management management contract A legal agreement between two or more parties of employers and workers that outlines the administrative or supervisory work that is expected in exchange for certain payments and working conditions. contrat de gestion accordo gestionale bestuursovereenkomst Bewirtschaftungsvertrag management of natural resources Planned use of natural resources, in particular of non-renewable resources, in accordance with principles that assure their optimum long-term economic and social benefits. gestion des ressources naturelles gestione delle risorse naturali natuurbeheer Naturpflege management plan A program of action designed to reach a given set of objectives. plan de gestion piano di gestione beheersplan Verwaltungsplan mandate A command or authorization to act in a particular way given by an administrator to a subordinate, a court to a lower court or an electorate to its representative. mandat mandato mandaat Mandat mangrove Plant communities and trees that inhabit tidal swamps, muddy silt, and sand banks at the mouths of rivers and other low-lying areas which are regularly inundated by the sea, but which are protected from strong waves and currents. Mangroves are the only woody species that will grow where the land is periodically flooded with sea water; individual species have adapted themselves to different tidal levels, to various degrees of salinity, and to the nature of the mud or soil. Mangrove swamps and thickets support hundreds of terrestrial, marine, and amphibian species; have a special role in supporting estuarine fisheries; provide shelter, refuge and food for many forms of wildlife. mangrove mangrovia wortelboom Mangrove mangrove swamp A wet, spongy area of land in tropical climates and along coastal regions that is dominated by mangrove trees and shrubs, particularly red mangroves (Rhizophora), black mangroves (Avicennia) and white mangroves (Laguncularia). marais de mangrove palude a mangrovie wortelboommoeras Mangrovensumpf approval of installations Authorization or permission for setting up or making adjustments to a building or to a mechanical or electrical system or apparatus. homologation d'installations autorizzazione alle installazioni goedkeuring van installaties Anlagengenehmigung man-made climate change Man-made climate changes may be due to the greenhouse effect and other human activities. A change in albedo of the land brought about by desertification and deforestation affects the amount of solar energy absorbed at the earth's surface. Man-made aerosols produced from the sulphur released from power stations can modify clouds. Changes in ozone levels in the stratosphere due to CFCs may influence climate. changement climatique induit par l'action humaine cambiamento del clima ad opera dell'uomo door de mens veroorzaakte klimaatsverandering Klimaänderung (anthropogen) man-nature relationship relations homme-nature rapporto uomo-ambiente verhouding tussen de mens en de natuur Mensch-Natur-Verhältnis manpower 1) The power generated by a man working. 2) The number of people available for work, service, etc. main-d'oeuvre manodopera mankracht Arbeitskraft manufacturing activity Activities connected with the processing of raw material into a finished product, especially by means of a large-scale industrial operation. activité de production attività manufatturiere industriële activiteit Produzierende Tätigkeit manufacturing trade The process or act of exchanging, buying or selling any manufactured product, or the raw materials for any manufacturing process. secteur des produits manufacturés commercio di manufatti fabriekswezen Produzierendes Gewerbe manure Animal excreta collected from stables and barnyards with or without litter; used to enrich the soil. fumier letame mest Dünger manure production production de purin produzione di letame mestproductie Düngererzeugung aquaculture 1) The cultivation and harvest of freshwater or marine animals and plants, in ponds, tanks, cages or on protected beds. This is usually done in inland waters, estuaries or coastal waters. It is estimated that commercial fish farming accounts for more than 10% of the world's fish needs. Fish farming usually concentrates on molluscs, including oysters, mussels and clams, because they are usually immobile and fetch high prices. Shrimps and salmon are also farmed, but the stock have to be caught in the wild first, so that they can be brought up to commercial standards in pens. Aquaculture in not new. In Asia freshwater fish have been farmed for some 4.000 years, usually on small farms. 2) The use of artificial means to increase the production of aquatic organisms in fresh or salt water. aquaculture acquacoltura watercultuur Aquakultur map A representation, normally on a flat medium, that displays the physical and political features of a surface area of the earth, showing them in their respective forms, sizes and relationships according to some convention of representation. carte carta (geografia) kaart Karte mapping The process of making a map of an area; especially the field work necessary for the production of a map. cartographie (cartes) mappatura kartering Kartierung mapping of lichens Maps of lichens distribution indicating air quality. Fruticose lichens (with branched structures well above the surface) are more susceptible to SO2 damage than foliose lichens (whose leaflike thallus lies nearly flat on surface) and both in turn are more susceptible than crustose lichens (which embed their tissue in the cracks of bark, soil, or rocks). The use of morphological lichen types as indicators of air pollution concentrations is well developed. cartographie de lichens mappatura dei licheni het in kaart brengen van korstmossen Flechtenkartierung marble Metamorphic rock composed of recrystallized calcite or dolomite. marbre marmo marmer Marmor marginal land Low quality land the value of whose production barely covers its cultivation costs. terres marginales terre marginali grensgebied Grenzertragsboden mariculture Cultivation of marine organisms in their natural habitats, usually for commercial purposes. mariculture maricoltura zeewatercultuur Marine Aquakultur marina A small port that is used for pleasure rather than trade, often with hotels, restaurants and bars. port de plaisance marina (porto turistico) jachthaven Sporthafen marine biology A branch of biology that deals with those living organisms which inhabit the sea. biologie marine biologia marina mariene biologie Meeresbiologie marine conservation area Any section of a sea or ocean designated for special protection, often to prevent or reduce harm to its wildlife and ecosystems. zone de protection marine riserve marine beschermd zeegebied Meeresschutzgebiet aquatic animal Animal having a water habitat. animal aquatique animale acquatico waterdier Wassertier marine ecology An integrative science that studies the basic structural and functional relationships within and among living populations and their physical-chemical environments in marine ecosystems. Marine ecology focuses on specific organisms as well as on particular environments or physical settings. écologie marine ecologia marina mariene ecologie Meeresökologie marine ecosystem Any marine environment, from pond to ocean, in which plants and animals interact with the chemical and physical features of the environment. écosystème marin ecosistema marino mariene ecosysteem Meeresökosystem marine engineering The design, construction, installation, operation, and maintenance of main power plants, as well as the associated auxiliary machinery and equipment, for the propulsion of ships. génie marin ingegneria navale scheepswerktuigkunde Schiffstechnik marine environment Marine environments include estuaries, coastal marine and nearshore zones, and open-ocean-deep-sea regions. milieu marin ambiente marino mariene milieu Meeresumwelt marine fauna Animals which live in the sea. faune marine fauna marina mariene fauna Meeresfauna marine fishery The harvest of animals and plants from the ocean to provide food and recreation for people, food for animals, and a variety of organic materials for industry. pêche maritime pesca in mare zeevisserij Meeresfischerei marine geology That aspect of the study of the ocean that deals specifically with the ocean floor and the ocean-continent border, including submarine relief features, the geochemistry and petrology of the sediments and rocks of the ocean bottom and the influence of seawater and waves on the ocean bottom and its materials. géologie marine geologia marina mariene geologie Meeresgeologie aquatic ecology The study of the relationships among aquatic living organisms and between those organisms and their environment. hydro-écologie ecologia acquatica ecologie van het water Wasserökologie marine monitoring The assessment of marine pollution by an integrated chemical, ecological and toxicological survey. surveillance du milieu marin monitoraggio del mare controle van de zee Meeresüberwachung marine organism Organisms which live in sea water. organisme marin organismo marino marien organisme Meeresorganismen marine pollution Any detrimental alteration of the marine environment caused by the intentional or accidental release of dangerous or toxic substances, such as industrial, commercial and urban waste water. pollution de la mer inquinamento del mare zeevervuiling Meeresverunreinigung marine reserve Sea area where marine wildlife is protected. réserve marine riserva marina marien reservaat Meeresschutzgebiet marine resources conservation préservation des ressources marines conservazione delle risorse del mare bescherming van de zeerijkdommen Schutz der Meeresressourcen marine sediment Solid fragmental material, originated from weathering of rocks, that has settled down from a state of suspension in the water. sédiment marin sedimento marino afzetting in zee Meeressediment aquatic ecosystem Any watery environment, from small to large, from pond to ocean, in which plants and animals interact with the chemical and physical features of the environment. écosystème aquatique ecosistema acquatico ecosysteem in water Ökosystem (aquatisch) maritime law That system of law which particularly relates to marine commerce and navigation, to business transacted at sea or relating to navigation, to ships and shipping, to seamen, to the transportation of persons and property by sea, and to marine affairs generally. droit maritime diritto marittimo zeerecht Seerecht maritime navigation Travelling on the sea by means of boats, ships, etc. navigation maritime navigazione marittima zeenavigatie Seeschiffahrt maritime transport Transportation of goods or persons by means of ships travelling on the sea. transport maritime trasporto marittimo zeevervoer Seeverkehr marker 1) Small amount of an easily detected substance that can be used to follow and quantify the flow of materials or movement of organisms not otherwise visible or detectable by ordinary means. 2) An isotope of an element, a small amount of which may be incorporated into a sample of material in order to follow the course of that element through a chemical, biological, or physical process, and thus also follow the larger sample. The tracer may be radioactive, in which case observations are made by measuring the radioactivity. marqueur marcatore merkstof Markierungsstoff tracer A minute quantity of radioactive isotope used in medicine or biology to study the chemical changes within living tissues. traceur tracciante merkstof Tracer market Place of commercial activity in which articles are bought and sold. Also purchase and sale. In a limited sense market is the range of bid and asked prices reported by brokers making the market in over-the-counter securities. Also the demand for any particular article. marché mercato markt Markt market economy A mixed economy that relies heavily on markets to answer the three basic questions of allocation, but with a modest amount of government involvement. While it is commonly termed capitalism, market-oriented economy is much more descriptive of how the economy is structured. économie de marché economia di mercato markteconomie Marktwirtschaft market form The organizational form or structure of the trade or traffic of a particular commodity. forme de marché forma di mercato marktvorm Marktform marketing A related group of business activities whose purpose is to satisfy the demands for goods and services of consumers, businesses and government. The marketing process includes estimating the demand, producing the product, pricing the product to satisfy profit criteria, and promoting and distributing the product. marketing marketing marketing Marketing market research The systematic gathering, recording, computing, and analysing of data about problems relating to the sale and distribution of goods and services for certain time periods. étude de marché ricerca di mercato marktonderzoek Marktforschung marsupial Type of Australian mammal with a pouch in which the young are carried. Marsupials give birth to young at a much earlier stage of development than other mammals so that the young need to be protected in the mother's pouch for some months until they become able to look after themselves. marsupiaux marsupiali buideldieren Beuteltiere mass media The means of communication that reach large numbers of people, such as television, newspapers, magazines and radio. mass media mass media massamedia Massenmedien aquatic mammal mammifère aquatique mammifero acquatico waterzoogdier Meeressäugetier mass recreation A pastime, diversion, exercise or other means of enjoyment and relaxation that is shared with or performed by a large number of people. loisir de masse ricreazione di massa massavrijetijdsbesteding Massenerholung separation The separation of one substance from another when they are intimately mixed. For example the removal of oil from water, or gas from oil or oil from gas, etc. séparation des masses (physique) separazione di sostanze scheiding van stoffen Stofftrennung mass transport (physics) The movement of matter in a medium. transport de masse trasporto di massa (fisica) bulkvervoer Stofftransport material The substance of which a product is made or composed. matériau materiali materialen Werkstoff balance of matter A calculation to inventory material inputs versus outputs in a process system. bilan matière bilancio di materia stofbalans Stoffbilanz material life cycle All the stages involved in the manufacturing, distribution and retail, use and re-use and maintenance, recycling and waste management of materials. cycle de vie des matériaux ciclo di vita dei materiali levenscyclus van materialen Stoffkreislauf materials science The study of the nature, behaviour, and use of materials applied to science and technology. sciences des matériaux scienza dei materiali materiaalkennis Werkstoffkunde testing of materials The complex of tests performed in order to ascertain the characteristics and behaviour of materials; they are classified in physical and chemical tests, mechanical tests and technological tests. contrôle des matériaux prova dei materiali testen van materialen Materialprüfung mathematical analysis The branch of mathematics most explicitly concerned with the limit process or the concept of convergence; includes the theories of differentiation, integration and measure, infinite series, and analytic functions. analyse mathématique analisi matematica wiskundige analyse Mathematische Analyse mathematical method méthode mathématique metodo matematico wiskundige methode Mathematische Methode acid rain Rain having a pH less than 5.6. The acidity results from chemical reactions occurring when water, sulphur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides, generally released by industrial processes, are chemically transformed into sulphuric and nitric acids. pluie acide pioggia acida zure regen Saurer Regen aquatic micro-organism Microorganisms having a water habitat. micro-organisme aquatique microorganismo acquatico micro-organisme in water Wassermikroorganismus maximum admissible concentration The maximum exposure to a physical or chemical agent allowed in an 8-hour work day to prevent disease or injury. concentration maximale admissible concentrazione massima ammissibile toelaatbare maximumconcentratie MAK-Wert maximum immission concentration The maximum concentration of air polluting substances in the free environment whose impact when of specified duration and frequency is not objectionable to man, fauna and flora. concentration maximale d'immission massima concentrazione di immissione toelaatbare maximumimmissie MIK-Wert aquatic organism Organisms which live in water. organisme aquatique organismo acquatico organisme in water Wasserorganismen meadow Strictly a term for a field of permanent grass used for hay, but also applied to rich, waterside grazing areas that are not suitable for arable cultivation. pré prato weide Wiese transportation mean Vehicles used for transferring people or goods from one place to another. moyen de transport mezzi di trasporto vervoersmiddel Verkehrsmittel measuring The ability of the analytical method or protocol to quantify as well as identify the presence of the substance in question. mesure (méthode analytique) misurazione (in generale) meting Messung measuring method méthode de mesure metodo di misura meetmethode Meßmethode measuring programme programme de mesure programma di misura meetprogramma Messprogramm meat The edible flesh of animals, especially that of mammals as opposed to that of fish or a nut. viande carne vlees Fleisch mechanical engineering The branch of engineering concerned with the design, construction, and operation of machines. génie mécanique ingegneria meccanica procestechnologie Maschinenbau medical science The science and art of treating and healing. science médicale scienze mediche medische wetenschappen Medizinwissenschaft discarded medicinal drug médicament éliminé rifiuto medico afgedankt geneeskrachtig medicijn Altmedikament medicinal plant Plants having therapeutic properties. plante médicinale pianta medicinale geneeskrachtige plant(ensoort) Heilpflanze aquatic plant Plants adapted for a partially or completely submerged life. plante aquatique pianta acquatica waterplant Wasserpflanze medicine (practice) The science and art of treating and healing. médecine medicina geneeskunde Medizin Mediterranean Area The collective islands and countries of the inland sea between Europe, Africa and Asia that is linked to the Atlantic Ocean at its western end by the Strait of Gibraltar and includes the Tyrrhenian, Adriatic, Aegean and Ionian seas. zone méditerranéenne Area mediterranea Middellands zeegebied Mittelmeerraum Mediterranean wood A plant formation found in the Mediterranean area comprising mainly lowgrowing, xerophilous evergreen trees and shrubs. It results mainly from the deterioration of the original vegetation by grazing and burning. bois méditerranéen bosco mediterraneo Middellandse-zeehout Mediterraner Wald melting A change of the state of a substance from the solid phase to the liquid phase. Also known as fusion. fusion fusione (processo) het (ver)smelten Schmelzen membrane A thin tissue that encloses or lines biological cells, organs, or other structures. It consists of a double layer of lipids with protein molecules between the two layers. Membranes are permeable to water and fat-soluble substances but not to such polar molecules as sugars. membrane membrana vlies Membran mental effect effet mental effetto mentale psychologisch effect Mentaler Effekt mercury A heavy silvery-white toxic liquid metallic element occurring principally in cinnabar: used in thermometers, barometers, mercury-vapour lamps, and dental amalgams. mercure mercurio kwik Quecksilber mercury contamination The presence and release into the air, water and soil of mercury, a naturally occurring heavy metal element, by both natural occurrences such as vaporization and human activities such as burning coal, mining and smelting. contamination par le mercure contaminazione da mercurio kwikverontreiniging Quecksilberverseuchung aquatic recreational amenity infrastructure de loisirs aquatiques struttura ricreativa acquatica aantrekkelijke kant van waterrecreatie Wassererholungseinrichtung metabolism All the chemical reactions that take place in a living organism, comprising both anabolism and catabolism. Basal metabolism is the energy exchange of an animal at rest. Catabolism is the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones. Catabolism is the breaking down by organisms of complex molecules into simpler ones with the liberation of energy. métabolisme metabolismo stofwisseling Stoffwechsel metabolism of pesticides The sum of chemical reactions, including both synthesis and breakdown, that occurs in substances or mixtures intended to prevent, destroy or mitigate pests that are directly or indirectly detrimental to harvest crops and other humans interests. métabolisme des pesticides metabolismo dei pesticidi stofwisseling van bestrijdingsmiddelen Pestizidmetabolismus metabolite A product of intermediary metabolism. métabolite metabolita stofwisselingsproduct Stoffwechselprodukt metainformation Data assembled to describe or define another body of data, a document or any information element. méta-informations metainformazione meta-informatie Metainformation metal finishing A process in which a chemical or some other substance is applied to metals as a way to clean, protect, alter or modify appearance or physical properties, especially surface properties. traitement de surface rifinitura dei metalli metaalafwerking Metallverarbeitung aqueduct A channel for supplying water; often underground, but treated architecturally on high arches when crossing valleys or low ground. aqueduc acquedotto aquaduct Aquädukt metallic mineral Minerals containing metals, such as bauxite, pyrite, etc. mineral métallique minerale metallico metaalerts Metallisches Mineral metallurgical industry Industry concerned with the extraction, refining, alloying and fabrication of metals. industrie métallurgique industria metallurgica metaalverwerkende industrie Hüttenindustrie metal oxide Any binary compound in which oxygen is combined with one or more metal atoms. oxyde métallique ossido metallico metaaloxide Metalloxid metal plating Forming a thin, adherent layer of metal on an object. revêtement métallique placcatura di metalli metaal walsen Metallisierung aquifer Layers of rock, sand or gravel that can absorb water and allow it to flow. An aquifer acts as a groundwater reservoir when the underlying rock is impermeable. This may be tapped by wells for domestic, agricultural or industrial use. A serious environmental problem arises when the aquifer is contaminated by the seepage of sewage or toxins from waste dumps. If the groundwater in coastal areas is over-used salt water can seep into the aquifer. aquifère acquifero watervoerende laag Grundwasserträger metal product produit métallique prodotto metallico metaalproduct Metallwaren metal products industry Industry related with the primary metal processing and fabricated metal products manufacturing. The most important end uses of the products of the metals industries are automobiles, machinery, appliances, electrical equipment, structures, furniture, and containers. industrie des produits métalliques industria dei prodotti metallici metaalproductenindustrie Metallwarenindustrie metal An opaque crystalline material usually of high strength with good electrical and thermal conductivities, ductility and reflectivity. métal metallo metalen Metall metal smelting A metallurgical process in which ore mixtures are heated above melting point to extract or yield a crude metal. fusion du métal fusione dei metalli metaal smelten Metallverschmelzung metal working travail du métal lavorazione dei metalli metaalbewerking Metallbearbeitung meteorological disaster Violent, sudden and destructive change to the environment related to, produced by, or affecting the earth's atmosphere, especially the weather-forming processes. catastrophe météorologique disastro meteorologico weerkundige ramp Wetterkatastrophe meteorological forecasting A branch of science that studies the dynamics of the atmosphere and the direct effects of the atmosphere upon the Earth's surface, oceans and inhabitants, focusing particularly on weather and weather conditions. prévision météorologique previsione meteorologica weersvoorspelling Wettervorhersage meteorological parameter Variables, such as pressure, temperature, wind strength, humidity, etc. from which conclusions as to the forthcoming weather are drawn. paramètre météorologique parametro meteorologico weerkundige parameter Meteorologischer Parameter meteorological phenomenon Phenomena which occur in the troposphere and stratosphere, such as precipitations, wind, temperature, etc. phénomène météorologique fenomeno meteorologico weerkundig verschijnsel Witterungserscheinung meteorology The science concerned with the atmosphere and its phenomena. météorologie meteorologia weerkunde Meteorologie methane A colourless, odourless, and tasteless gas, lighter than air and reacting violently with chlorine and bromine in sunlight, a chief component of natural gas; used as a source of methanol, acetylene, and carbon monoxide. Also known as methyl hydride. méthane metano moerasgas Methan acid A compound capable of transferring a hydrogen ion in solution. acide acido zuren Säure methodology The system of methods and principles used in a particular discipline. méthodologie metodologia methodiek Methodik arable farming Growing crops as opposed to dairy farming, cattle farming, etc. culture de champ coltura dei campi akkerbouw Ackerbau metropolis A term applied loosely to any large city, but specifically to that city in a country which is the seat of government, of ecclesiastical authority, or of commercial activity. métropole metropoli wereldstad Metropole microbial resource Any available source of supply derived from microbes, which would be used for beneficial purposes, such as for the production of food substances and drugs. ressource microbienne risorse microbiche microbiële bronnen Mikrobielle Ressourcen microbiological analysis Analysis for the identification of viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. analyse microbiologique analisi microbiologica microbiologische analyse Microbiologische Analyse microbiology The science and study of microorganisms, including protozoans, algae, fungi, bacteria, viruses, and rickettsiae. microbiologie microbiologia microbiologie Mikrobiologie microclimate The local, rather uniform climate of a specific place or habitat, compared with the climate of the entire area of which it is a part. microclimat microclima microklimaat Mikroklima microclimate effect effet de microclimat effetto microclimatico effect op het microklimaat Mikroklimatische Wirkung microclimatology The study of a microclimate, including the study of profiles of temperature, moisture and wind in the lowest stratum of air, the effects of the vegetation and of shelterbelts, and the modifying effects of towns and buildings. microclimatologie microclimatologia microklimatologie Mikroklimatologie microcomputer A microprocessor combined with input/output interface devices, some type of external memory, and the other elements required to form a working computer system; it is smaller, lower in cost, and usually slower than a minicomputer. micro-ordinateur microcomputer microcomputer Mikrocomputer microecosystem A small-scale, simplified, experimental ecosystem, laboratory- or field- based, which may be: a) derived directly from nature (e.g. when samples of pond water are maintained subsequently by the input of artificial light and gas-exchange); or b) built up from axenic cultures (a culture of an organism that consists of one type of organism only, i.e. that is free from any contaminating organism) until the required conditions of organisms and environment are achieved. Also known as microcosm. microécosystème microecosistema micro-ecosysteem Modellökosystem microelectronics The technology of constructing circuits and devices in extremely small packages by various techniques. Also known as microminiaturization; microsystem electronics. microélectronique microelettronica micro-elektronica Mikroelektronik microfiltration The separation or removal from a liquid of particulates and microorganisms in the size range of 0.1 to 0.2 microns in diameter. microfiltration microfiltrazione microfiltratie Mikrofiltration micro-organism A microscopic organism, including bacteria, protozoans, yeast, viruses, and algae. micro-organisme microorganismo micro-organisme Mikroorganismen micropollutant Pollutant which exists in very small traces in water. micropolluant microinquinante microverontreiniging Spurenstoffverunreinigung microscopy The interpretative application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. microscopie microscopia microscopie Mikroskopie microwave An electromagnetic wave which has a wavelength between about 0.3 and 30 centimeters, corresponding to frequencies of 1-100 gigahertz; however there are no sharp boundaries between microwaves and infrared and radio waves. onde à hyperfréquences microonde microgolf Mikrowellen migrant labour Temporary employment performed by persons who move from place to place, such as agricultural workers following crop seasons. migration des travailleurs manodopera migrante gastarbeid Wanderarbeitskräfte human migration The permanent or semipermanent change of a person's place of residence. migration humaine migrazione umana volksverhuizing Bevölkerungsmigration animal migration Movements that particular animals carry out regularly often between breeding places and winter feeding grounds. migration animale migrazione animale trek Tierwanderung migratory bird Birds which migrate in a body. oiseau migrateur uccello migratore trekvogel Zugvogel migratory species espèce migratrice specie migratrice trekkende soorten Wandernde Tierart military aspects aspect militaire aspetti militari militaire aspecten militärische Aspekte military activities Actions and movements pertaining to or conducted by the armed forces. activité militaire attività militari militaire activiteiten Militärische Aktivitäten military air traffic Air traffic of or relating to the armed forces. trafic aérien militaire traffico aereo militare militair luchtverkeer Militärluftfahrt military zone Area whose utilization is exclusively reserved to the army. zone militaire zona militare militair terrein Militärgebiet milk The whitish fluid secreted by the mammary gland for the nourishment of the young; composed of carbohydrates, proteins, fats. mineral salts, vitamins, and antibodies. lait latte melk Milch mill A building where grain is crushed into flour. moulin mulino molen Mühle mine An opening or excavation in the earth for extracting minerals. mine miniera mijn Bergwerk mine filling Filling of disused mines with soil, crushed stone, or waste materials in order to restore the geological, agricultural and landscape features of the concerned area. remblayage de mines riempimento di miniera volstorten van mijnen Grubenzuschüttung mineral deposit A mass of naturally occurring mineral material, e.g. metal ores or nonmetallic mineral, usually of economic value, without regard to mode of origin. gisement giacimento minerario delfstofafzetting Minerallagerstätte mineral extraction The process of extracting metallic or nonmetallic mineral deposits from the Earth. extraction de mineraux estrazione di minerali delfstoffenwinning Mineralienabbau mineral fibre A fiber manufactured from glass, rock, or slag generally for use in fabricating heat insulation. fibre minérale fibra minerale mineraalvezel Mineralfaser mineral industry Industry for the exploitation of minerals from soil deposits by underground excavations or open workings, employing adequate plants and equipment. industrie minérale industria della lavorazione dei minerali delfstoffenindustrie Mineralstoffindustrie mineralisation The process of fossilization whereby inorganic materials replace the organic constituent of an organism. minéralisation mineralizzazione mineralisatie Mineralisation arboriculture The planting and care of woody plants, especially trees. arboriculture arboricoltura boomkwekerij Baumzucht mineralogy The science which concerns the study of natural inorganic substances called minerals. minéralogie mineralogia mineralogie Mineralogie mineral resource Valuable mineral deposits of an area that are presently recoverable and may be so in the future; includes known ore bodies and potential ore. ressource minérale risorse minerali delfstoffen Bodenschätze mineral A naturally occurring substance with a characteristic chemical composition expressed by a chemical formula; may occur as individual crystals or may be disseminated in some other material or rock. minéral minerale delfstof Mineral mineral water Water containing naturally or artificially supplied minerals or gases. eau minérale acqua minerale mineraalwater Mineralwasser minimal cost planning The process of making arrangements or preparations to facilitate the production of goods or services at an output that would require the lowest possible expenditure of money, time or labor. stratégie de minimisation des coûts pianificazione del costo minimo minimale kostenplanning Minimalkostenplanung minimisation of damage The activity of reducing the harm or injury done to the environment or ecosystem. minimisation des dommages minimizzazione del danno schademinimalisering Schadensminderung mining district A district where mineral exploitation is performed. arrondissement minier distretto minerario mijnstreek Bergbaugebiet mining engineering Engineering concerned with the discovery, development and exploitation of coal, ores, and minerals, as well as the cleaning, sizing and dressing of the product. ingéniérie minière ingegneria mineraria mijnbouw - technologie Bergbautechnik mining geology The study of geologic aspects of mineral deposits, with particular regard to problems associated with mining. géologie minière geologia mineraria mijnbouw - geologie Bergbaugeologie mining industry A sector of the economy in which an aggregate of commercial enterprises is engaged in the extraction of minerals occurring naturally, often involving quarrying, well operations, milling, exploration and development. industrie minière industria mineraria mijnbouw Bergbauindustrie archaeological site Any location containing significant relics and artifacts of past culture. site archéologique zona archeologica archeologische vindplaats Bodendenkmal mining law A binding rule or body of rules prescribed by a government to regulate the potentially harmful activity of enterprises concerned with the extraction and processing of precious or valuable metals. droit minier legislazione mineraria mijnbouwwet Bergrecht mining regulation A rule or order prescribed by government or management to promote the safety, legality or ecological responsibility of any aspect of the process or industry of ore extraction. règlement sur les mines regolamentazione dell'attività mineraria mijnbouwvoorschrift Bergverordnung mining site restoration Mining is an intensive type of land use with potential for environmental impact over a limited area. When closure occurs, it should address both environmental and safety aspects. Mine reclamation is an ongoing program designed to restore to an acceptable state the physical, chemical and biological quality or potential of air, land and water regimes disturbed by mining. The objective of mine reclamation is to prevent or minimize adverse long-term environmental impacts, and create a self-sustaining ecosystem as near as practicable to what existed before the mining activity. remise en état de sites miniers bonifica di zone minerarie landschapsherstel van voormalige mijnbouwgebieden Sanierung von Bergbaugebieten mining waste Any residue which results from the extraction of raw materials from the earth. déchets des industries minières rifiuto da attività mineraria mijnbouwafval Bergbauabfall ministerial decree A formal judgment or mandate handed down on a specific issue or concern from a major administrative department of a state, usually under the authority of that department's chief minister, secretary or administrator. décret ministériel decreto ministeriale ministerieel besluit Ministerialerlaß ministry The body of top government administrators or other high ranking public officials that are selected by a head of state to manage certain aspects of a state's affairs, as opposed to civil servants whose tenure is unaffected by public changes resulting from democratic elections or some other process. ministère ministero ministerie Ministerium archaeology The scientific study of the material remains of the cultures of historical or prehistorical peoples. archéologie archeologia archeologie Archäologie minority A group that is different racially, politically, etc. from a larger group of which it is a part. minorité minoranza minderheid Minderheit miscellaneous product produits divers prodotti vari divers product Mischprodukt miscibility The tendency or capacity of two or more liquids to form a uniform blend, that is, to dissolve in each other; degrees are total miscibility, partial miscibility, and immiscibility. miscibilité miscibilità mengbaarheid Mischbarkeit archipelago A chain of many islands including the waters that surround them. archipel arcipelago eilandengroep Archipel mite An order of small Arachnida with rounded bodies. Mites are very abundant in the soil, feeding on plant material and invertebrate animals. Some parasitic mites (e.g. red spider) damage crops and can be serious pests. Others cause diseases in animals. Ticks are blood-suckers, some being vectors of diseases such as Rocky Mountain spotted fever in humans and fowls, and louping ill in cattle and sheep. acarien acari mijten Milbe mitigation measure Any procedure or action undertaken to reduce the adverse impacts that a project or activity may have on the environment. mesure d'atténuation misura attenuativa verzachtende maatregel Begrenzungsmaßnahme mixed farming Type of agriculture based on the combination of crop production and cattle raising. exploitation mixte coltura mista gemengd (landbouw)bedrijf Landwirtschaftlicher Mischbetrieb mixed forest A forest composed of several tree species. forêt mixte foresta mista gemengd bos Mischwald mixed use area Use of land for more than one purpose; e.g. grazing of livestock, watershed and wildlife protection, recreation, and timber production. zone d'aménagement mixte area a destinazioni multiple gebied dat voor meerdere doeleinden wordt gebruikt Gemengelage mixing The intermingling of different materials to produce a homogeneous mixture. mélanger miscelazione (ver)mengen Mischen mobile home Living quarters mounted on wheels and capable of being towed by a motor vehicle. auto caravane casa mobile stacaravan Wohnmobil model 1) A representation, usually on a smaller scale, of a device, structure, etc. 2) A quantitative or mathematical representation or computer simulation which attempts to describe the characteristics or relationships of physical events. modèle modello model Modell modelling An investigative technique using a mathematical or physical representation of a system or theory that accounts for all or some its known properties. Models are often used to test the effect of changes of system components on the overall performance of the system. modélisation modellistica modellering Modellieren moisture 1) The water vapour content of the atmosphere, or the total water substances (gaseous, liquid and solid) present in a given volume of air. 2) Water that is dispersed through a gas in the form of water vapour or small droplets, dispersed through a solid, or condensed on the surface of a solid. humidité umidità vocht Feuchtigkeit molecular biology The study of the chemical structures and processes of biological phenomena at the molecular level; the discipline is particularly concerned with the study of proteins, nucleic acids, and enzymes, the macromolecules essential to life processes. It seeks to understand the molecular basis of genetic processes. Techniques used include X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. biologie moléculaire biologia molecolare moleculaire biologie Molekularbiologie mollusc Any of various invertebrates having a soft unsegmented body and often a shell, secreted by a fold of skin. mollusque molluschi weekdieren Mollusken monetary assessment Financial determination, adjustment, estimation, or appraisal for purposes of levying a tax, charge or fine. évaluation monétaire valutazione monetaria monetaire waardebepaling Monetäre Bewertung monitoring To check regularly in order to perceive change in some quality or quantity. surveillance monitoraggio meting Monitoring monitoring criterion critère de surveillance criteri di monitoraggio metingscriterium Überwachungskriterium monitoring data données de mesure de surveillance dati del monitoraggio het controleren van gegevens Meßdaten monitoring equipment Specific equipment used in remote sensing. appareil de surveillance apparecchiatura per monitoraggio controle-apparatuur Meßgeräte monitoring network Interconnected group of monitoring stations for the surveillance of pollution. réseau de mesure rete di monitoraggio meetnet(werk) Messstellennetz monitoring station Station where the presence, effect, or level of any polluting substance in air or water, noise and blasting, radiation, transport movements, land subsidence, or change in the character of vegetation are measured quantitatively or qualitatively. station de surveillance stazione di monitoraggio meetstation Meßstelle monitoring system A coordinated body of sensory and communications devices that observes, detects or records the outputs or operations of any natural or artificial system in order to construct a history or future of events. système de surveillance sistema di monitoraggio meetsysteem Überwachungssystem monitoring technique Techniques employed in the process of checking, observing and measuring events, processes or physical, chemical, biological and environmental phenomena. technique de surveillance tecnica di monitoraggio meettechniek Meßtechnik monopoly The market condition where a particular commodity or service has only one seller, either because the seller has exclusive possession of an essential input or because large economies of scale inhibit the entrance of a competitor into the market. monopole monopolio monopolie Monopol monument An object, especially large and made of stone, built to remember and show respect to a person or group of people, or a special place made for this purpose. monument monumento monument Denkmal moor A tract of unenclosed waste ground, usually covered with heather, coarse grass, bracken, and moss. tourbière torbiera (area) heide Moor moral persuasion Appealing to the ethical principles or beliefs of an adversary or the public to convince the adversary to change behavior or attitudes. persuasion morale convinzione morale morele overreding Moralische Überredung morphology The branch of biology concerned with the form and structure of organisms. morphologie morfologia (biologica) morfologie Morphologie mortality The number of deaths occurring in a given population for a given period of time. mortalité mortalità sterfte Sterblichkeit moss Any plant of the class Bryophyta, occurring in nearly all damp habitats. mousse végétale muschi mos Moos architecture The art and science of designing and building structures, or large groups of structures, in keeping with aesthetic and functional criteria. architecture architettura architectuur Architektur motorcycle vélomoteur motocicletta motorfiets Kraftrad motor fuel Any gaseous or liquid flammable fuel that burns in an internal combustion engine. carburant carburante motorbrandstof Kraftstoff motor vehicle A road vehicle driven by a motor or engine, especially an internal-combustion engine. véhicule à moteur veicolo a motore motorvoertuig Kraftfahrzeug motor vehicle emission The formation and discharge of gaseous and particulate pollutants into the environment chiefly from car, truck and bus exhaust. émissions des véhicules à moteur emissioni di veicoli a motore motorvoertuigemissies Kraftfahrzeugemission motor vehicle exhaust gas Gases vented to the atmosphere by internal-combustion-engine driven vehicles. gaz d'échappement automobile gas di scarico dei veicoli a motore motorvoertuiguitlaatgassen Kfz-Abgas motor vehicle industry industrie de véhicules à moteur industria dei veicoli a motore motorvoertuigenindustrie Kfz-Industrie motorway A wide road built for fast moving traffic travelling long distances, with a limited number of points at which drivers can enter and leave it. autoroute autostrada autoweg Autobahn acoustic filter A device employed to reject sound in a particular range of frequencies while passing sound in another range of frequencies. filtre acoustique filtro acustico geluidsfilter Akustischer Filter mountain A feature of the earth's surface that rises high above the base and has generally steep slopes and a relatively small summit area. Mountains are an important source of water, energy, minerals, forest and agricultural products, and recreation. They are storehouses of biological diversity and endangered species and an essential part of the global ecosystem. About 10% of the world's population depend on mountain resources and nearly half of these people are affected by the degradation of mountain watershed areas. montagne montagna berg Berg mountain ecosystem Ecosystems found on high-mountains at low latitudes. Mountain ecosystems are very vulnerable. They are increasingly sensitive to soil erosion, landslide and rapid loss of habitat and genetic diversity. Widespread poverty and an increase in the numbers of mountain inhabitants lead to deforestation, cultivation of marginal lands, excessive livestock grazing, loss of biomass cover and other forms of environmental degradation. Because little is known about mountain ecosystems, Agenda 21 has proposed the establishment of a global mountain database. This is essential for the launch of programmes that would contribute to the sustainable development of mountain ecosystems. The proposals also focus on promoting watershed development and alternative employment for people whose livelihoods are linked to practices that degrade mountains. écosystème montagnard ecosistema montano gebergte-ecosysteem Gebirgsökosystem mountaineering escalade alpinismo bergsport Bergsteigen mountainous area Area characterized by conspicuous peaks, ridges, or mountain ranges. zone de montagne area montuosa berggebied Bergland mountain range A single, large mass consisting of a succession of mountains or narrowly spaced mountain ridges, with or without peaks, closely related in position, direction, formation, and age. massif montagneux catena montuosa bergketen Gebirge Arctic ecosystem écosystème arctique ecosistema artico Arctisch ecosysteem Ökosystem der Arktis mowing The cutting down of grass, crops or grain with a scythe or a mechanical device. fauchage mietitura maaien Mahd mud flat A relatively level area of fine silt along a shore (as in a sheltered estuary) or around an island, alternately covered and uncovered by the tide, or covered by shallow water. vasière terreno inondabile dall'alta marea (slik)wad Schlickwatt mud (sediment) A mixture of clay and/or silt with water to form a plastic mass with a particle size preponderantly below 0.06 mm diameter. It is deposited in low-energy environments in lakes, estuaries and lagoons. It may also be deposited in deep-sea environments. vase sedimento fangoso modder Schlamm (Sediment) mulch A layer of organic material applied to the surface of the ground to retain moisture; mulching is the spreading of leaves, straw or other loose material on the ground to prevent erosion, evaporation or freezing of plant roots. mulch pacciame strooisellaag Mulch multilateral agreement Multilateralism stands for a long-held but rarely achieved ideal, namely the voluntary co-operation of nations for peace and development. Multilateral initiatives are undermined or diluted by ultra-nationalist, bilateral and regional initiatives. Multilateralism may be undercut by the uncoordinated decisions of those contributing to it. Multilateralism constitutes the democracy of international society. An enlightened multilateralism enhances the specific interests of states while advancing their common cause. accord multilatéral accordo multilaterale multilaterale overeenkomst Multilaterales Abkommen Arctic Ocean The smallest and most poorly studied of the oceans on earth. It covers an area of 14 million square km that is divided by three submarine ridges, i.e. the Alpha Ridge, the Lomonosov Ridge, and an extension of the mid-Atlantic ridge. It is also nearly landlocked, covered year-round by pack ice, and the third of its area is continental shelf. océan arctique Oceano Artico Arctische Oceaan Nordpolarmeer multinational firm A large business company operating in several countries. firme multinationale impresa multinazionale multinational Multinationale Unternehmen multiple use management area 1) Coordinated management for the most judicious and harmonious use of the land on a long term basis under the concept of combining two or more uses and/or purposes with attention to sustainability and nonimpairment of the natural resources and land area. 2) Use of land for more than one purpose; e.g. grazing of livestock, watershed and wildlife protection, recreation, and timber production. zone d'aménagement concerté area gestita per uso multiplo multifunctioneel beheergebied Mehrfachnutzung bei Bewirtschaftung von Flächen municipal cleansing The aggregation of services offered by a town or city in which streets and other public areas are kept clean, such as through trash pick-ups, street sweeping and decontamination of water, soil and other natural resources. nettoyage municipal nettezza urbana gemeentelijke reiniging Stadtreinigung municipal cleansing service Removal for treatment or disposal of those residues that can be regarded as waste including removal of litter from public places, public thoroughfares or the countryside. service municipal de nettoyage servizio di nettezza urbana gemeentereinigingsdienst Stadtreinigung Arctic region The northernmost area of the earth, centered on the North Pole, that includes the Arctic Ocean, the northern reaches of Canada, Alaska, Russia, Norway and most of Greenland, Iceland and Svalbard. région arctique regione artica Arctisch gebied Arktis municipal environmental policy The guiding procedure, philosophy or course of action regarding the protection of natural resources in local settings, cities or towns. politique municipale de l'environnement politica ambientale comunale milieubeleid van de gemeente Kommunale Umweltpolitik municipality A town, city, or other district having powers of local self-government. commune comune gemeente Gemeinde municipal law Broadly, a law or body of laws that pertains solely to the citizens and inhabitants of a state; narrowly, a law or body of laws pertaining to towns, cities, villages and their local governments. règlement municipal legislazione municipale staatsrecht Gemeinderecht municipal level The jurisdiction, position or status of city, town or local government. niveau municipal livello comunale gemeenteniveau Kommunalebene municipal waste Municipal waste is mainly produced by households, though similar wastes from sources such as commerce, offices and public institutions are included. The amount of municipal waste generated consists of waste collected by or on behalf of municipal authorities and disposed of through the waste management system. déchet urbain rifiuto urbano gemeentelijk afval Siedlungsabfall municipal water distribution system Any publicly or privately organized setup in which water is processed at a central plant and delivered to homes and businesses via water pipes. système municipal de distribution de l'eau sistema di distribuzione urbana dell'acqua gemeentelijke watervoorziening Siedlungswasserversorgungssystem distribution area 1) The overall geographical distribution of a talon. 2) The range occupied by a community or other group. zone areale di distribuzione gebied Fläche municipal water management Municipal water management deals with aspects of water supply and water technology concerning planning, processing, building and producing. It also concerns the problems of waste water collection, sewage disposal, waste water treatment in rural areas, water economising measures, water body quality management. gestion des eaux urbaines gestione dell'acqua municipale gemeentelijk waterbeheer Siedlungswasserwirtschaft muscular system The muscle cells, tissues, and organs that effect movement in all vertebrates. système musculaire sistema muscolare spierstelsel Muskelsystem museum A place or building where objects of historical, artistic, or scientific interest are exhibited, preserved or studied. musée museo museum Museum mushroom A family of Basidiomycetes that are characterized by the production of spores on gills. champignon (comestible) fungo paddestoel Großpilz music The artistic organization of sounds or tones that expresses ideas and emotions through the elements of rhythm, melody, harmony and tonal color. musique musica muziek Musik mussel farming Breeding of mussels for sale as food. mytiliculture mitilicoltura mosselteelt Muschelzucht mustelid A large, diverse family of low-slung, long-bodied carnivorous mammals including minks, weasels, and badgers; distinguished by having only one molar in each upper jaw, and two at the most in the lower jaw. mustélidés mustelidi marterachtigen Marder mutagenicity The property of chemical or physical agents of inducing changes in genetic material that are transmitted during cell division. mutagénicité mutagenicità mutageniteit Mutagenität mutagenicity testing Testing the property of a substance of being able to induce genetic mutation. test de mutagénicité test di mutagenicità testen op mutageniteit Mutagenitätsprüfung mutagen An agent that raises the frequency of mutation above the spontaneous rate. An agent that causes changes to plants and animals, particularly to their genetic material and especially at the time of reproduction. Certain chemicals and forms of radiation are powerful mutagens that damage the DNA, or genetic material in the centre of every cell of a living organism. substances mutagènes agente mutageno mutagene stof Mutagener Stoff mutant An individual bearing an allele that has undergone mutation and is expressed in the phenotype. mutant mutante mutant Mutante mutated micro-organisms release The release of mutated micro-organisms creates the risk that they may exhibit some previously unknown pathogenicity, might take over from some naturally occurring bacteria (possibly having other positive functions which thus are lost) or pass on some unwanted trait to such indigenous bacteria. There is also concern that an uncontrolled genetic mutation could produce from such an engineered microorganism, a form with hazardous consequences for the environment. dissémination de micro-organismes mutés rilascio di microorganismi mutati afgifte gemuteerde micro-organismen Freisetzung von mutierten Mikroorganismen mutation A change in the chemical constitution of the DNA in the chromosomes of an organism: the changes are normally restricted to individual genes, but occasionally involve serious alteration to whole chromosomes. When a mutation occurs in gametes or gametocytes an inherited change may be produced in the characteristics of the organisms that develop from them. Mutation is one of the ways in which genetic variation is produced in organisms. A somatic mutation is one that occurs to a body cell, and is consequently past on to all the cells derived from it by mitosis. Natural mutations, at this stage of biological evolution, when they occur in the cells of higher animals, almost always produce deleterious characteristics. Both natural and artificial mutations can be brought about by ionizing radiation (hence the genetic and carcinogenic dangers of nuclear weapons) and by certain chemical substances called mutagens. mutation mutazione mutatie Mutation mycology The branch of botany concerned with the study of fungi. mycologie micologia mycologie Mykologie mycorrhiza The symbiotic association of the root of a higher plant with a fungus. In an ectotrophic mycorrhiza (e.g., heath, pine trees) the fungal mycelium covers the outside of the roots; in an endotrophic mycorrhiza (e.g. orchids) the fungus grows inside the cells of the root cortex. mycorhize micorriza mycorrhiza Mykorrhiza area of potential pollution Area which is supposedly causing dangers to human health and environment. zone de pollution potentielle area di potenziale inquinamento mogelijk vervuild gebied Verdachtsfläche national conservation programme programme national de protection de l'environnement programma nazionale di conservazione binnenlands beheersprogramma Nationales Umweltschutzprogramm national economy A nation's financial resources and its financial management, with a view towards its productivity. économie nationale economia nazionale nationaleeconomie Volkswirtschaft national environmental accounting The collection and processing of financial information regarding the costs for ecological challenges or opportunities for nations or countries. comptabilité environnementale nationale contabilità ambientale nazionale nationale milieuboekhouding Umweltökonomische Gesamtrechnung cultural goods bien culturel beni culturali culturelel goederen Kulturgut nationalisation The transfer of ownership of a private business or other private property to a national government, either through uncompensated seizure (expropriation) or through forced sale at a government-determined price. nationalisation nazionalizzazione nationalisering Verstaatlichung national legislation A binding rule or body of rules prescribed by the government of a sovereign state that holds force throughout the regions and territories within the government's dominion. législation nationale legislazione nazionale nationale wetgeving Nationale Gesetzgebung national park Areas of outstanding natural beauty, set aside for the conservation of flora, fauna and scenery, and for recreation, if this does not conflict with the conservation objectives of the parks and their landscapes. Hunting, logging, mining, commercial fishing, agriculture and livestock grazing are all controlled within national parks, as is industrial activity. parc national parco nazionale nationaal park Nationalpark national planning The step by step method and process of defining, developing and outlining various possible courses of actions to meet existing or future needs, goals and objectives for a country or a large body of people associated with a particular territory, often sharing similar ethnic backgrounds, customs and language. planification nationale pianificazione nazionale nationale planning Landesplanung national reserve réserve naturelle nationale riserve nazionali nationaal reservaat Naturschutzgebiet natural area An area in which natural processes predominate, fluctuations in numbers of organisms are allowed free play and human intervention is minimal. espace naturel area naturale natuurgebied Naturgebiet natural disaster Violent, sudden and destructive change in the environment without cause from human activity, due to phenomena such as floods, earthquakes, fire and hurricanes. catastrophe naturelle disastro naturale natuurramp Naturkatastrophe natural drainage system système naturel de drainage sistema di drenaggio naturale natuurlijk afwateringssysteem Natürliches Dränagesystem natural environment The complex of atmospheric, geological and biological characteristics found in an area in the absence of artifacts or influences of a well developed technological, human culture. milieu naturel ambiente naturale natuurlijke omgeving Natürliche Umwelt acoustic insulation The process of preventing the transmission of sound by surrounding with a nonconducting material. isolation acoustique isolamento acustico geluidsisolatie Schallisolierung natural fertiliser Organic material added to the soil to supply chemical elements needed for plant nutrition. composts et engrais naturels fertilizzante naturale natuurlijke meststof Naturdünger natural fibre A textile fiber of mineral, plant or animal origin. fibre naturelle fibra naturale natuurvezel Naturfaser natural forest A forest area that has developed free from the influence of humans and remains largely unaffected by their activities. The natural forest may include, but is not necessarily equivalent to, an old-growth forest. forêt naturelle foresta naturale natuurlijk bos Naturwald natural gas A natural fuel containing methane and hydrocarbons that occurs in certain geologic formations. gaz naturel gas naturale aardgas Erdgas natural gas exploration Underground prospection conducted with various methods to discover natural gas deposits which are usually found in the immediate vicinity of crude petroleum. exploration des ressources de gaz naturel prospezione di gas naturale aardgasexploratie Erdgasexploration natural gas extraction The tapping of natural gas from wells located under the sea and in general from underground sources often in association with petroleum deposits; it is used as a fuel, having largely replaced coal-gas for this purpose, and as a source of intermediates for organic synthesis. extraction de gaz naturel estrazione di gas naturale aardgaswinning Erdgasförderung natural hazard The probability of occurrence, within a specific period of time in a given area of a potentially damaging phenomenon of nature. risque naturel pericoli naturali natuurlijk gevaar Naturgefahr natural heritage Generally, the world's natural resources as handed down to the present generation, and specifically, the earth's outstanding physical, biological and geological formations, and habitats of threatened species of animals and plants and areas with scientific, conservation or aesthetic value. patrimoine naturel patrimonio naturale natuurlijk erfgoed Naturerbe rights of nature A rule or body of rules that derives from nature and is believed to be binding upon human society, as opposed to human-made laws such as legislative acts and judicial decisions. loi sur la nature diritti della natura wetgeving met betrekking tot de natuur Naturgesetz arid land ecosystem The interacting system of a biological community and its non-living environmental surroundings in a climatic region where the annual precipitation averages less than 10 inches per year. écosystème des terres arides ecosistema dei territori aridi ecosysteem van een onvruchtbaar gebied Ökosystem eines Trockengebietes natural material matériaux naturels materiale naturale natuurlijke materiaal Naturstoffe natural monument A natural/cultural feature which is of outstanding or unique value because of its inherent rarity, representative of aesthetic qualities or cultural significance. Guidance for selection of a natural monument is: a) The area should contain one or more features of outstanding significance (appropriate natural features include spectacular waterfalls, caves, craters, fossil beds, sand dunes and marine features, along with unique or representative fauna and flora; associated cultural features might include cave dwellings, cliff-top forts, archaeological sites, or natural sites which have heritage significance to indigenous peoples).; b) The area should be large enough to protect the integrity of the feature and its immediately related surroundings. monument naturel monumento naturale natuurmonument Naturdenkmal natural park A designation of project lands which preserves natural resources for their scientific, scenic, cultural and/or educational value by limiting development and management practices. Land managed to protect rare and endangered species of flora and fauna will be designed as natural areas. parc naturel parco naturale natuurpark Naturpark natural radioactivity Radiation stemming mainly from uranium, present in small amounts in many rocks, soils, building material, etc. radioactivité naturelle radioattività naturale natuurlijke radioactiviteit Natürliche Radioaktivität arid land Lands characterized by low annual rainfall of less than 250 mm, by evaporation exceeding precipitation and a sparse vegetation. terre aride territorio arido onvruchtbaar gebied Trockengebiet natural resource conservation The management of living and non-living resources in such a way as to sustain the maximum benefit for present and future generations. conservation des ressources naturelles conservazione delle risorse naturali behoud van natuurlijke hulpbronnen Rohstoffschutz natural resource A feature or component of the natural environment that is of value in serving human needs, e.g. soil, water, plantlife, wildlife, etc. Some natural resources have an economic value (e.g. timber) while others have a "noneconomic" value (e.g. scenic beauty). ressource naturelle risorse naturali natuurlijke hulpbronnen Natürliche Ressource natural scenery An area where human effects, if present, are not significant to the landscape as a whole. site naturel paesaggio naturale natuurlijk landschap Landschaftsbild natural science The branches of science dealing with objectively measurable phenomena pertaining to the transformation and relationships of energy and matter; includes biology, physics, and chemistry. sciences naturelles scienze naturali natuurwetenschappen Naturwissenschaft natural stone A gemstone that occurs in nature, as distinguished from a man-made substitute. pierre naturelle pietra naturale natuursteen Naturstein natural value richesse naturelle valore naturalistico natuurwaarde Eigenwert der Natur nature conservation organisation organisation de protection de la nature organizzazione per la conservazione della natura organisatie voor natuurbehoud Naturschutzorganisation nature conservation Active management of the earth's natural resources and environment to ensure their quality is maintained and that they are wisely used. préservation de la nature conservazione della natura natuurbehoud Naturschutz nature conservation legislation A binding rule or body of rules prescribed by a government to protect, preserve or renew an area's natural habitats or ecosystem. législation en matière de préservation de la nature legislazione sulla conservazione della natura natuurbehoudswetgeving Naturschutzrecht nature conservation programme An organized group of activities and procedures, often run by a government agency or a nonprofit organization, to preserve and protect elements of the natural world such as mountains, trees, animals or rivers. programme de protection de la nature programma di conservazione della natura natuurbehoudsprogramma Naturschutzprogramm nature protection Precautionary actions, procedures or installations undertaken to prevent or reduce harm to the elements of the material world that exist independently of human activity. protection de la nature protezione della natura natuurbescherming Naturschutz nature reserve Areas allocated to preserve and protect certain animals and plants, or both. They differ from national park, which are largely a place for public recreation, because they are provided exclusively to protect species for their own sake. Endangered species are increasingly being kept in nature reserves to prevent them from extinction, particularly in India, Indonesia and some African countries. Natural reserves were used once to preserve the animals that landowners hunted, but, in the 19th century, they became places where animals were kept to prevent them from dying out. Special refuges and sanctuaries are also often designated to protect certain species or groups of wild animals or plants, especially if their numbers and distribution have been significantly reduced. They also serve as a place for more plentiful species to rest, breed or winter. Many parts of the world also have marine and aquatic reserves to protect different species of sea or freshwater plant and animal life. réserve naturelle riserva naturale natuurreservaat Naturschutzgebiet nausea nausée nausea misselijkheid Übelkeit navigational hazard Any obstacle encountered by a vessel in route posing risk or danger to the vessel, its contents or the environment. dangers de navigation pericolo per la navigazione navigatiegevaar Navigationsgefahr necrosis The pathologic death of living tissue in a plant or animal. nécrose necrosi afsterving Nekrose need The fact or an instance of feeling the lack of something. besoin necessità behoefte Bedarf neighbourhood improvement scheme plan d'amélioration du voisinage programma di miglioramento di quartiere buurtverbeteringsplan Stadtteilentwicklungsprogramm armament The weapons, ammunition and equipment, or the total force held by a military unit or state. armement armamento wapens Bewaffnung nematode A group of unsegmented worms which have been variously recognized as an order, class, and phylum. nématodes nematodi aaltjes Nematoden nervous system A coordinating and integrating system which functions in the adaptation of an organism to its environment; in vertebrates, the system consists of the brain, brainstem, spinal cord, cranial and peripheral nerves, and ganglia. système nerveux sistema nervoso zenuwstelsel Nervensystem armament conversion Change in character, form or function of the arms and equipment with which a military unit is supplied. conversion de l'armement conversione degli armamenti wapenomschakeling Rüstungskonversion net resource depletion The total decrease in the amount of natural materials available for use by humans and other living beings. appauvrissement direct des ressources riduzione netta delle risorse netto grondstofvermindering Direkter Ressourcenabbau netting policy (emissions trading) All emission sources in the same area that are owned or controlled by a single company are treated as one large source, thereby allowing flexibility in controlling individual sources in order to meet a single emissions standard. règle de compensation àl'intérieur d'un groupe (permis d'émissions) politica di rete (commercio delle emissioni industriali) netting-beleid Netting Policy neurotoxicity The occurrence of adverse effects on a nervous system following exposure to a chemical. neurotoxicité neurotossicità neurotoxiciteit Neurotoxizität neutralisation To make a solution neutral by adding a base to an acidic solution, or an acid to a basic solution. neutralisation neutralizzazione neutraliseren Neutralisierung armed forces The military units of a state, typically divided by their differing contexts of operations, such as the army, navy, air force and marines. forces armées forze armate strijdkrachten Militär new community A sociopolitical, religious, occupational or other group of common characteristics and interests formed as an alternative to social, and often residential, options currently available. nouvelle communauté nuova comunità nieuwe gemeenschap Neue Gemeinschaft new installation A device, system, or piece of equipment that has been recently installed. nouvelle installation nuova installazione nieuwe installatie Neuanlage new material Novel high-performance materials obtained through the interdisciplinary research of chemistry, applied chemistry, chemical engineering, and mechanical engineering. matériau nouveau materiale innovativo nieuw materiaal Neuartige Materialien new technology Electronic instruments and devices which have recently been developed and are been introduced into industry. New technologies have been introduced often in almost total ignorance or disregard of the biological and ecological systems that they subsequently disturb, and of the dynamic and evolving nature of living systems. nouvelle technologie nuove tecnologie nieuwe technologie Neue Technologie nickel A malleable ductile silvery-white metallic element that is strong and corrosion-resistant, occurring principally in pentlandite and niccolite: used in alloys, especially in toughening steel, in electroplating, and as a catalyst in organic synthesis. nickel nichel nikkel Nickel nitrate Any salt or ester of nitric acid, such as sodium nitrate. nitrate nitrato nitraat Nitrat nitrification The process by which ammonia compounds, including man-made fertilizer and the humus provided by organic matter or plant and animal origin, are converted into nitrites and then nitrates, which are then absorbed as a nutrient by crops. Excess nitrate can be leached into surface waters and groundwaters, causing pollution. Excess nitrate may also be converted by microbes back into gaseous nitrogen, which is an important greenhouse gas, and released back into the atmosphere. The ultimate source of nitrogen in the ecosystem is the molecular nitrogen in the atmosphere. To a very limited extent, some dissolves in water. However, none is found in rock. nitrification nitrificazione nitrificatie Nitrifikation aromatic compound Compounds characterized by the presence of at least one benzene ring. composé aromatique composto aromatico aromatische verbindingen Verbindung (aromatisch) nitrite A salt or ester of nitric acid, included in compounds such as potassium nitrite, sodium nitrite and butyl nitrite. nitrite nitrito nitrieten Nitrit nitro compound Any one of a class of usually organic compounds that contain the monovalent group, -NO2 (nitro group or radical) linked to a carbon atom. composé nitré nitrocomposti stikstofverbinding Stickstoffverbindung nitrogen An essential nutrient in the food supply of plants and the diets of animals. Animals obtain it in nitrogen-containing compounds, particularly amino acids. Although the atmosphere is nearly 80% gaseous nitrogen, very few organisms have the ability to use it in this form. The higher plants normally obtain it from the soil after micro-organisms have converted the nitrogen into ammonia or nitrates, which they can then absorb. azote azoto stikstof Stickstoff nitrogen cycle The complex set of processes by which crops acquire the large amount of nitrogen they need to make proteins, nucleic acids and other biochemicals of which they are composed, and how the nitrogen returns to the atmosphere. cycle de l'azote ciclo dell'azoto stikstofkringloop Stickstoffkreislauf nitrogen dioxide A reddish-brown gas; it exists in varying degrees of concentration in equilibrium with other nitrogen oxides; used to produce nitric acid. dioxyde d'azote diossido di azoto stikstofdioxide Stickstoffdioxid nitrogen fixation Assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen by a variety of microorganisms which live freely in soil. Once the nitrogen has been captured by one of the microorganisms, there are many different routes by which it is handled. Some is retained in the soil as decomposing plant matter, waiting to be released and taken up by new crops as a nitrate. That nitrate is produced by nitrifying bacteria living in the soil that thrive on ammonia, which is produced by decaying plant and animal material. In processing nitrogen the nitrifying bacteria produce nitrate that can be absorbed by the roots of plants. fixation de l'azote fissazione dell'azoto stikstofbinding Stickstoffixierung nitrogen monoxide A colourless gas, soluble in water, ethanol and ether. It is formed in many reactions involving the reduction of nitric acid, but more convenient reactions for the preparation of reasonably pure NO are reactions of sodium nitrite, sulphuric acid, etc. monoxyde d'azote monossido di azoto stikstofmonoxide Stickstoffmonoxid nitrogen oxides Oxides formed and released in all common types of combustion; they are formed by the oxidation of atmospheric nitrogen at high temperatures. Introduced into the atmosphere from car exhausts, furnace stacks, incinerators, power stations and similar sources, the oxides include nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen pentoxide and nitric acid. The oxides of nitrogen undergo many reactions in the atmosphere to form photochemical smog. oxydes d'azote ossidi di azoto stikstofoxiden Stickstoffoxide nitrosamine Any one of a class of neutral, usually yellow oily compounds containing the divalent group = NNO. nitrosamine nitrosammine nitrosamine Nitrosamin aromatic hydrocarbon Hydrocarbons having an unsaturated ring containing alternating double and single bonds, especially containing a benzene ring. hydrocarbure aromatique idrocarburi aromatici aromatische koolwaterstoffen aromatischer Kohlenwasserstoff NOEL Acronym for No Observed Effects Level. dose maximale admissible NOEL NOEL NOEL noise Sound which is unwanted, either because of its effects on humans, its effect on fatigue or malfunction of physical equipment, or its interference with the perception or detection of other sounds. bruit rumore geluid Lärm noise abatement Measures to reduce noise at the source, to encourage quieter technologies or equipment or to prevent or reduce the propagation of sound. Measures may include the isolation and damping of vibration sources; the replacement of components with quieter parts and material; the enclosure of particularly noisy components; the provision of noise barriers, etc. diminution du bruit abbattimento del rumore vermindering van geluidshinder Lärmbekämpfung noise analysis Determination of the frequency components that make up a particular noise being studied. analyse de bruit analisi del rumore geluidsanalyse Geräuschanalyse noise barrier Barriers for reducing the propagation of sound: they are widely used in industry and alongside roads and railways to shield receivers from noise sources. Barriers will not reduce the noise on the receivers side, but will increase it, unless the barrier is also covered in absorbing material. écran antibruit barriera antirumore geluidsafscherming Lärmschutzwall noise control The process to control the audible sound to an acceptable level. lutte contre le bruit controllo del rumore geluidsbeperking Lärmbekämpfung noise disturbance Noise interferes with communication and interferes with thought processes. Noise interferes with sleep, it causes anger and frustration, and has been implicated as a contributor to various psychological and physiological problems. Noise detracts from the quality of life and the environment. nuisance sonore disturbo da rumore geluidshinder Lärmbelästigung noise emission The release of noise into the environment from various sources that can be grouped in: transportation activities, industrial activities and daily normal activities. émission du bruit emissione di rumore geluidsemissie Geräuschemission noise emission levy A mandatory sum of money levied by government upon producers of disturbing, harmful or unwanted sounds, frequently in the transportation or construction industries, to encourage reduction of sound levels. taxe sur le bruit imposta sulle emissioni di rumore heffing op geluidsemissie Lärmabgabe noise-free technology Sound is radiated both as air-borne and as structure-borne; most sources produce both, thus various noise attenuation principles must be employed. Measures include: the replacement of components with quieter parts and material; the enclosure of particularly noisy components; the selection of quieter types of fan; the replacement of noisy compressed-air nozzles with quieter types; the choice of quieter transmission and cooling systems. technologie silencieuse tecnologia silenziosa stille technologie Lärmarme Technik aromatic substance Substance having a distinctive, usually fragrant smell. substance aromatique sostanza aromatica geurstof Geruchsstoff noise immission Immission in the environment of acoustic vibrations that negatively affect human beings, animals, plants or other objects. impact du bruit immissione di rumore geluidsimmissie Lärmimmission noise legislation Legislation introduced by many governments to prevent or restrict the emission of noise from industrial, commercial and domestic premises; from motor vehicles and aircraft; and from consumer appliances and equipment. législation en matière de bruit legislazione sul rumore geluidswetgeving Lärmrecht noise level Physical quantity of unwanted sound measured, usually expressed in decibels. niveau sonore livello del rumore geluidsniveau Lärmpegel noise measurement The process of quantitatively determining one or more properties of acoustic noise. mesure du bruit misura del rumore geluidsmeting Lärmmessung noise monitoring The systematic deployment of monitoring equipment for the purpose of detecting or measuring quantitatively or qualitatively the presence, effect, or level of noise. suveillance du bruit monitoraggio del rumore geluidsmeting Lärmüberwachung noise pollutant Noise in the environment which can be harmful to human beings, animals and plants. polluant sonore inquinante acustico storend geluid Lärmbelastung noise pollution Harmful or unwanted sounds in the environment, which in specific locals, can be measured and averaged over a period of time. pollution sonore de l'environnement inquinamento acustico geluidshinder Lärmbelästigung noise protection Adoption of measures for controlling noise pollution, such as restriction of the emission of noise from industrial, commercial and domestic premises, from motor vehicles and aircrafts, the provision of noise barriers and buffer zones, the fitting of sound attenuation equipment, etc. protection contre le bruit protezione dal rumore bescherming tegen lawaaihinder Lärmschutz noise reduction The reduction in the sound pressure level of a noise, or the attenuation of unwanted sound by any means. réduction du bruit riduzione del rumore lawaaibeperking Lärmminderung noise type type de bruit tipi di rumore soort geluid Geräuschtyp arrangement for a deposit on packaging Agreement to provide refunds or payments in exchange for used bottles or packaging materials. mesure en faveur d'une consigne sur les emballages accordo sulla cauzione statiegeldregeling voor verpakking Pfandregelung nomad 1) A member of a people or tribe who move from place to place to find pasture and food. 2) Nomads include gypsies, desert tribes such as the Bedouin and the many primitive tribes in the Americas, Asia and Australia. Herding survives as a way of life around the Sahara, in the Middle East, in Asia as far east as western India, and in the Asian parts of the USSR. The end of pastoral nomadism would be regrettable not merely on account of the independence and distinctiveness of this way of life but because this type of economy may be a more rational means of raising large numbers of animals under arid conditions than is capital-intensive ranching. nomade nomade nomade Nomade nomenclature A system of names or terms, particularly those related to a specific area of science or art, or the assignment of names to things. nomenclature nomenclatura nomenclatuur Nomenklatur non-biodegradable pollutant An organic compound, usually synthetic, that is not decomposed or mineralized by microorganisms or other biological processes. polluant non biodégradable inquinante non biodegradabile niet biologisch afbreekbare verontreinigende stof Biologisch nicht abbaubarer Schadstoff non-built-up area Areas which are not intensely developed for housing, commerce, industry, etc. zone peu construite zona non edificata onbebouwd gebied Nicht bebaute Fläche non-conventional energy Energy that is renewable and ecologically safe, such as tidal power, wind power, etc. énergie non-conventionnelle energia non convenzionale niet-conventionele energie Nicht konventionelle Energie non-ferrous metal industry Industry that deals with the processing of metals other than iron and iron-base alloys. industrie des métaux non ferreux industria dei metalli non ferrosi non-ferro metaalnijverheid NE-Metallindustrie arsenic A toxic metalloid element, existing in several allotropic forms, that occurs principally in realgar and orpiment and as the free element. It is used in transistors, lead-based alloys, and high temperature brasses. arsenic arsenico arseen Arsen non-ferrous metal Any metal other than iron and its alloys. métal non ferreux metallo non ferroso non-ferro metalen NE-Metall non-governmental organisation Private, voluntary, non-profit organisations, acting as pressure groups. Throughout the world there are more than 5.000 international NGOs which are concerned with the environment and development, with millions of supporters. organisation non gouvernementale organizzazione non governativa niet-gouvernementele organisatie Nichtregierungsorganisation non-ionising radiation Radiation that does not change the structure of atoms but does heat tissue and may cause harmful biological effects. rayonnement non-ionisant radiazione non ionizzante niet-ioniserende straling Nichtionisierende Strahlung non-metallic mineral Minerals containing non-metals, such as quartz, garnet, etc. minéral non métallique minerale non metallico niet-metallisch mineraal Nichtmetallisches Mineral non-metal A nonmetallic element, such as arsenic or silicon, that has some of the properties of a metal. métalloïde non metallo niet-metalen Nichtmetall non-polluting energy source Energy that is ecologically safe and renewable. The most widely used source is hydroelectric power, which currently supplies some 6.6% of the world's energy needs. Other non-polluting sources are solar energy, tidal energy, wave energy and wind energy. Most non-polluting energy sources require a high capital investment but have low running costs. source d'énergie non polluante fonte di energia non inquinante niet-vervuilende energiebron Umweltfreundliche Energiequelle non-polluting fuel Clean fuel that does not release polluting emissions in the environment, such as methane. carburant non polluant combustibile non inquinante niet-vervuilende brandstof Umweltfreundlicher Brennstoff art The creation of works of beauty or other special significance. art arte kunst Kunst non-renewable energy resource Non-renewable resources have been built up or evolved over a geological time-span and cannot be used without depleting the stock and raising questions of ultimate exhaustibility, since their rate of formation is so slow as to be meaningless in terms of the human life-span. source d'énergie non renouvelable risorse energetiche non rinnovabili niet-hernieuwbare energiebronnen Nicht erneuerbare Energieressourcen non-renewable resource A natural resource which, in terms of human time scales, is contained within the Earth in a fixed quantity and therefore can be used once only in the foreseeable future (although it may be recycled after its first use). This includes the fossil fuels and is extended to include mineral resources and sometimes ground water, although water and many minerals are renewed eventually. ressource non renouvelable risorse non rinnovabili niet-hernieuwbare hulpbronnen Nichterneuerbare Ressourcen non-residential building Area which provides commercial, industrial, and public facilities. bâtiment non résidentiel edilizia non residenziale utiliteitsbouw Nichtwohngebäude non-returnable container Any container for which no specific provisions for its return from the consumer or final use has been established. récipient à usage unique contenitore monouso houder zonder statiegeld Einwegverpackung non-target organism A plant or animal other than the one against which the pesticide is applied. organisme non cible organismo non-bersaglio organisme waarvoor bestrijdingsmiddelen niet bedoeld zijn Nicht-Zielorganismen norm An established standard, guide, or regulation. A principle or regulation set up by authority, prescribing or directing action or forbearance; as the rules of a legislative body, of a company, court, public office, of the law, of ethics. norme norma norm Norm normalisation normalisation normazione normalisatie Normalisierung North Africa A geographic region of the African continent south of Europe and the Mediterranean Sea, and north of Africa's tropical rain forest, including Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya and the Egyptian region west of the Suez Canal, and also the Sahara Desert and Atlas Mountains. Afrique du Nord Africa del Nord Noord-Afrika Nordafrika North America A continent in the northern half of the western hemisphere, bounded by the Arctic Ocean in the north, by the Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea in the west, and by the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico in the east, connected to South America by the Isthmus of Panama, and including the United States, Canada, Mexico and several small island nations. Amérique du Nord America del Nord Noord-Amerika Nordamerika North Atlantic Ocean The northern part of the Atlantic Ocean, extending northward from the equator to the Arctic Ocean. océan atlantique nord Oceano nord Atlantico Noordatlantische Oceaan Nordatlantischer Ozean North Pacific Ocean An ocean north of the equator between the eastern coast of Asia and the western coasts of the Americas, extending northward to the arctic region, with principal arms including the Gulf of Alaska, the Sea of Okhotsk, the Sea of Japan and the Bering, Yellow, East China, South China and Philippine seas, and islands including the Aleutian, Midway, Marshall and Hawaiian islands, the Japanese island arc and the Malay Archipelago. océan pacifique nord Oceano nord Pacifico Noordelijke Stille Oceaan Nordpazifik acoustic level Physical quantity of sound measured, usually expressed in decibels. niveau acoustique livello acustico geluidsniveau Geräuschpegel novel food Genetically engineered foods. Novel foods, including those altered using biotechnology, should not differ 'significantly' from the foods they are to replace. Labels should not be misleading, but must make clear any differences between the novel food and its 'conventional' alternative, and must say how that difference was achieved. Foods containing a genetically modified living organism, such as a live yogurt made with an altered culture, would always be labelled. Any food whose modification might raise moral or health worries to consumers would also have to carry a label. This would include genes from an animal considered unclean by some religions, or from a plant that might cause allergic reactions. However, foods which, although made using novel methods, are identical to conventional foods, would not have to be labelled. aliment nouveau alimento modificato geneticamente nieuw voedingsmiddel Novel Food nuclear accident An event occurring in a nuclear power plant or anywhere that radioactive materials are used, stored, or transported and involving the release of potentially dangerous levels of radioactive materials into the environment. accident nucléaire incidente nucleare kernongeval Kerntechnischer Unfall arthropod The largest phylum in the animal kingdom; adults typically have segmented body, a sclerotized integument, and many-jointed segmental limbs. arthropodes artropodi geleedpotigen Arthropoden nuclear energy Energy released by nuclear fission or nuclear fusion. énergie nucléaire energia nucleare kernenergie Kernenergie nuclear energy legislation législation en matière d'énergie nucléaire legislazione sull'energia nucleare wetgeving inzake kernenergie Kernenergierecht nuclear energy use Nuclear energy is employed in the industrial sector, in the production of other energy types, in the medical and scientific research field, in transportation, in the production of nuclear weapons, etc. usage de l'énergie nucléaire uso dell'energia nucleare kernenergiegebruik Kernenergienutzung nuclear explosion (accident) An unintentional release of energy from a rapid reaction of atomic nuclei yielding high temperatures and radiation potentially harmful to human health and the environment. explosion nucléaire (accident) esplosione nucleare (incidente) kernontploffing (ongeval) Kernexplosion (Unfall) Articulata Animals characterized by the repetition of similar segments (metameres), exhibited especially by arthropods, annelids, and vertebrates in early embryonic stages and in certain specialized adult structures. articulata articolati Articulata Gliedertier nuclear facility A place, including buildings, where all the activities relating to nuclear research are performed. installation nucléaire struttura nucleare nucleaire installatie Kerntechnische Anlage nuclear fission The division of an atomic nucleus into parts of comparable mass; usually restricted to heavier nuclei such as isotopes of uranium, plutonium, and thorium. fission nucléaire fissione nucleare kernsplitsing Kernspaltung nuclear fuel Nuclear fuels are obtained from inorganic minerals extracted by mining. Although they are at least partially consumed when used in nuclear reactors for the production of heat, they differ from fossil fuels in the way they release energy. Burning of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil and gas, is a chemical reaction. Nuclear fuels, such as uranium, are destroyed by a process of spontaneous disintegration, called fission, and prompted by natural radioactivity. If the process is left to occur naturally in uranium-bearing rock, the rate of change is imperceptibly small. In a man-made nuclear reactor the energy-releasing processes of disintegration, which in the natural state happen slowly over thousands of millions of years, are compressed into minutes. The release of energy is harnessed to generate steam which drives electricity generators. combustible nucléaire combustibile nucleare kernbrandstof Kernbrennstoff nuclear fuel element A piece of nuclear fuel which has been formed and coated, and is ready to be placed in a reactor fuel assembly. élément de combustible nucléaire barre di combustibile nucleare splijtstofelement Brennelement nuclear fusion Combination of two light nuclei to form a heavier nucleus with release of some binding energy. fusion nucléaire fusione nucleare kernfusie Kernfusion nuclear physics The study of the characteristics, behaviour and internal structures of the atomic nucleus. physique nucléaire fisica nucleare kernfysica Kernphysik nuclear debate The ongoing, public discussion and dispute over the uses of energy. débat sur le nucléaire dibattito sul nucleare overleg over kernenergie Atomdebatte nuclear power plant A power plant in which nuclear energy is converted into heat for use in producing steam for turbines, which in turn drive generators that produce electric power. centrale nucléaire centrale nucleare kerncentrale Kernkraftwerk nuclear power plant disposal démantèlement de centrale nucléaire smantellamento di una centrale nucleare opbergen kernafval Kernkraftwerksentsorgung nuclear reaction A reaction involving a change in an atomic nucleus, such as fission, fusion, neutron capture, or radioactive decay, as distinct from a chemical reaction, which is limited to changes in the electron structure surrounding the nucleus. réaction nucléaire reazione nucleare kernreactie Kernreaktion nuclear reactor Device which creates heat and energy by starting and controlling atomic fission. réacteur nucléaire reattore nucleare kernreactor Kernreaktor nuclear research centre A facility in which scientists and other researchers study the behavior and characteristics of atomic nuclei through testing and other forms of experimentation, often to invent new technology with scientific, medical and industrial purposes. centre de recherche nucléaire centro di ricerca nucleare nucleair onderzoekscentrum Kernforschungszentrum nuclear safety Measures and techniques implemented to reduce the possibility of incidence and the potential harm posed by radioactive substances used as an energy source, a test material or in weaponry. sécurité nucléaire sicurezza nucleare nucleaire veiligheid Nukleare Sicherheit nuclear test Test performed to evaluate nuclear weapons. essai nucléaire test nucleare kernproef Kernwaffenversuch nuclear weapon Any bomb, warhead, or projectile using active nuclear material to cause a chain reaction upon detonation. arme nucléaire arma nucleare kernwapen Kernwaffen nucleic acid Any of several organic acids combined with proteins (DNA or RNA) which exist in the nucleus and protoplasm of all cells. acide nucléïque acidi nucleici nucleïnezuur Nukleinsäure nuisance Anything that affects or prejudices health. nuisance disturbo hinder Belästigung nursery (plant breeding) Place where plants are grown until they are large enough to be planted in their final positions. pépinière coltura in vivaio (planten)kwekerij Pflanzenzuchtbetrieb nutrient medium A medium providing or contributing to nourishment. milieu de culture (microbiologie) mezzo nutritivo voedingsbodem Nährmedium nutrient balance Condition in which there is equilibrium between intake and excretion of nutrients. bilan nutritif bilancio dei nutrienti voedingsbalans Nährstoffhaushalt nutrient content The amount of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, inorganic salts (e.g. nitrates, phosphates), minerals (e.g. calcium, iron), and water. teneur en nutriments contenuto in nutrienti voedingswaarde Nährstoffgehalt nutrient cycle A biogeochemical cycle, in which inorganic nutrients move through the soil, living organisms, air and water or through some of these. cycle des substances nutritives ciclo dei nutrienti nutriëntenkringloop Nährstoffzyklus nutrient removal Elimination of nutrients as, for example, from sewage in order to prevent eutrophication of water in reservoirs. extraction des nutriments rimozione dei nutrienti onttrekking van voedingsstoffen Nährstoffelimination nutrient Chemical elements which are involved in the construction of living tissue and which are needed by both plant and animal. The most important in terms of bulk are carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, with other essential ones including nitrogen, potassium, calcium, sulphur and phosphorus. nutriment nutriente nutriënt Nährstoff nutrition A process in animals and plants involving the intake of nutrient materials and their subsequent assimilation into the tissues. nutrition nutrizione (alimentazione) voeding Ernährung nutritive value of food The measure of the quantity or availability of nutrients found in materials ingested and utilized by humans or animals as a source of nutrition and energy. valeur nutritive valore nutritivo degli alimenti voedingswaarde van voedsel Nährwert oak Any tree of the genus Quercus in the order Fagales, characterized by simple, usually lobed leaves, scaly winter buds, a star-shaped pith, and its fruit, the acorn, which is a nut; the wood is tough, hard, and durable, generally having a distinct pattern. chêne quercia eiken(bomen) Eiche objection The act of a party who objects to some matter or proceeding in the course of a trial or an argument or reason urged by him in support of his contention that the matter or proceeding objected to is improper or illegal. objection obiezione bezwaar Einwendung obligation to inform obligation d'information obbligo di informazione inlichtingsplicht Informationspflicht obligation to label The legal responsibility or duty compelling manufacturers to affix certain marks or other written identification to their products, as is directed by laws, regulations or government standards. obligation d'étiquetage obbligo di etichettatura etiketteringsplicht Kennzeichnungspflicht occupational disease A functional or organic disease caused by factors arising from the operations or materials of an individual's industry, trade, or occupation. maladie professionnelle malattia professionale beroepsziekte Berufskrankheit occupational group A collection of people who earn their living by similar or identical means of work. association professionnelle categoria professionale beroepsgroep Berufsgruppe occupational health An area of statutory duty imposed on employers and employees in most countries, for the protection of the workforce from occupational diseases and stresses and physical hazards through adequate planning, ventilation, lighting, safeguards, safety and emergency procedures, routine inspections, monitoring, personal protection, etc. hygiène du travail igiene del lavoro bedrijfsgezondheid Arbeitshygiene occupational health care service de médecine du travail cura della salute occupazionale bedrijfsgezondheidszorg Betriebsgesundheitsvorsorge occupational medicine The branch of medicine which deals with the relationship of humans to their occupations, for the purpose of the prevention of disease and injury and the promotion of optimal health, productivity, and social adjustment. médecine du travail medicina occupazionale bedrijfsgeneeskunde Arbeitsmedizin occupational safety An area of statutory duty imposed on employers and employees in most countries, for the protection of the workforce from occupational disease and stresses and physical hazards through appropriate measures. sécurité du travail sicurezza sul lavoro bedrijfsveiligheid Arbeitssicherheit occupational safety regulation Law enacted to reduce the incidence among workers of personal injuries, illnesses, and deaths resulting from employment. réglementation de sécurité au travail disposizioni sulla sicurezza del lavoro bedrijfsveiligheidsvoorschrift Arbeitsschutzvorschrift ocean The mass of water occupying all of the Earth's surface not occupied by land, but excluding all lakes and inland seas. océan oceano oceaan Ozean artificial lake Lakes created behind manmade barriers. lac artificiel lago artificiale stuwmeer Künstlicher See ocean circulation Water current flow in a closed circular pattern within an ocean. circulation océanique circolazione oceanica oceaancirculatie Ozeanischer Strömungsprozess ocean current A net transport of ocean water along a definable path. courant océanique corrente oceanica oceaanstroming Meeresströmung ocean dumping The process by which pollutants, including sewage, industrial waste, consumer waste, and agricultural and urban runoff are discharged into the world's oceans. These pollutants arise from a myriad of sources. rejet en mer scarico nell'oceano storten in de oceaan Verklappung Oceania The islands of the southern, western and central Pacific Ocean, including Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. The term is sometimes extended to encompass Australia, New Zealand, and the Malay Archipelago. Océanie Oceania Oceanië Ozeanien oceanography The scientific study and exploration of the oceans and seas in all their aspects. océanographie oceanografia oceanografie Ozeanographie ocean temperature A measure, referenced to a standard value, of the heat or coldness in a body of oceanic water. température de l'océan temperatura dell'oceano oceaantemperatuur Meerestemperatur odonate odonates odonati libellen Libellen odour The property of a substance affecting the sense of smell; any smell; scent; perfume. odeur odore reuk Geruch odour nuisance puanteur disturbo provocato da odori geurhinder Geruchsbelästigung environmental criminality Unlawful acts against the environment, such as water contamination, hazardous waste disposal, air contamination, unpermitted installation of plants, oil spills, etc. délits à l'encontre de l'environnement criminalità ambientale milieucriminaliteit Umweltkriminalität office Any room, set of rooms or building used for the administration of government service, business transactions or other work related activities. bureau ufficio kantoor Büro official duty devoir officiel obbligo ufficiale ambtsbezigheid Amtspflicht official hearing Proceedings of relative formality, with definite issues of fact or of law to be tried, in which witnesses are heard and parties proceeded against have right to be heard. audience officielle udienza ufficiale officiële hoorzitting Anhörung off-peak commuting Traveling back and forth regularly over some distance, outside of the hours of maximum traffic frequency. transport quotidien en heures creuses pendolarismo al di fuori delle ore di punta pendelen buiten de spits Pendeln außerhalb der üblichen Bürozeiten off-peak travelling Relating to travelling outside rush-hours to avoid overcrowding in public means of transport. voyage en période creuse spostamenti al di fuori delle ore di punta reizen in de minder drukke periode Fahren außerhalb der Stoßzeiten off-peak working travail en heure creuse lavoro al di fuori delle ore di punta werken buiten de spits Arbeiten außerhalb der üblichen Bürozeiten offset policy (emissions trading) Policy whereby emissions from a proposed new or modified stationary source are balanced by reductions from existing sources to stabilise total emissions. politique de compensation (commerce des permis d'émissions) politica di compensazione (commercio delle emissioni industriali) beleid waarbij men wordt verplicht overschrijdingen van uitstootmaxima elde Offset Policy offshore mining Oil extraction from platforms situated a short distance from the coast. extraction en mer attività mineraria in alto mare mijnbouw,gas- en oliewinning op zee Offshore Abbbau offshore oil drilling The act or process of extracting petroleum from deposits underlying the floor of the ocean or some other large body of water. extraction pétrolière en mer perforazioni petrolifere al largo olieboringen op zee Offshore-Erdölbohrung off-site Activities taking place or located away from the site. hors site off-site elders Off-Site oil binding agent Highly absorbent agents used for physically removing spilled oil in case of leakages and oil accidents occurring in water bodies, industry, work-shops, on roads, etc. Materials that have been found useful for this service vary from simple, naturally occurring materials such as straw, sawdust, and peat to synthetic agents, such as polyurethane foam and polystyrene powder. agglutinant du pétrole agente olio-assorbente oliebindende stof Ölbindemittel oil-based energy Energy produced using oil as fuel. énergie à base de pétrole energia da olio combustibile op olie gebaseerde energie Energie auf Ölbasis oil boom A floating device used to contain oil on a body of water. Once the boom has been inflated, it is towed downwind of the oil slick and formed into a U-shape; under the influence of wind, the oil becomes trapped within the boom. Skimming equipment travels into the boom enclosure and the oil is pumped into containers. barrière de confinement barriera di contenimento galleggiante periode van hoogconjunctuur in de olie-industrie Ölsperre oil disaster The disaster caused by the dumping and accidental spillage of oil into waterways from ships and land-based or offshore installations. Oil pollution may destroy or damage aquatic life and wildlife such as birds, contaminate water supplies and create fire hazards. désastre pétrolier disastro petrolifero aardolieramp Ölunfall oil exploration exploration des ressources pétrolières prospezione di petrolio aardolie-exploratie Ölexploration oil extraction Recovery of oil by surface mining, as in tar sands or oil shales, or from tunnels in a shallow reservoir. extraction de pétrole estrazione di petrolio aardoliewinning Erdölförderung oil and fat industry Industry for the production and processing of edible oils and fats. industrie des huiles et graisses industria degli olii e dei grassi olie- en vettenindustrie Öle- und Fetteindustrie oil pipeline A line of pipe connected to valves and other control devices, for conducting oil. oléoduc oleodotto oliepijpleiding Ölfernleitung oil pollution Contamination of any ecosystem, but usually of freshwater or marine ecosystems, by oil or other petroleum products. marée noire inquinamento da petrolio olievervuiling Ölverschmutzung oil pollution abatement There are various systems for the abatement of oil pollution at sea: the "Load-on-top" system involves passing the washing from tank cleaning operations and residue from discharge of the original ballast water to an empty cargo tank nominated as the "slop" tank. Fresh oil cargo is loaded on top of the final residue left after further discharges of water, the resulting mixture being acceptable to refineries despite some additional cost in removing the salt and water. Under the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, all oil-carrying ships will be required to be capable of operating with this method of retention, or alternatively to discharge to reception facilities. Another method consists in spraying on the oil dispersives and/or blasting straw and sawdust, functioning as "blotting paper", onto water, beaches, rocks and docks. The Vikoma System for the containment of oil spills at sea, developed by British Petroleum, a seaboom of about 500 metres in length, is inflated and towed downwind of the oil slick and formed into a U-shape; under the influence of wind, the oil becomes trapped within the boom. Skimming equipment travels into the boom enclosure and the oil is pumped into containers. réduction de la pollution par le pétrole abbattimento dell'inquinamento da petrolio vermindering van olievervuiling Ölpestbekämpfung oil recovery vessel Boats used for recovering oil spilled at sea from oil tankers. The recommended procedure is to contain and physically recover the spill with or without the use of adsorbents. This approach entails three processes: a) confinement of the spill by spill booms; b) recovery of the spill by sorbing agents; c) physical removal of the contained oil by oil pick-up devices. navire dépollueur nave per il ricupero del petrolio sversato (olie)opruimingsschip Ölauffangschiff oil refinery System of process units used to convert crude petroleum into fuels, lubricants, and other petroleum-derived products. raffinerie de pétrole raffineria di petrolio olieraffinaderij Ölraffinerie oil refining The separation of petroleum mixtures into their component parts. raffinage de pétrole raffinazione del petrolio olieraffinage Erdölraffination oil residue recuperation The recovery of oil that is leftover or left behind, usually following the primary containment operations for an oil spill. récupération des résidus de pétrole recupero dei residui del petrolio terugwinning van olieresten Ölrückstandswiederaufarbeitung oil shale A kerogen-bearing, finely laminated brown or black sedimentary rock that will yield liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons on distillation. schiste bitumineux argillite petrolifera olie in kleilagen Ölschiefer oil slick The mass of oil that floats on a surface of water, which is discharged accidentally, naturally or by design, and can be moved by currents, tides and the wind. nappe de pétrole chiazza di petrolio drijvende olielaag Ölteppich oil spill The accidental release of oil, or other petroleum products usually into freshwater or marine ecosystems, and usually in large quantities. It can be controlled by chemical dispersion, combustion, mechanical containment, and absorption. déversement de pétrole spandimento di idrocarburi olielozing Ölunfall oil tanker A very large ship which carries crude oil or other petroleum products in big tanks. pétrolier petroliera olietanker Öltanker old landfill site Landfill that has been filled and covered with topsoil and seeded. The most common end use for landfills is open spaces with no active recreation taking place over the completed landfill. The obvious reason for this use is that the completed surface is steeply sloped to provide rapid runoff. Also, no irrigation of the cover grasses should be allowed. It is very unlikely to think that commercial or industrial buildings will be constructed on a completed landfill. If the end use is such that the public will be walking on the site, it is important that all manholes be properly secured, leachate lagoons fenced, and other potential hazards eliminated. dépôt ancien vecchia discarica oude afzetting Altablagerung polluted site Any place that has been made unclean or unsafe by the discharge of high concentrations of hazardous or detrimental substances into its water, soil or atmosphere. site pollué sito inquinato verontreinigde plaats Verunreinigter Standort antiquated plant Old installation that do not respond to new rules for the prevention of environmental pollution and whose redevelopment requires investments for adopting technologies related to the protection of waterways, waste management, noise reduction and emission control. installation ancienne vecchio impianto oude installatie Altanlage olfactory pollution Pollution produced by gaseous emissions in the atmosphere that, even in very small amounts, may cause injuries or a condition of general unease or sickness to persons living in the vicinity. pollution olfactive inquinamento olfattivo geurvervuiling Geruchsbelastung olfactometry The testing and measurement of the sensitivity of the sense of smell. olfactométrie olfattometria olfactometrie Olfaktometrie onchocerciasis Infection with the filaria Onchocerca volvulus; results in skin tumours, papular dermatitis, and ocular complications. onchocercose oncocercosi onchocerciasis Onchozerkiasis artificial satellite Any man-made object placed in a near-periodic orbit in which it moves mainly under the gravitational influence of one celestial body, such as the earth, sun, another planet, or a planet's moon. satellite satellite artificiale kunstmaan Künstlicher Satellit oncology The study of the causes, development, characteristics, and treatment of tumors. oncologie oncologia oncologie Onkologie opencast mining Extracting metal ores and minerals that lie near the surface by removing the overlying material and breaking and loading the ore. exploitation à ciel ouvert attività mineraria a cielo aperto dagbouw Tagebau open sea fishing Fishing in the deepest parts of the sea. pêche en haute mer pesca d'altura zeevisserij Hochseefischerei operating data Data referring to the practical carrying-out of a process. données d'exploitation dati operativi besturingsgegevens Betriebsdaten opinion Judgement or belief not founded on certainty or proof. opinion opinione mening Meinung installation optimisation Adjustments made to a building or to a mechanical or electrical system or apparatus in order to maximize its functionality and efficiency. optimisation des installations ottimizzazione delle installazioni optimalisering van installaties Anlagenoptimierung ore A mineral or mineral aggregate, more or less mixed with gangue, that can be worked and treated at a profit. minerai minerale metallifero erts Erz organ A fully differentiated structural and functional unit, such as a kidney or a root, in an animal or plant. organe organo orgaan Organ organic carbon Carbon which comes from an animal or plant. carbone organique carbonio organico organisch gebonden koolstof Organischer Kohlenstoff organic chemistry A branch of chemistry dealing with the study of composition, reaction, properties, etc. of organic compounds. chimie organique chimica organica organische scheikunde Organische Chemie organic farming Farming without the use of industrially made fertilizers or pesticides. agriculture biologique coltura biologica biologische landbouw Biologischer Landbau acoustic property The characteristics found within a structure that determine the quality of sound in its relevance to hearing. propriété acoustique proprietà acustiche geluidseigenschap Akustische Kenngröße organic pollutant A plant- or animal-produced pollutant containing mainly carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. polluant organique inquinante organico organische vervuilende stof Organischer Schadstoff asbestos Generic name for a group of fibrous mineral silicates. It includes blue asbestos (crocidolite), white asbestos (chrysotile) and brown asbestos (amosite). After they are mined the asbestos fibres are separated from the rock and are spun into a cloth. When inhaled the fibres penetrate the lungs and the tissues of the bronchial tubes, resulting in asbestosis, a crippling lung disease. Asbestos also causes cancer of the lung and the gastro-intestinal tract, and mesothelioma, a malignant cancer of the inner lining of the chest. However, because it is a poor conductor of electricity and highly resistant to heat it has been widely used over the years in fire-fighting suits, and building and insulating materials. The fibrous form of several silicate minerals, at one time widely used for electrical and thermal insulation; the use of all forms of asbestos is now either banned or strictly controlled in many countries since it causes cancer. amiante amianto asbest Asbest organic solvent Organic materials, including diluents and thinners, which are liquids at standard conditions and which are used as dissolvers, viscosity reducers, or cleaning agents. solvant organique solvente organico organisch oplosmiddel Organisches Lösungsmittel organic substance Chemical compounds, based on carbon chains or rings and also containing hydrogen with or without oxygen, nitrogen, or other elements. substance organique sostanze organiche organische stoffen Organische Stoffe organic waste Waste containing carbon compounds; derived from animal and plant materials. déchet organique rifiuto organico organisch afval Organischer Abfall organism An individual constituted to carry out all life functions. organisme organismi (tassonomia) organismen (taxonomie) Organismen organochlorine compound Organic compounds containing a C-Cl bond. composé organochloré composto organoclorurato organische chloorverbinding Organische Chlorverbindungen organohalogen compound Organic compounds containing a C-halogen bond. composé organohalogèné composti alogenati organici organische halogeenverbinding Organische Halogenverbindungen organometallic compound Molecules containing carbon-metal linkage; a compound containing an alkyl or aryl radical bonded to a metal. composé organométallique composti metallorganici organische metaalverbinding Metallorganische Verbindung organonitrogen compound Organic compounds having a C-N bond. composé organique azoté composti organici azotati organische stikstofverbinding Organische Stickstoffverbindung organooxygen compound Compounds, both aliphatic and aromatic, which have a C-O bond, including alcohols, aldehydes, etc. composé organique oxygéné composti organici ossigenati organische zuurstofverbinding Organische Sauerstoffverbindungen organophosphorous compound Pesticides that contain phosphorous; short-lived, but some can be toxic when first applied. composé organophosphoré composti fosforo-organici organische fosforverbinding Organische Phosphorverbindungen organosilicon compound Any natural substance composed of two or more unlike atoms held together by chemical bonds and containing silicon, a non-metallic element often found in rocks or minerals. composé organosilicié composti organosiliconici organische silicoonverbinding Organische Silikonverbindung organosulphur compound One of a group of substances which contain both carbon and sulfur. composé organosulfuré composti organici solforati organische zwavelverbinding Organische Schwefelverbindung organotin compound Chemical compounds used in anti-foulant paints to protect the hulls of boats and ships, buoys and pilings from marine organisms such as barnacles. composé organostannique composti organici dello stagno organische tinverbinding Organische Zinnverbindung asbestos cement A hardened mixture of asbestos fibers, Portland cement and water used in relatively thin slabs for shingles, wallboard and siding. ciment amianté cemento-amianto asbestcement Asbestzement ornithology The branch of zoology that deals with the study of birds, including their physiology, classification, ecology, and behaviour. ornithologie ornitologia vogelkunde Ornithologie orography A rarely used word referring to the study of mountain systems and the depiction of their relief. orographie orografia gebergtebeschrijving Orographie orthopteran A heterogeneous order of generalized insects with gradual metamorphosis, chewing mouthparts, and four wings. orthoptère ortotteri rechtvleugeligen Orthopteren osmosis The passage of a solvent through a semipermeable membrane separating two solutions of different concentrations. A semipermeable membrane is one through which the molecules of a solvent can pass but the molecules of most solutes cannot. There is a thermodynamic tendency for solutions separated by such a membrane to become equal in concentration, the water (or other solvent) flowing from the weaker to the stronger solution. Osmosis will stop when the two solutions reach equal concentration, and can also be stopped by applying a pressure to the liquid on the stronger-solution side of the membrane. The pressure required to stop the flow from a pure solvent into a solution is a characteristic of the solution, and is called the osmotic pressure. Osmotic pressure depends only on the concentration of particles in the solution, not on their nature. osmose osmosi osmose Osmose ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations. ANASE ASEAN ASEAN Asean local recreation A pastime, diversion, exercise or other means of enjoyment and relaxation that is carried out in a particular city, town or small district. loisirs locaux turismo locale plaatselijke vrijetijdsbesteding Naherholung overburden The material such as soil and rock lying above a mineral deposit that must be removed in order to work the deposit. surcharge cappellaccio overbelasting Abraum overcrowding An excess of people gathered together in a confined space. entassement sovraffollamento overbevolking Überfüllung overexploitation The use of raw materials excessively without considering the long-term ecological impacts of such use. surexploitation sfruttamento eccessivo overexploitatie Raubbau overfertilisation Putting too much fertilizer on land; the runoff from overfertilisation can cause water pollution. surfertilisation uso eccessivo di fertilizzanti vermesting Überdüngung ash The incombustible matter remaining after a substance has been incinerated. cendre cenere as Asche overfishing Taking out of the sea more than natural population growth can sustain. Overfishing has a number of causes, the most ruthless being "chronic over capacity" of modern fishing fleets to effectively take far more fish than can be replaced. surpêche pesca eccessiva overbevissing Überfischung overgrazing Intensive grazing by animals, for example cattle, sheep or goats, on an area of pasture. It has become a serious threat to the world's rangelands and grasslands. Several factors have led to overgrazing, which leads to the soil being degraded and becoming liable to erosion by wind and rain, and even to desertification. The main pressures leading to widespread overgrazing have been the need to increase the size and numbers of herds to produce more food for an increasing human population, and the transformation of traditional pasture land into plantations to grow cash crops. Throughout the dry tropics, where traditionally herds ranged over vast areas, intensive livestock-rearing schemes have taken over, mostly to provide meat for the export market. Well-digging operations have also led to heavy concentrations of animals in small areas. surpâturage pascolo eccessivo overbeweiding Überweidung overhead power line Suspended cables by which electrical power is distributed throughout a country. ligne électrique aérienne cavo di tensione sospeso bovengrondse elektriciteitsleiding Überlandleitung overpopulation A population density that exceeds the capacity of the environment to supply the health requirements of the individual organism. surpopulation sovrappopolazione overbevolking Übervölkerung overturn (limnology) The circulation, especially in the fall and spring, of the layers of water in a lake or sea, whereby surface water sinks and mixes with bottom water; it is caused by changes in density differences due to changes in temperature, and is especially common wherever lakes are icebound in winter. brassage convectif circolazione (limnologia) stratificatie-omkering (limnologie) Zirkulation overwintering To spend winter in a particular place. hivernage svernamento (laten) overwinteren Überwinterung ownership Collection of rights to use and enjoy property, including right to transmit it to others. The complete dominion, title, or proprietary right in a thing or claim. propriété proprietà eigendom Eigentumsrecht oxidation A chemical reaction that increases the oxygen content of a compound. oxydation ossidazione oxidatie Oxidation oxidation-reduction An oxidizing chemical change, where an element's positive valence is increased (electron loss), accompanied by a simultaneous reduction of an associated element (electron gain). oxydoréduction ossidoriduzione oxidatie-reductie Redoxreaktion oxide Binary chemical compound in which oxygen is combined with a metal or nonmetal. oxyde ossido oxiden Oxid Asia The world's largest continent. It occupies the eastern part of the Eurasian landmass and its adjacent islands and is separated from Europe by the Ural Mountains. Asia borders on the Arctic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and the Mediterranean and Red Seas in the west. It includes the largest peninsulas of Asia Minor, India, Arabia, and Indochina and the island groups of Japan, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Ceylon; contains the mountain ranges of the Hindu Kush, Himalayas, Pamirs, Tian Shan, Urals, and Caucasus, the great plateaus of India, Iran and Tibet, vast plains and deserts, and the valleys of many large rivers including the Mekong, Irrawaddy, Indus, Ganges, Tigris and Euphrates. Asie Asia Azië Asien oxidising agent Compound that gives up oxygen easily, removes hydrogen from another compound, or attracts negative electrons. agent oxydant agente ossidante oxyderende stof Oxidationsmittel oxygen A gaseous chemical element; an essential element in cellular respiration and in combustion processes; the most abundant element in the earth's crust and about 20% of the air by volume. oxygène ossigeno zuurstof Sauerstoff oxygenation Treating with oxygen. oxygénation ossigenazione zuurstoftoevoer Sauerstoffeintrag oxygen content Amount of oxygen contained in a solution. teneur en oxygène contenuto in ossigeno zuurstofgehalte Sauerstoffgehalt oxygen deficiency déficit en oxygène povero di ossigeno zuurstoftekort Sauerstoffmangel ozone An allotropic form of oxygen containing three atoms in the molecule. It is a bluish gas, very active chemically, and a powerful oxidizing agent. Ozone is formed when oxygen or air is subjected to a silent electric discharge. It occurs in ordinary air in very small amounts only. ozone ozono ozon Ozon ozone depletion potential A factor that reflects the ozone depletion potential of a substance, on a mass per kilogram basis, as compared to chlorofluorocarbon-11 (CFC-11). Such factor shall be based upon the substance's atmospheric life time, the molecular weight of bromine and chlorine, and the substance's ability to be photolytically disassociated, and upon other factors determined to be an accurate measure of relative ozone depletion potential. potentiel d'appauvrissement de l'ozone potenziale di riduzione dell'ozono vermogen om de ozonlaag aan te tasten Ozonabbaupotential ozone layer The general stratum of the upper atmosphere in which there is an appreciable ozone concentration and in which ozone plays an important part in the radiative balance of the atmosphere. couche d'ozone strato di ozono ozonlaag Ozonschicht ozone layer depletion The fragile shield of ozone is been damaged by chemicals released on earth. The main chemicals that are depleting stratospheric ozone are chlorofluorocarbons which are used in refrigerators, aerosols, and as cleaners in many industries, and halons, which are used in fire extinguishers. The damage is caused when these chemicals release highly reactive forms of chlorine and bromine. Over the past 30 years ozone levels over parts of Antarctica have dropped by almost 40% during some months and a "hole" in ozone concentrations is clearly visible in satellite observations. appauvrissement de la couche d'ozone distruzione dello strato di ozono aantasting van de ozonlaag Abbau der Ozonschicht ozonisation The process of treating, impregnating or combining with ozone. ozonation ozonizzazione ozonisatie Ozonierung packaging All products made of any materials of any nature to be used for the containment, protection, handling, delivery and presentation of goods, from raw materials to processed goods, from the producer to the user or the consumer. emballage imballaggio verpakking Verpackung acoustics The science of the production, transmission and effects of sound. acoustique acustica geluidsleer Akustik packaging waste Waste comprised of materials, or items, used to protect, contain, or transport a commodity or product and usually considered a type of consumer waste. déchet d'emballage rifiuto da imballaggio verpakkingsafval Verpackungsabfall paint A mixture of pigment and a vehicle, such as oil or water, that together form a liquid or paste that can be applied to a surface to provide an adherent coating that imparts colour to and often protects the surface. peinture vernice verf Anstrichmittel painting business A commercial service through which paint, a decorative or protective coating product, or similar products are applied to the interiors and exteriors of buildings and other surfaces. entreprise de peinture impresa di tinteggiatura e verniciatura schildersbedrijf Malerbetrieb paint shop A shop where paint and related items are sold. magasin de peinture negozio di vernici verfwinkel Lackiererei palaeontology The study of life in past geologic time, based on fossil plants and animals and including phylogeny, their relationship to existing plants, animals, and environments, and the chronology of the Earth's history. paléontologie paleontologia paleontologie Paläontologie paper Felted or matted sheets of cellulose fibers, formed on a fine-wire screen from a dilute water suspension, and bonded together as the water is removed and the sheet is dried. papier carta papier Papier paper industry Industrial production of paper: pulp is produced by mechanically or chemically processing wood or other vegetative materials to extract usable cellulosic fibers as an aqueous slurry. The pulp slurry may be used directly in paper making or it may be shipped elsewhere for processing into paper products. The fundamental industrial operations are divided into two major categories: pulp mill and paper mill. The pulp mill operation includes wood preparation, pulping, deinking, pulp washing, screening and thickening, and bleaching. The paper mill operations include stock preparation, paper machine operation and finishing. industrie papetière industria della carta papierindustrie Papierindustrie parameter 1) A quantity in an equation which must be specified beside the independent variables to obtain the solution for the dependent variables. 2) A quantity which is constant under a given set of conditions, but may be different under other conditions. paramètre parametro parameters Kenngröße parasite Organism which lives and obtains food at the expense of another organism, the host. parasite parassita parasiet Parasit parasitology A branch of biology which deals with those organisms, plant or animal, which have become dependent on other living creatures. parasitologie parassitologia parasitologie Parazitologie car park Area of ground or a building where there is space for vehicles to be parked. parc de stationnement parcheggio per automobili (auto)parkeerplaats Parkplatz parking provision Area where a vehicle can be left for a period of time. place de stationnement area di parcheggio parkeervoorziening Parkmöglichkeit Parliament An assembly of elected representatives, typically controlled by a political party and constituting the legislative and, in some cases, the executive power of a state. Parlement Parlamento parlement Parlament assimilation Conversion of nutritive material to living tissue. assimilation assimilazione assimilatie Assimilation participation The act of sharing or taking part in a civic, community or public action. participation partecipazione deelname Partizipation particle 1) Any very small part of matter, such as a molecule, atom, or electron. 2) Any relatively small subdivision of matter, ranging in diameter from a few angstroms to a few millimeters. particule particella deeltje Partikel particle separator A device for segregation of solid particles by size range, as a screening. séparateur de particules separatore di particelle deeltjesscheider Partikelabscheider passenger transport The conveyance of people over land, water or through air by automobile, bus, train, airplane or some other means of travel. transport de voyageurs trasporto passeggeri personenvervoer Personenverkehr pasture Land covered with grass or herbage and grazed by or suitable for grazing by livestock. pâturage prateria da pascolo (graas)weide Weide paste-like waste Waste deriving from various activities having a pasty consistency. déchet pâteux rifiuto pastoso pasta-achtig afval Pastenartiger Abfall pathogen Any disease-producing agent or microorganism. agent pathogène patogeno pathogeen Krankheitserreger pathogenic organism Agents producing or capable of producing disease. organisme pathogène organismo patogeno pathogeen organisme Krankheitserreger pathologic effect effet pathologique effetto patologico pathologisch effect Pathologische Wirkung pathology The branch of medicine concerned with the causes, origin, and nature of disease, including the changes occurring as a result of disease. pathologie patologia pathologie Pathologie pattern of urban growth The combination of acts, tendencies and other observable characteristics that demonstrates a municipal area's progress or state of development, including its population trends. schéma d'urbanisation modello di crescita urbana stedelijk groeipatroon Städtisches Wachstumsschema association A body of persons associated for the regulation of a common economic activity by means of a special organization. association associazione associatie Verband peat Unconsolidated soil material consisting largely of undecomposed or slightly decomposed organic matter accumulated under conditions of excessive moisture. tourbe torba turf Torf peat extraction Peat is obtained from peat bogs by cutting it from the earth; it is then formed into briquettes, which can be used as fuel. Peat may be found in layers several metres thick. In some countries peat-fired generating stations for electricity are in use. Peat is also used as a soil conditioner. extraction de tourbe estrazione di torba turfwinning Torfabbau pedestrian zone Area where vehicles are not allowed. zone piétonnière zona pedonale voetgangerszone Fußgängerzone pedosphere That shell or layer of the Earth in which soil-forming processes occur. pédosphère pedosfera pedosfeer Pedosphäre penalty for environmental damage Punishment, varying from fines to withdrawal of government funds to economic sanctions, which is imposed for the harm or injury done to natural resources. sanctions pour atteinte à l'environnement sanzione per danni ambientali boete voor schade aan het milieu Strafe für Umweltschäden penalty 1) A punishment for a crime. 2) A sum specified in a contract as payable on its breach but not constituting a genuine estimate of the likely loss. pénalité sanzione (misura coercitiva) dwangmaatregel Strafe pentachlorophenol One of the universally toxic phenolic compounds, is a general purpose agent that is used as a fungicide, herbicide and molluscicide, particularly in Egypt where it is used to control snails that carry the larval human blood flukes that cause schistosomiasis. It is also used in wood preservatives and is very poisonous. pentachlorophénol pentaclorofenolo pentachloorfenol Pentachlorphenol per capita data données par individu dati pro capite gegevens per hoofd (van de bevolking) Pro-Kopf-Daten perchloroethylene Stable, colorless liquid, nonflammable and nonexplosive, with low toxicity; used as a dry-cleaning and industrial solvent, in pharmaceuticals and medicines, and for metal cleaning. perchloroéthylène percloroetilene perchooretheen Perchlorethylen astronautics The science of space flight. astronautique (science) astronautica ruimtevaartkunde Astronautik percolating water Subsurface water that passes, under the force of gravity, through rocks or soil along the line of least resistance. eau d'infiltration acqua di percolazione percolatiewater Sickerwasser periphyton A plant or animal organism which is attached or clings to surfaces of leaves or stems of rooted plants above the bottom stratum. périphyton periphyton periphyton Aufwuchs permafrost ecosystem The interacting system of the biological communities and their nonliving environmental surroundings in a climatic region where the subsoil is perennially frozen. écosystème du pergélisol ecosistema del permafrost permanente ijslaag Permafrost-Ökosystem astronomy The science concerned with celestial bodies and the observation and interpretation of the radiation received in the vicinity of the earth from the component parts of the universe. astronomie astronomia astronomie Astronomie permeability The ability of a membrane or other material to permit a substance to pass through it. perméabilité permeabilità doorlatendheid Permeabilität permissible exposure limit An exposure limit that is set for exposure to an hazardous substance or harmful agent and enforced by OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Act) as a legal standard. It is based on time-weighted average concentrations for a normal 8-hour work day and 40 hour work week. limite acceptable d'exposition limite ammissibile di esposizione toegestane blootstellingsgrens BAT-Wert permission The license, formal consent or authorization to act on some matter, frequently validating the action as lawful or procedurally correct. autorisation permesso vergunning Erlaubnis peroxyacetylnitrate A pollutant created by the action of sunlight on hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides in the air. An ingredient of smog. nitrate de peroxyacétyle perossiacetil nitrato peroxyacetylnitraat Peroxiacetylnitrat persistence The capacity of a substance to remain chemically stable. This is an important factor in estimating the environmental effects of substances discharged into the environment. Certain toxic substances (e.g., cyanides) have a low persistence, whereas other less immediately toxic substances (e.g., many organochlorines) have a high persistence and may therefore produce more serious effects. persistance persistenza werkingsduur Persistenz persistence of pesticides The ability of a chemical to retain its molecular integrity and hence its physical, chemical, and functional characteristics in the environment through which such a chemical may be transported and distributed for a considerable period of time. persistance des pesticides persistenza dei pesticidi werkingsduur van bestrijdingsmiddelen Pestizidpersistenz personal responsibility responsabilité personnelle responsabilità personale persoonlijke verantwoordelijkheid Eigenverantwortung pest Any organism that damages crops, injures or irritates livestock or man, or reduces the fertility of land. déprédateur organismo infestante pest Schädling pest control Keeping down the number of pests by killing them or preventing them from attacking. lutte antiparasitaire controllo delle infestazioni bestrijding (van plagen) Schädlingsbekämpfung pesticide A general term for chemical agents that are used in order to kill unwanted plants, animals pests or disease-causing fungi, and embracing insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, nematicides, etc. Some pesticides have had widespread disruptive effects among non-target species. pesticide pesticida bestrijdingsmiddel Schädlingsbekämpfungsmittel pesticide control standard A norm or measure applicable in legal cases pertaining to the production, dissemination or use of substances designed to mitigate or eliminate insects or small animals that harm vegetation. norme de contrôle des pesticides norme di controllo dei pesticidi controlenorm voor bestrijdingsmiddelen Schädlingsbekämpfungsnorm pesticide pathway The specific or known route or vector of any chemical substance released into the environment to prevent, destroy or mitigate any pest that is directly or indirectly detrimental to harvest crops and other human interests. cheminement des pesticides percorso dei pesticidi door bestrijdingsmiddelen gevolgde weg Pestizidpfad residual pesticide A pesticide remaining in the environment for a fairly long time, continuing to be effective for days, weeks, and months. résidu de pesticide residuo di pesticida resten van bestrijdingsmiddellen Pestizidrückstand pest infestation 1) The occurrence of one or more pest species in an area or location where their numbers and impact are currently or potentially at intolerable levels. 2) A sudden increase in destructiveness or population numbers of a pest species in a given area. infestation parasitaire infestazione plaag Schädlingsbefall pet An animal which is kept in the home as a companion and treated affectionately. animal domestique (tenu en appartement) animale domestico huisdier Haustier petrochemical industry The production of materials derived from petroleum or natural gas. industrie pétrochimique industria petrolchimica petrochemische industrie Petrochemische Industrie petrol A fuel for internal combustion engines consisting essentially of volatile flammable liquid hydrocarbons; derived from crude petroleum by processes such as distillation reforming, polymerization, catalytic cracking, and alkilation. essence benzina benzine Benzin atlas A bound collection of maps or charts, plates, engravings or tables illustrating any subject. atlas atlante atlas Atlas petroleum A comparatively volatile liquid bitumen composed principally of hydrocarbon, with traces of sulphur, nitrogen or oxygen compounds; can be removed from the earth in a liquid state. pétrole petrolio (ruwe) aardolie Erdöl petroleum consumption Petroleum belongs to non-renewable energy sources; it is a complex substance derived from the carbonized remains of trees, ferns, mosses, and other types of vegetable matter. The principal chemical constituents of oil are carbon, hydrogen, and sulphur. The various fuels made from crude oil are jet fuel, gasoline, kerosine, diesel fuel, and heavy fuel oils. Major oil consumption is in the following areas: transportation, residential-commercial, industrial and for generating electric power. consommation de pétrole consumo di petrolio aardolieverbruik Erdölverbrauch petroleum geology The branch of economic geology that relates to the origin, migration and accumulation of oil and gas, and to the discovery of commercial deposits. Its practice involves the application of geochemistry, geophysics, paleontology, structural geology and stratigraphy to the problems of finding hydrocarbons. géologie des ressources pétrolières geologia petrolifera aardolie-geologie Erdölgeologie petroleum industry Manufacturing industry utilizing complex combination of interdependent operations engaged in the storage and transportation, separation of crude molecular constituents, molecular cracking, molecular rebuilding, and solvent finishing to produce petrochemical products. industrie pétrolière industria del petrolio aardolie-industrie Erdölindustrie conservation of petroleum resources Controlled utilization, protection and development of exploited and potentially exploitable sources of crude oil to meet current demand and ensure future requirements. préservation des ressources pétrolières conservazione delle risorse petrolifere bescherming van de aardoliebronnen Schutz von Erdölressourcen atmosphere The gaseous envelope surrounding the Earth in a several kilometers-thick layer. atmosphère atmosfera atmosfeer Atmosphäre phanerogam Plants that produce seeds. The group comprises the Gymnospermae and the Angiospermae. phanérogame fanerogame zichtbaar bloeiende planten Phanerogame pharmaceutical industry Concerted activity concerned with manufacturing pharmaceutical goods. industrie pharmaceutique industria farmaceutica farmaceutische industrie Pharmazeutische Industrie pharmaceutical waste Discarded medicinal drugs and related products from pharmacies, hospitals, clinics, pharmaceutical manufacturers, etc. déchet pharmaceutique rifiuto farmaceutico apotheekafval Apothekenabfall pharmacokinetics The study of the rates of absorption, tissue distribution, biotransformation, and excretion. pharmacocinétique cinetica farmacologica farmacokinetica Pharmakokinetik pharmacology The science dealing with the nature and properties of drugs, particularly their actions. pharmacologie farmacologia farmacologie Pharmakologie phenol A white crystalline soluble poisonous acidic derivative of benzene, used as an antiseptic and disinfectant and in the manufacture of resins, nylon, dyes, explosives and pharmaceuticals. phénol fenoli fenol Phenol pheromone Any substance secreted by an animal which influences the behaviour of other individuals of the same species. phérormone feromoni feromoon Pheromone philosophy The academic discipline concerned with making explicit the nature and significance of ordinary and scientific beliefs and investigating the intelligibility of concepts by means of rational argument concerning their presuppositions, implications, and interrelationships; in particular, the rational investigation of the nature and structure of reality (metaphysics), the resources and limits of knowledge (epistemology), the principles and import of moral judgment (ethics), and the relationship between language and reality (semantics). philosophie filosofia filosofie Philosophie phosphate 1) Generic term for any compound containing a phosphate group. 2) Any salt or ester of any phosphoric acid, especially a salt of orthophosphoric acid. phosphate fosfato fosfaat Phosphat phosphate removal Replacement of phosphate in detergents by environmentally safer substances, such as zeolite. The substitute will not act as a nutrient, and so will not cause eutrophication as a result of the accelerated growth of plants and microorganisms if it is released into waterways. déphosphatation eliminazione dei fosfati fosfaatverwijdering Phosphatelimination phosphate substitute All substances that are able to substitute phosphate compounds in detergents; they must have the same chemical and physical properties and must be less polluting for the environment. substitut du phosphate sostituto dei fosfati fosfaatvervangingsmiddel Phosphatersatzstoff phosphorus A nonmetallic element used to manufacture phosphoric acid, in phosphor bronzes, incendiaries, pyrotechnics, matches, and rat poisons; the white or yellow allotrope is a soft waxy solid, soluble in carbon disulfide, insoluble in water and alcohol, and is poisonous and self-igniting in air; the red allotrope is an amorphous powder, insoluble in all solvents and is nonpoisonous; the black allotrope comprises lustrous crystals similar to graphite, and is insoluble in most solvents. phosphore fosforo fosfor Phosphor photochemical agent Agents which trigger off photochemical reactions. réactif photochimique agente fotochimico fotochemisch middel Photochemische Mittel photochemical effect The result or consequence of a chemical reaction caused by light or ultraviolet radiation. effet photochimique effetto fotochimico fotochemisch effect Photochemische Wirkung photochemical oxidant Any of the chemicals which enter into oxidation reactions in the presence of light or other radiant energy. oxydant photochimique ossidante fotochimico fotochemische oxidant Photooxidantien photochemical product Degradation products that are produced by the action of light radiation. produit photochimique prodotto fotochimico fotochemische product Photochemisches Produkt photochemical reaction Chemical reaction which is initiated by light of a specific wavelength. In an environmental context an example is the potential action of ultraviolet light on CFCs which may bring about the detrimental degradation of the ozone layer. Photochemical reactions initiate the process of photosynthesis in which plants convert carbon dioxide into sugars, which are incorporated into cell materials. réaction photochimique reazione fotochimica fotochemische reactie Photochemische Reaktion photochemical smog A combination of fog and chemicals that come from automobile and factory emissions and is acted upon by the action of the sun. Nitrogen dioxide, in the presence of the sun and some hydrocarbons, is turned into nitric oxide and atomic oxygen. The atomic oxygen reacts with the oxygen molecules and other constituents of automobile exhaust fumes to form a variety of products including ozone. The ozone is harmful in itself and is also implicated in a highly complex series of continuing reactions. As long as there is ozone or nitrogen dioxide and sunlight present, other undesirable reactions will occur. smog photochimique smog fotochimico fotochemische smog Photochemischer Smog photogrammetry The process of making measurements from photographs, used especially in the construction of maps from aerial photographs and also in military intelligence, medical and industrial research, etc. photogrammétrie fotogrammetria fotogrammetrie Photogrammetrie photograph An image captured by a camera or some other device and reproduced as a picture, usually on a sensitized surface and formed by the chemical action of light or of radiant energy. photo fotografia (immagine) foto Photo atmospheric chemistry The study of the production, transport, modification, and removal of atmospheric constituents in the troposphere and stratosphere. chimie de l'atmosphère chimica dell'atmosfera atmosferische scheikunde Atmosphärenchemie photosynthesis The process by which plants transform carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates and other compounds, using energy from the sun captured by chlorophyll in the plant. Oxygen is a by-product of the process. Photosynthesis is the essence of all plant life (autotrophic production) and hence of all animal life (heterotrophic production) on the planet Earth. The rate of photosynthesis depends on climate, intensity and duration of sunlight, available leaf area, soil nutrient availability, temperature, carbon dioxide concentration, and soil moisture regimes. photosynthèse fotosintesi fotosynthese Photosynthese atmospheric circulation The general movement and circulation of air, which transfers energy between different levels of the atmosphere. The mechanisms of circulation are very complicated. They involve the transfer of energy between the oceans and the atmosphere, the land and the atmosphere, as well as the different levels of the atmosphere. circulation atmosphérique circolazione atmosferica luchtstromingen Atmosphaerische Zirkulation physical conditions condition physique condizione fisica lichamelijke toestand Gesundheitszustand physical geography The study of the spatial and temporal characteristics and relationships of all phenomena within the Earth's physical environment. géographie physique geografia fisica fysische geografie Physische Geographie physical oceanography The study of the physical aspects of the ocean, the movements of the sea, and the variability of these factors in relationship to the atmosphere and the ocean bottom. océanographie physique oceanografia fisica fysische oceanografie Physische Ozeanographie physical planning A form of urban land use planning which attempts to achieve an optimal spatial coordination of different human activities for the enhancement of the quality of life. planification de l'espace physique pianificazione dello spazio fisico ruimtelijke ordening Raumplanung physical pollutant A pollutant characterized by its influence on environmental conditions caused by forces and operations of physics, such as noise, microwave radiation, vibration, etc. polluant physique inquinante fisico fysische vervuiler Physikalischer Schadstoff physical pollution The introduction or presence of harmful substances or forces in the environment that cause damage to the environment and its processes due to their material actions, as through vibration, thermal alteration or electromagnetic radiation. pollution physique inquinamento fisico fysische verontreiniging Physikalische Verunreinigung physical process A continuous action or series of changes which alters the material form of matter. processus physique processi fisici fysische processen Physikalischer Vorgang physical property Property of a compound that can change without involving a change in chemical composition. propriété physique proprietà fisiche fysische eigenschappen Physikalische Kenngröße atmospheric component The Earth's atmosphere consists by volume of nitrogen (79,1%), oxygen (20,9%), carbon dioxide (about 0,03%) and traces of the noble gases (argon, krypton, xenon, helium) plus water vapour, traces of ammonia, organic matter, ozone, various salts and suspended solid particles. composant atmosphérique componenti dell'atmosfera onderdeel van de atmosfeer Atmosphärisches Bestandteil physical science The sciences concerned with nonliving matter, energy, and the physical properties of the universe, such as physics, chemistry, astronomy, and geology. science physique scienze fisiche natuurwetenschappen Naturwissenschaft physicochemical process Processes involving changes in the physical properties and chemical structure of substances. processus physico-chimique processi chimico-fisici fysico-chemische processen Physikalisch-chemische Verfahren physicochemical purification Used to concentrate waste brines and to remove solid organics and ammonia from aqueous solutions. Physical treatment consists of reverse osmosis, dialysis, electrodialysis, evaporation, carbon, adsorption, ammonia stripping, filtration, sedimentation, and flocculation. Chemical treatment consists of ion exchange, neutralization, oxidation, reduction, precipitation, and calcination. épuration physicochimique depurazione fisico-chimica fysico-chemische zuivering Physikalisch-chemische Reinigung physics The study of those aspects of nature which can be understood in a fundamental way in terms of elementary principles and laws. physique fisica natuurkunde Physik atmospheric composition The chemical abundance in the earth's atmosphere of its constituents including nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide, water vapour, ozone, neon, helium, krypton, methane, hydrogen and nitrous oxide. composition de l'atmosphère composizione dell'atmosfera samenstelling van de atmosfeer Atmosphärische Zusammensetzung physiology The biological study of the functions of living organisms and their parts. physiologie fisiologia fysiologie Physiologie phytomass Plant biomass; any quantitative estimate of the total mass of plants in a stand, population, or within a given area, at a given time. phytomasse fitomassa fytomassa Phytomasse phytopathology The study of plant diseases and their control. phytopathologie fitopatologia plantenziektekunde Phytopathologie phytoplankton Planktonic plant life. phytoplancton fitoplancton fytoplankton Phytoplankton phytosociology The study of vegetation, including the organization, interdependence, development, geographical distribution and classification of plant communities. phytosociologie fitosociologia plantensociologie Vegetationskunde atmospheric emission Suspended pollutants -- solid particles, liquid aerosols, etc. -- or toxic gases released into the atmosphere from a polluting source, or type of source. émission atmosphérique emissioni atmosferiche atmosferische uitstoot Atmosphärische Emission phytotoxicity phytotoxicité fitotossicità fytotoxiciteit Phytotoxizität pickling plant Plant where scale is removed from iron and steel usually by means of immersion in a hot hydrochloric or sulphuric acid bath. Wastes include spent pickling liquor, sludges and rinse water. atelier de décapage impianto di decapaggio inleggerij Beizerei satellite image A pictorial representation of data projected onto a two-dimensional grid of individual picture elements (pixels) and acquired from a human-made vessel placed in orbit round a planet, moon or star. image satellite immagine da satellite satellietbeeld Satellitenbild atmospheric humidity A measurable quantity of the moisture content found in the earth's atmosphere. humidité de l'air umidità atmosferica atmosferische vochtigheid Luftfeuchtigkeit pilotage The service provided by a pilot, one who controls the movements of a ship or aircraft by visual or electronic means. pilotage pilotaggio loodsdienst Lotsendienst pilot plant A small version of a planned industrial plant, built to gain experience in operating the final plant. installation pilote impianto pilota proefinstallatie Versuchsanlage pilot project A small scale experiment or set of observations undertaken to decide how and whether to launch a full-scale project. projet pilote progetto pilota proefproject Pilotprojekt pinniped Belonging to the Pinnipedia, an order of aquatic placental mammals having a streamlined body and limbs specialized as flippers: includes seals, sea lions, and the walrus. pinnipèdes pinnipedi zeeroofdieren Flossenfüsser atmospheric layering Any one of a number of strata or layers of the earth's atmosphere; temperature distribution is the most common criterion used for denoting the various shell. Also known as atmospheric shell; atmospheric region. stratification atmosphérique stratificazione atmosferica gelaagdheid van de dampkring Atmosphärische Schichtung pipeline A line of pipe connected to valves and other control devices, for conducting fluids, gases, or finely divided solids. pipeline condotta (pijp)leiding Rohrleitung pipe A tube made of metal, clay, plastic, wood, or concrete and used to conduct a fluid, gas, or finely divided solid. tuyau conduttura pijp Rohr plain An extensive, broad tract of level or rolling, almost treeless land with a shrubby vegetation, usually at a low elevation. plaine pianura (laag)vlakte Ebene plan A scheme of action, a method of proceeding thought out in advance. plan piano plan Plan plane source Pollution which arises from various activities with no discrete source. source plane (d'émissions) sorgente piana fossiele bron Flächenquelle plankton Small organisms (animals, plants, or microbes) passively floating in water. plancton plancton plankton Plankton planned urban development Any physical extension of, or changes to, the uses of land in metropolitan areas following certain preparations or designs. plan de développement urbain sviluppo urbano pianificato geplande stedelijke ontwikkeling Geplante städtische Entwicklung planning The act of making a detailed scheme for attaining an objective. planification pianificazione planning Planung atmospheric model A simulation, pattern or plan designed to demonstrate the structure or workings of the atmosphere surrounding any object, including the Earth. modèle atmosphérique modello atmosferico atmosferisch model Atmosphärisches Modell planning law A binding rule or body of rules prescribed by a government to organize, designate and regulate land use within its domain through zoning laws, subdivision regulations, rent and sign controls, growth management and other measures designed to protect human health and ecological integrity. législation sur la planification legislazione sulla pianificazione wetgeving inzake de ruimtelijke planning Planungsrecht planning measure A procedure or course of action taken to design, organize or prepare for the future. mesure d'aménagement du territoire misura pianificatoria planologische maatregel Planungsmaßnahme planning permission An authorization, license or equivalent control document issued by a government agency that approves a step by step method and process of defining, developing and outlining various possible courses of action to meet existing or future needs, goals and objectives. permis d'aménagement permesso di pianificazione bouwvergunning Planfeststellung Planning-Programming-Budgeting System A system to achieve long-term goals or objectives by means of analysis and evaluation of the alternatives. PPB is designed to solve problems by finding the most effective and most efficient solution on the basis of objective criteria. rationalisation des choix budgétaires sistema di bilancio per la pianificazione e la programmazione plannings- en begrotings systeem Planning-Programming-Budgeting plant breeding Raising a certain type of plant by crossing one variety with another to produce a new variety where the desired characteristics are strongest. sélection des plantes coltivazione di piante plantenveredeling Pflanzenzucht plant community Any group of plants belonging to a number of different species that co-occur in the same habitat or area and interact through trophic and spatial relationships; typically characterized by reference to one or more dominant species. communauté végétale comunità vegetale plantengemeenschap Pflanzengesellschaft plant component The constituent parts of a plant. partie de la plante parti della pianta plantendeel Pflanzenteil plant disease pathologie végétale malattia delle piante planteziekte Pflanzenkrankheit plant equipment The equipment, including machinery, tools, instruments, and fixtures necessary for an industrial or manufacturing operation. équipement d'usine attrezzatura per impianti fabrieksuitrusting Anlagenausrüstung plant genetics The scientific study of the hereditary material of plants for purposes such as hybridization, improved food resources and increased production. génétique végétale genetica vegetale plantengenetica Pflanzengenetik plant health care phytosanitaire cura delle piante arbeidsveiligheid Betriebsgesundheitsfürsorge atmospheric monitoring A practice of continuous atmospheric sampling by various levels of government or particular industries. surveillance de l'atmosphère monitoraggio dell'atmosfera atmosferische metingen Atmosphärische Überwachung plant protection product Any substance or mixture of substances which through physiological action protects the plants against parasites, fungi, virus, or other damaging factors. produit phytosanitaire prodotto fitosanitario gewasbeschermingsmiddel Pflanzenschutzmittel plantigrade Pertaining to mammals walking with the whole sole of the foot touching the ground. plantigrades plantigradi zoolgangers Sohlengänger planting The establishment of trees by planting seedlings, transplants, or cuttings. plantation (d'arbres) piantumazione planten Bepflanzung plant physiology The study of the function and chemical reactions within the various organs of plants. physiologie des plantes fisiologia vegetale plantenfysiologie Pflanzenphysiologie plant protection Conservation of plant species that may be rare or endangered, and of other plants of particular significance. protection des plantes protezione delle piante gewasbescherming Pflanzenschutz testing of plant protection products Tests performed to establish the effectiveness of pesticides under a wide variety of climatic and other environmental conditions; to assess the possible side effects on animals, plants and humans and to determine the persistence of pesticide residues in the environment. essai de produits phytosanitaires test di prodotti per la protezione delle piante testen van plantenbeschermende producten Pflanzenschutzmittelprüfung atmospheric ozone A triatomic molecule of oxygen; a natural constituent of the atmosphere, with the highest concentrations in the ozone layer or stratosphere; it is found at a level between 15 and 30 km above the Earth, which prevents harmful ultraviolet B radiation, which causes skin cancer and threatens plant life, from reaching the ground. The fragile shield is being damaged by chemicals released on Earth. The main chemicals that are depleting stratospheric ozone are chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which are used in refrigerators, aerosols and as cleaners in many industries and halons, which are used in fire extinguishers. The damage is caused when these chemicals release highly reactive forms of chlorine and bromine. ozone atmosphérique ozono atmosferico atmosferische ozon Atmosphärisches Ozon plant (biology) Any living organism that typically synthesizes its food from inorganic substances, possesses cellulose cell walls, responds slowly and often permanently to a stimulus, lacks specialized sense organs and nervous system, and has no powers of locomotion. plante piante planten Pflanze plant textile fibre Natural textile fibres of vegetal origin. fibre textile végétale fibra tessile vegetale plantaardige textielvezels Pflanzliche Textilfaser plant trade Trade of plants is subjected to regulations established by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). commerce des plantes commercio di piante handel in planten Pflanzenhandel plasma technology 1) Common name for a number of industrial applications of plasma, such as: etching of semiconductor chips, deposition of silicon for solar cell production, deposition of silicon dioxide for passivation of surfaces, activation of surfaces, melting and welding with plasma arcs as well as plasma chemistry. 2) Plasma technology consists of minute gas-filled cells, which emit light when an electric current is channelled through them. technologie du plasma tecnologia del plasma plasma technologie Plasmatechnik plastic A polymeric material (usually organic) of large molecular weight which can be shaped by flow; usually refers to the final product with fillers, plasticizers, pigments, and stabilizers included (versus the resin, the homogeneous polymeric starting material); examples are polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, and urea-formaldehyde. plastique plastica plastic Plastik atmospheric particulate A concentration of fine liquid or solid particles, such as dust, smoke, mist, fumes or smog, found in the atmosphere. particule atmosphérique materiale particolato atmosferico atmosferische deeltje Atmosphärischer Schwebstoff plastic waste Any discarded plastic (organic, or synthetic, material derived from polymers, resins or cellulose) generated by any industrial process, or by consumers. déchets plastiques rifiuto di plastica plasticafval Kunststoffabfall platinum A ductile malleable silvery-white metallic element very resistant to heat and chemicals. It occurs free and in association with other platinum metals, especially in osmiridium; used in jewellery, laboratory apparatus, electrical contacts, dentistry, electroplating, and as a catalyst. platine platino platina Platin playground A piece of land used for recreation, especially by children, often including equipment such as swings and slides. terrain de jeu parco giochi speelplaats Spielplatz atmospheric physics The study of the physical phenomena of the atmosphere. physique atmosphérique fisica dell'atmosfera atmosferische natuurkunde Atmosphärische Physik plutonium A highly toxic metallic transuranic element. It occurs in trace amounts in uranium ores and is produced in a nuclear reactor by neutron bombardment of uranium-238. The most stable and important isotope, plutonium-239, readily undergoes fission and is used as a reactor fuel in nuclear power stations and in nuclear weapons. plutonium plutonio plutonium Plutonium poaching To catch game, fish, etc. illegally by trespassing on private property. braconnage bracconaggio stropen Wilderei point source Pollution from a discrete source, such as a septic tank, a sewer, a discharge type, a landfill, a factory or waste water treatment works discharging to a watercourse; stack emission from an industrial process; or spillage from an underground storage tank leaching into groundwater. source (d'émissions) ponctuelle sorgente puntiforme puntbron Punktquelle poison A substance which, when ingested, inhaled, or absorbed, or when applied to, injected into, or developed within the body, in relatively small amounts, may cause injury, harm, or destruction to organs, tissue, or life. poison veleno vergif Gift poisoning The morbid condition produced by a poison which may be swallowed, inhaled, injected, or absorbed through the skin. empoisonnement avvelenamento vergiftiging Vergiftung atmospheric pollution The presence in the air of one or more contaminants in such a concentration and of such duration as to cause a nuisance or to be injurious to human life, animal life or vegetation. pollution atmosphérique inquinamento atmosferico luchtvervuiling Atmosphärische Verunreinigung polar ecosystem The interacting systems of the biological communities and their nonliving environmental surroundings located in the regions where the air temperature is perennially below 10° Celsius, usually at and near the North and South Poles. écosystème polaire ecosistemi polari polaire ecosystemen Polares Ökosystem polar region Area relating to the earth's poles or the area inside the Arctic or Antarctic Circles. région polaire regione polare poolgebied Polargebiet polder A generally fertile tract of flat, low-lying land (as in Netherlands and Belgium) reclaimed and protected from the sea, a lake, a river, or other body of water by the use of embankments, dikes, dams, or levees. The term is usually reserved for coastal areas that are at or below sea level and that are constantly protected by an organized system of maintenance and defense. polder polder polder Polder police Branch of the government which is charged with the preservation of public order, the promotion of public health and safety, and the prevention, detection, and punishment of crimes. police polizia politie Polizei police law A binding rule or body of rules prescribed by a government to regulate the employment and tactics of police or other civil agents organized to maintain order, prevent and detect crimes and promote obedience to civil regulations and authority. loi de police diritto di polizia politieverordening Polizeirecht atmospheric precipitation The settling out of water from cloud in the form of dew, rain, hail, snow, etc. précipitation atmosphérique precipitazione atmosferica neerslag Niederschlag policy politique politica gestionale beleid Politik politics The theory and practice of acquiring and exercising the power to govern in a society in order to arbitrate values, allocate resources and establish and enforce rules. politique politica politiek Politik (allgemein) policy guideline règle politique regolamento di politica gestionale beleidsregel Politische Leitlinie policy instrument The method or mechanism used by government, political parties, business or individuals to achieve a desired effect, through legal or economic means. instrument politique strumento politico beleidsinstrumenten Politische Instrumente policy integration The process of coordinating, harmonizing and unifying the goals and procedures of various offices or units of an organization. intégration stratégique integrazione delle politiche gestionali beleidsintegratie Politikvernetzung conservation policy The guiding procedure, philosophy or course of action for preserving and renewing human and natural resources. politique de conservation de la nature politica di conservazione (milieu)beschermingsbeleid Naturschutzpolitik policy planning The process of making arrangements or preparations to facilitate any course of action that may be adopted and pursued by government, business or some other organization. planification politique pianificazione delle politiche beleidsplanning Politikplanung political counselling activité de conseil dans le domaine politique consultazione politica politieke raadgeving Politikberatung political doctrine A policy, position or principle advocated, taught or put into effect concerning the acquisition and exercise of the power to govern or administrate in society. doctrine politique dottrina politica politieke doctrine Politische Lehrmeinung political ecology écologie politique ecologia politica politieke ecologie Politische Ökologie political geography The study of the effects of political actions on human geography, involving the spatial analysis of political phenomena. géographie politique geografia politica politieke geografie Politische Geographie political organisation A group of persons organized to seek or exercise power in governmental or public affairs, by supporting candidates for office or by lobbying for action and mobilizing support for bills or governmental policies. organisation politique organizzazione politica politieke organisatie Politische Organisation political party An organized group that has as its fundamental aim the attainment of political power and public office for its designated leaders. Usually, a political party will advertise a common commitment by its leaders and its membership to a set of political, social, economic and/or cultural values. parti politique partito politico politieke partij Politische Partei political power The might, ability or authority of governments, citizens groups and other interested parties in enacting change or in influencing or controlling the outcome of governmental or public policies affecting a nation, region or municipality. pouvoir politique potere politico politieke macht Politische Macht atmospheric process Atmospheric processes are distinguished in physical and chemical processes and both types may be operating simultaneously in complicated and interdependent ways. The physical processes of transport by atmospheric winds and the formation of clouds and precipitation strongly influence the patterns and rates of acidic deposition, while chemical reactions govern the forms of the compounds deposited. phénomène atmosphérique processi atmosferici meteorologisch processen Atmosphärischer Vorgang pollen Microspores of seed-producing plants. Each pollen grain contains a much-reduced male gametophyte. Pollen grains are transferred by wind, water, birds or other animals. pollen polline stuifmeel Pollen pollutant Any substance, usually a residue of human activity, which has an undesirable effect upon the environment. polluant inquinanti verontreinigende stoffen Schadstoff pollutant absorption The process by which a pollutant is physically incorporated into another substance or body. absorption de polluant assorbimento di inquinanti opname van verontreinigende stoffen Schadstoffaufnahme pollutant accumulation The process by which concentrations of pollutants progressively increase in the tissues of living organisms in environments where these pollutants are present. accumulation de polluant accumulo di inquinanti opstapeling van verontreinigende stoffen Schadstoffakkumulation pollutant analysis The determination of the composition of any substance that causes pollution, using classical laboratory techniques and other methods involving analytical chemistry. analyse de polluant analisi degli inquinanti analyse verontreinigende stoffen Schadstoffanalyse atmospheric science The atmospheric sciences study the dynamics, physics and chemistry of atmospheric phenomena and processes, including the interactions of the atmosphere with soil physics, hydrology and oceanic circulation. The research focuses on the following areas: turbulence and convection, atmospheric radiation and remote sensing, aerosol and cloud physics and chemistry, planetary atmospheres, air-sea interactions, climate, and statistical meteorology. science de l'atmosphère scienze dell'atmosfera atmosferische wetenschappen Atmosphärische Wissenschaften pollutant assessment évaluation des polluants valutazione degli inquinanti inschatting van een verontreinigende stof Schadstoffbewertung pollutant behaviour comportement des polluants comportamento degli inquinanti gedraging van verontreinigende stoffen Schadstoffverhalten pollutant concentration A measure of the amount of a polluting substance in a given amount of water, soil, air, food or other medium. concentration de polluant concentrazione di inquinanti gehalte aan verontreinigende stoffen Schadstoffkonzentration pollutant degradation The physical, chemical or biological breakdown of a complex polluting material into simpler components. dégradation des polluants degradazione degli inquinanti afbraak van verontreinigende stoffen Schadstoffabbau pollutant deposition The act or process in which polluting agents settle or accumulate naturally in ecosystems. retombée des polluants deposizione di inquinanti afzetting van verontreinigende stoffen Schadstoffdeposition pollutant dispersion The spreading of pollutants from a point of release in air, soil and water. The dispersion of air pollutants is heavily influenced by how and where the pollutant is emitted, e.g., by continuous low-level versus accidental releases, multiple stacks versus a few, or the height of the stacks. The nature of the local terrain meteorology and the chemistry of the released material strongly influence the pattern of regional and, finally, global dispersion and transport. diffusion de polluant dispersione degli inquinanti verstooiing van verontreinigende stoffen Schadstoffausbreitung pollutant distribution Arrangement, or pattern, associated with the occurrence of pollutants over a geographical area. distribution des polluants distribuzione degli inquinanti verdeling van verontreinigende stoffen Schadstoffverteilung atmospheric structure The gaseous area surrounding the planet is divided into several concentric spherical strata (layers, like shells) separated by narrow transition zones. The boundaries are know as "pause". More than 99% of the total atmospheric mass is concentrated in the first 40 km from the Earth's surface. Atmospheric layers are characterized by differences in chemical composition that produce variations in temperature. structure atmosphérique struttura dell'atmosfera structuur van de dampkring Atmosphärischer Aufbau pollutant elimination The process of completely removing a pollutant's source as well as the pollutant itself. élimination de polluant eliminazione degli inquinanti verwijdering van verontreinigende stoffen Schadstoffelimination pollutant emission Release of polluting substances in the air, water and soil from a given source and measured at the immission point. émission de polluant emissione di inquinanti uitstoot van verontreinigende stoffen Schadstoffemission pollutant exposure The act or state of being subjected to a substance that adversely affects human health, property or the environment. exposition aux polluants esposizione agli inquinanti blootstelling aan verontreinigende stoffen Schadstoffexposition pollutant formation The act or process in which polluting agents are created, produced or formed. formation des polluants formazione di inquinanti vorming van verontreinigende stoffen Schadstoffbildung pollutant immission The transfer of solid, liquid, or gaseous contaminants in the air, water, and soil. immission des polluants immissione di inquinanti immissies van verontreinigende stoffen Schadstoffimmission pollutant immobilisation The treatment process used to reduce the solubility of pollutants in order to minimize possible migration or leaching or to prepare for their disposal. immobilisation des polluants immobilizzazione degli inquinanti binding van verontreinigende stoffen Schadstoffimmobilisierung pollutant level A value representing the concentration of a polluting agent in a specified area, often determined by a measuring and recording device. niveau de présence d'un polluant livello degli inquinanti verontreinigingsgraad Schadstoffkonzentration pollutant load The amount of polluting material that a transporting agent, such as a stream, a glacier, or the wind, is actually carrying at a given time. charge de polluant carico inquinante verontreinigingsbelasting (druk) Schadstoffbelastung pollutant mobilisation mobilisation des polluants mobilizzazione degli inquinanti het vrijkomen van verontreinigende stoffen Schadstoffmobilisierung pollutant monitoring Periodic or continuous determination of the amount of pollutants present in the environment. surveillance des polluants monitoraggio degli inquinanti meting van verontreinigende stoffen Schadstoffüberwachung pollutant pathway The retraceable route of a pollutant, from its source, through its interactions with the environment, and finally to its effect upon a target ecosystem or target organisms. cheminement des polluants percorso degli inquinanti pad gevolgd door verontreinigende stoffen Schadstoffverbleib pollutant reduction All measures aimed at reducing pollutants often through physical or chemical removal of toxic, or potentially toxic, materials. diminution de la quantité de polluants riduzione degli inquinanti terugdringen van milieuverontreiniging Schadstoffminderung pollutant remobilisation remise en mouvement des polluants ri-mobilizzazione degli inquinanti het opnieuw vrijkomen van verontreinigende stoffen Schadstoffremobilisierung pollutant source identification identification de la source de pollution identificazione delle fonti inquinanti vaststelling verontreinigingsbronnen Bestimmung der Schadstoffquelle polluted matter A solid, liquid or gas that has been contaminated, rendered impure or made unsafe for use. matière polluée materiale inquinato verontreinigd materiaal Schmutzstoff polluter-pays principle The principle that those causing pollution should meet the costs to which it gives rise. principe pollueur payeur principio inquinatore-pagatore het vervuiler betaalt-principe Verursacherprinzip pollution The indirect or direct alteration of the biological, thermal, physical, or radioactive properties of any medium in such a way as to create a hazard or potential hazard to human health or to the health, safety or welfare of any living species. pollution inquinamento verontreiniging Verunreinigung pollution abatement The reduction in degree or intensity of pollution in soil, rivers, lakes, seas, atmosphere, etc. réduction de la pollution abbattimento dell'inquinamento bestrijding van (milieu)verontreiniging Bekämpfung der Verschmutzung pollution abatement equipment Equipment for the reduction in degree or intensity of pollution. moyens de réduction de la pollution apparecchiatura per il disinquinamento uitrusting voor de bestrijding van milieuverontreiniging Umweltschutzanlage pollution control Chemical and physical methods to lessen discharges of most pollutants; for carbon dioxide there is, at present, no economic or practical way to reduce the quantities discharged except by reduced fossil fuel usage. Most specific means for removing pollutants from emissions include flue-gas desulphurisation, fluidised combustion, catalytic converters and the redesign of equipment, such as furnace burners and car engines, to lessen the production of pollutants. lutte contre la pollution controllo dell'inquinamento beheersing van milieuverontreiniging Emissionsminderung pollution control equipment Devices for the reduction and/or removal of those emissions to the environment which have the potential to cause pollution. équipement de lutte contre la pollution dispositivo per il controllo dell'inquinamento uitrusting voor de beheersing van milieuverontreiniging Umweltschutzgerät pollution control regulation A body of rules or orders prescribed by government, management or an international organization or treaty in which limits are established for the emission of substances that harm or adversely alter the environment and human health. réglementation de lutte contre la pollution disposizioni sul controllo dell'inquinamento regelgeving milieuverontreiniging Umweltschutzvorschrift pollution control technology Methods used to reduce the amount of contaminants discharged from a source. technologie de lutte contre la pollution tecnologia per la gestione dell'inquinamento technologie voor de bestrijding van milieuverontreiniging Umweltschutztechnik pollution criterion Standard established for certain pollutants which limits their concentration. critère de pollution criteri di inquinamento verontreinigingscriteria Verschmutzungskriterien pollution effect The main pollution effects concern human health and cover all aspects of the physical environment - air, water and land, including the effects of climate change. Human activities which are sources of pollution arise from domestic, commercial, industrial and military sectors and their effects are influenced by various issues, trends and public sector programmes, such as safe water and food, management of waste, increasing use of chemicals in agriculture, and urbanization. Types of pollutants which are negatively impacting health include litter, toxic chemicals, nuclear waste, lead, spoil from mining, food and water contaminants; and the polluting effects of over-population. effet de pollution effetto dell'inquinamento gevolgen van milieuverontreiniging Auswirkung der Verunreinigung pollution indicator Organisms, mostly plants, which are most sensitive to slight changes in environmental factors. When identified their reaction can serve as an early warning of the endangerment of the health of a community. indicateur de pollution indicatore d'inquinamento indicator van milieuverontreiniging Verschmutzungsindikator pollution liability Liability for injuries arising from the release of hazardous substances or pollutants or contaminants. responsabilité de la pollution responsabilità per l'inquinamento aansprakelijkheid voor milieuverontreiniging Umwelthaftung pollution load The amount of stress placed upon an ecosystem by pollution, physical or chemical, released into it by man-made or natural means. charge polluante carico di inquinamento verontreinigingswaarde Schadstoffbelastung pollution measurement The assessment of the concentration of pollutants for a given time in a given point. mesure de pollution misura dell'inquinamento meting milieuverontreiniging Schadstoffmessung pollution monitoring The quantitative or qualitative measure of the presence, effect or level of any polluting substance in air, water or soil. surveillance de la pollution monitoraggio dell'inquinamento bemonstering milieuverontreiniging Umweltmonitoring pollution norm norme de pollution norme sull'inquinamento milieuverontreinigingsnorm Schadstoffnorm pollution risk Probability of harm to human health, property or the environment posed by the introduction of an undesirable substance into the ecosystem. risque de pollution rischio di inquinamento milieuverontreinigingsrisico Umweltverschmutzungsrisiko pollution sink Vehicle for removal of a chemical or gas from the atmosphere-biosphere-ocean system, in which the substance is absorbed into a permanent or semi-permanent repository, or else transformed into another substance. A carbon sink, for example, might be the ocean (which absorbs and holds carbon from other parts of carbon cycle) or photosynthesis (which converts atmospheric carbon into plant material). Sinks are a fundamental factor in the ongoing balance which determines the concentration of every greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. If the sink is greater than the sources of a gas, its concentration in the atmosphere will decrease; if the source is greater than the sink, the concentration will increase. puits de pollution bacino di inquinamento plaats waar milieuverontreiniging in de bodem doordringt Schadstoffsenke source of pollution The place, places or areas from where a pollutant is released into the atmosphere or water, or where noise is generated. A source can be classified as point source, i.e. a large individual generator of pollution, an area source, or a line source, e.g. vehicle emissions and noise. source de pollution fonte di inquinamento bron van (milieu)verontreiniging Schadstoffquelle polybrominated biphenyl A chemical substance the composition of which, without regard to impurities, consists of brominated biphenyl molecules. polybromobiphényle bifenili polibromurati polybroombifenyl Polybrombiphenyl polychlorinated biphenyl PCBs are a family of chemical compounds which do not exist in nature but which are man-made. Commercial mixtures are clear, pale yellow liquids, manufactured by the replacement of hydrogen atoms on the biphenyl molecule by chlorine. Because of their physical properties, PCBs are commonly found in electrical equipment which requires dielectric fluid such as power transformers and capacitors, as well as in hydraulic machinery, vacuum pumps, compressors and heat-exchanger fluids. Other uses include: lubricants, fluorescent light ballasts, paints, glues, waxes, carbonless copy paper, inks including newspapers, dust-control agents for dirt roads, solvents for spreading insecticides, cutting oils. PCBs are stable compounds and although they are no longer manufactured they are extremely persistent and remain in huge quantities in the atmosphere and in landfill sites. They are not water-soluble and float on the surface of water where they are eaten by aquatic animals and so enter the food chain. PCBs are fat-soluble, and are therefore easy to take into the system, but difficult to excrete. polychlorobiphényle bifenili policlorurati polychloorbifenyl Polychlorbiphenyl polychlordibenzo-p-dioxin PCDD are formed (along with variants including furans) when compounds containing chlorine are burnt at low temperature in improperly operated/designed domestic refuse and industrial waste incinerators where PCDDs can be found in both the flue gases and the fly ash. dioxine-p de dibenzofuranne polychloré policlorodibenzo-p-diossina polychloordibenzo-p-dioxine Polychloriertes Dibenzo-p-Dioxin polychlorinated dibenzofuran A family containing 135 individual, colorless compounds known as congeners with varying harmful health and environmental effects. They are produced as unwanted compounds during the manufacture of several chemicals and consumer products such as wood treatment chemicals, some metals, and paper products; also produced from the burning of municipal and industrial waste in incinerators, from exhaust of leaded gasoline, heat, or production of electricity. They are hazardous to the respiratory system, gastrointestinal system, liver, musculoskeletal system, skin and nervous system; and are toxic by inhalation, ingestion, and contact. Symptoms of exposure include frequent coughing, severe respiratory infections, chronic bronchitis, abdominal pain, muscle pain, acne rashes, skin color changes, unexpected weight loss, nonmalignant or malignant liver disease. polychlorodibenzofurane dibenzofurani policlorurati polychloordibenzofuraan Polychlordibenzofuran polychlorinated terphenyl Compounds consisting of three benzene rings linked to each other in either ortho, meta or para positions and substituted with chlorine atoms. polychloroterphényle terfenili policlorurati polychloorterfenyl Polychlorterphenyle polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon Hydrocarbons containing two or more closed rings of atoms. hydrocarbure aromatique polycyclique idrocarburi aromatici policiclici polycyclische aromatische koolwaterstof Polyzyklische aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe polycyclic hydrocarbon Hydrocarbon molecule with two or more nuclei; examples are naphtalene, with two benzene rings side by side, or diphenyl, with two bond-connected benzene rings. Also known as polynuclear hydrocarbon. hydrocarbure polycyclique idrocarburi policiclici polycyclische koolwaterstof Polyzyklischer Kohlenwasserstoff polyethylene terephtalate 1) A thermoplastic polyester resin made from ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid; melts at 265°C; used to make films or fibers. 2) Type of plastic used to make artificial fibres and plastic bottles, which can be recycled. polyéthylène téréphtalate polietilentereftalato polyethyleentereftalaat Polyäthylenterephtalat polymerisation 1) The bonding of two or more monomers to produce a polymer. 2) Any chemical reaction that produces such a bonding. polymérisation polimerizzazione polymerisatie Polymerisation polymer Substance made of giant molecules formed by the union of simple molecules (monomers). polymère polimeri polymeer Polymer polyvinyl chloride Polymer of vinyl chloride; tasteless, odourless; insoluble in most organic solvents; a member of the family of vinyl resins. polychlorure de vinyle cloruro di polivinile polyvinylchloride Polyvinylchlorid pond A natural body of standing fresh water occupying a small surface depression, usually smaller than a lake and larger than a pool. étang stagno vijver Weiher tailings pond Any collection of liquid effluents or wastewater drained or separated out during the processing of crops or mineral ores. bassin de décantation des résidus bacino di decantazione degli sterili di miniera afvalvijver Bergeteich pool A small, natural body of standing water, usually fresh; e.g. a stagnant body of water in a marsh, or a still body of water within a cave. mare pozza vijver Tümpel population distribution The density, dispersal pattern and apportionment of the total number of persons in any area. distribution démographique distribuzione della popolazione bevolkingsspreiding Bevölkerungsverteilung population dynamics The process of numerical and structural change within populations resulting from births, deaths, and movements. dynamique de population dinamica della popolazione bevolkingsdemografie Populationsdynamik population (ecological) A group of organisms of one species, occupying a defined area. population (écologique) popolazione (ecologia) populatie (ecologisch) Population population ecology The study of the interaction of a particular species or genus population with its environment. écologie des populations ecologia delle popolazioni populatie-ecologie Populationsökologie population growth An increase in the total number of inhabitants of a country, city, district or area. accroissement de la population crescita della popolazione bevolkingsgroei Bevölkerungswachstum population movement Any shift or migration of a statistically significant number of persons inhabiting a country, district or area. mouvement de population movimento di popolazioni bevolkingsontwikkeling Bevölkerungsbewegung population structure The organization of, and inter-relationships among, inhabitants of a given region, country or city. structure de la population struttura della popolazione bevolkingsstructuur Bevölkerungsstruktur population trend The direction of change in the total number of persons inhabiting a country, city, district or area. évolution démographique tendenza della popolazione bevolkingstrend Bevölkerungsentwicklung post-treatment Treatment of treated water or wastewater to improve the water quality. post-traitement post-trattamento nabehandeling Nachbehandlung attribution Under certain circumstances, the tax law applies attribution rules to assign to one taxpayer the ownership interest of another taxpayer. attribution attribuzione toekenning Zuteilung potash Any of several compounds containing potassium, especially soluble compounds such as potassium oxide, potassium chloride, and various potassium sulfates, used chiefly in fertilizers. potasse potassa potas Pottasche rock salt mining Rock salt mining is an underground mining process in which the salt is physically dug out of the ground in an operation involving drilling, blasting and crushing the rock. The major percentage of this output is used for winter road maintenance. exploitation minière de potasse et de sel gemme estrazione di salgemma kali- en steenzoutmijnbouw Kali- und Steinsalzbergbau poultry Domesticated fowl grown for their meat and eggs. volaille pollame pluimvee Geflügel poultry farming One of the commonest of agricultural occupations. Many urban households and many farms maintain some chickens for both meat and eggs. ferme avicole allevamento di pollame pluimveefokkerij Geflügelfarm poverty State in which the individual lacks the resources necessary for subsistence. pauvreté povertà armoede Armut power company Company which is responsible for the supply and distribution of electric energy to a given area. compagnie d'électricité ente per l'energia energiebedrijf Energieversorgungsunternehmen power-heat relation The ratio of the work done by an engine to the heat supplied. ratio chaleur/ énergie fournie relazione calore-lavoro warmte-krachtkoppeling Wärme-Kraft-Beziehung power station A stationary plant containing apparatus for large-scale conversion of some form of energy (such as hydraulic, steam, chemical, or nuclear energy) into electrical energy. centrale électrique centrale elettrica elektriciteitscentrale Kraftwerk precipitation (chemical) The process of producing a separable solid phase within a liquid medium; represents the formation of a new condensed phase, such as a vapour or gas condensing to liquid droplets; a new solid phase gradually precipitates within a solid alloy as a result of slow, inner chemical reaction; in analytical chemistry, precipitation is used to separate a solid phase in an aqueous solution. précipitation (chimique) precipitazione chimica neerslag Fällung precipitation enhancement Increase of precipitation resulting from changes in the colloidal stability of clouds. This can be either intentional, as with cloud seeding, or unintentional, as with air pollution, which increases aerosol concentrations and reduces sunlight. intensification des précipitations aumento delle precipitazioni neerslagbevordering Niederschlagserhöhung predator Animal which kills and eats other animals. prédateur predatore roofdier Prädator prefabricated building Building whose sections are manufactured in specialized factories and later transported and assembled on a building site. bâtiment préfabriqué edificio prefabbricato geprefabriceerd gebouw Fertigbau audiovisual media Any means of communication transmitted to both the sense of hearing and the sense of sight, especially technologies directed to large audiences. audiovisuel mezzi audiovisivi audiovisuele media Audiovisuelle Medien preliminary proceedings Any introductory action in the judicial process designed to determine the need for further court involvement or to expedite a motion that requires immediate attention. procédure préliminaire procedimento preliminare inleidende procedure Vorverfahren premium Amount to be paid for a contract of insurance or life assurance. prime premio (assicurativo) toeslag Prämie preservation of evidence To maintain and keep safe from harm, destruction or decay any species of proof legally presented at the trial of an issue, including witnesses, records, documents, exhibits and concrete objects. conservation de la preuve conservazione delle prove het bewaren van bewijsmateriaal Beweissicherung preservative A chemical added to foodstuffs to prevent oxidation, fermentation or other deterioration, usually by inhibiting the growth of bacteria. agent conservateur conservante bederfwerend middel Konservierungsmittel preserve conserve conserva handhaven Kon